Seychelles’ Educational Success: A Model for Sub-Saharan Africa?

Written by Zoë Alford

In February this year, the African Union (AU) announced that 2024 would be the “Year of Education”. With the AU working together with UNICEF, it hopes to bring the right to education to every child across the continent, while ensuring life long and resilient education systems (UNICEF, 2024).  

Substantial efforts have already been made in the last 20 years to increase education rates in Africa, with completion rates increasing from 52% to 69% between 2000 and 2022 in primary school (UNICEF, 2024). This impressive achievement means that more children are receiving an education than ever before. Despite this, the out of school population in Africa increased by 12 million between 2015-2020, with one in four school-age children still not in school (UNICEF, 2024). Quality of education is also a major concern, with 9 out of 10 children in sub-Saharan Africa unable to read and understand a simple text by age 10 (UNICEF, 2024). When looking at countries in the region that have transformed their education system, Seychelles emerges as a huge success in ensuring access to quality education for all as a fundamental human right. 

A Benchmark of Excellence

Seychelles’ educational success is underscored by its high literacy rates and strong school attendance. The government mandates free and compulsory education for children up to the age of 16, ensuring that all children, regardless of background, have access to schooling. As of 2021, the literacy rate stood at an impressive 96.9%, with over 90% of children completing their primary education (UNESCO, 2024). These metrics place Seychelles ahead of many of its sub-Saharan peers, highlighting the effectiveness of its education policies. 

Structural Foundations 

The foundation of Seychelles’ educational system lies in its well-structured policy framework. The government has consistently prioritized education, allocating a significant portion of its budget to the sector. In 2021, Seychelles dedicated 5.6% of its GDP to education, a higher rate than OECD members on average, and 2% more on average than its sub-Saharan neighbours (World Bank, 2024). This financial commitment has enabled the development of modern school facilities, updated learning materials, and enhanced the quality and number of teachers. 

One notable aspect of Seychelles’ approach is its emphasis on teacher training and professional development. By establishing thorough training programs, educators are now more prepared to meet the needs of their students. Regular workshops also help teacher’s profession development and their knowledge of the most current and effective educational practices (Campling et al., 2011).  

Inclusion and Equity  

Seychelles’ education system is also characterized by its commitment to inclusion and equity. The government has implemented policies to support children from disadvantaged backgrounds, including those with disabilities. Special education programs and inclusive education policies ensure that all children have the opportunity to learn in an environment that accommodates their needs (UNICEF Data, 2024). Seychelles has also made significant strides in achieving gender parity in its education system. Enrolmentrates for boys and girls are nearly equal and both genders perform equally well in national examinations (Okello, 2023). This achievement is particularly noteworthy in a region where gender disparities in education are often pronounced. 

The success of Seychelles’ education system is closely linked to its broader commitment to human rights. The government views education as a fundamental right and a cornerstone for national development. This perspective is enshrined in the country’s Constitution, which guarantees the right to education for all citizens (Okello, 2023). Curriculum reforms have also been introduced to integrate human rights education, promoting values such as respect, equality, and justice from an early age (UNESCO, 2022). 

Lessons for Other Countries

While Seychelles’ educational achievements are impressive, simply replicating their systemic changes onto other sub-Saharan countries would not guarantee success. Diverse socioeconomic, cultural, and infrastructural factors mean that each nation should consider Seychelles achievements and transfer only effective measures that best suit their country. The progress of Seychelles’ education system is also influenced by its several factors, for example, its small population and relatively high GDP per capita (ISS Africa, 2023). These conditions are not present is several neighbouring countries, that have larger populations and a large portion of the population living in poverty. However, there are several lessons that other countries can learn from Seychelles. By considering the most impactful structural changes in Seychelles, such as funding, teacher quality and progression development, other countries can select and prioritise what would be successful in their local contexts.  

Firstly, the prioritization of education through substantial budget allocations is crucial. While not all countries can afford to allocate such a high percentage of their GDP to education, even a modest increase in funding can significantly improve educational outcomes (World Bank, 2021). Secondly, focussing on teacher quality and professional development is essential for all countries to achieve greater education. Investing in teacher training programs and continuous professional development can enhance the effectiveness of educators, leading to better student performance (Purvis, 2017). Furthermore, policies promoting inclusion and equity can help bridge the educational gap for disadvantaged groups. Ensuring that children from all backgrounds have access to quality education can allows social cohesion and national development. Seychelles’ success in achieving gender parity in education serves as an inspiring example for other countries striving to address gender disparities (African Union, 2023). 

Conclusion 

Seychelles’ education system stands as a testament to the power of commitment, investment, and a human rights-based approach to education. Its success offers valuable lessons for other sub-Saharan countries seeking to improve their educational outcomes. While the replication of Seychelles’ model may not be straightforward, the principles underlying its achievements such as prioritising education, investing in teacher quality, promoting inclusion, and upholding human rights, are universally applicable. By embracing these principles, other countries in the region can take significant steps towards enhancing their education systems, ensuring that future generations are equipped with the knowledge and skills needed to thrive in a globalised world. 

References

Unseen and Unheard: The Global Crisis of Missing Children and the Shadows Cast by Epstein Case

By Leticia Cox for Broken Chalk  

Every year, millions of children around the world disappear. The reasons are manifold: abduction, trafficking, runaways, and the tragic situations where young lives are lost to accidents or natural disasters. The pain and turmoil that these disappearances cause in families and communities are unimaginable, yet too often, these cases remain unresolved, the children unseen, and their stories unheard. 

The case of Jeffrey Epstein, though primarily known for other grave crimes, crosses with this global crisis in ways that are illuminating and deeply disturbing. Epstein’s case brought to light not just individual criminality but a broader systemic failure that has, at its core, the exploitation of the vulnerable. By examining how systemic failures allowed Epstein’s crimes to continue unchecked for decades, we can learn much about the broader issue of missing children around the world. 

The Scope of the Problem 

The International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) estimates that millions of children are considered missing around the world at any given time. In the United States alone, the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) reports that approximately 800,000 children are reported missing each year, which averages more than 2,000 per day. Globally, the numbers are much more significant and far less precise due to varying data collection and reporting capabilities in different countries. 

Systemic Failures: The Epstein Case as a Mirror 

Jeffrey Epstein’s criminal activities, which included the trafficking and abuse of minors, were known to some extent by various authorities and individuals who chose, through action or inaction, to ignore them.  

Epstein’s case reflects a broader societal and systemic issue: the frequent failure of institutions supposed to protect the vulnerable. Despite the gravity of his offences, Epstein’s ability to evade justice for so long underscores how those with power and resources can manipulate systems. 

The Epstein saga also highlights the problematic nature of international law enforcement cooperation and legal frameworks when dealing with cross-border crimes involving minors. Epstein’s private island in the Caribbean and his travels across the globe facilitated by his wealth and connections expose how easily borders can be crossed when one has the means, making it more difficult to track and safeguard minors. 

Connecting Global Networks 

The issues highlighted by the Epstein case are not confined to one country; they are global. Children are trafficked across borders, and their disappearances often go unnoticed by the worldwide community. The lack of strong mechanisms to track and recover missing children across nations is a gaping hole in the global safety net. 

In 2004, when a tsunami hit Southeast Asia, thousands of children went missing. Not only the disaster but also the chaos that followed was exploited by traffickers to abduct vulnerable children. Similar practices have been witnessed in other crises, including natural disasters, wars, and economic collapses. 

Image by Leticia Cox.

The Role of Technology and Data 

Modern technology has the potential to aid significantly in addressing the crisis of missing children. Data management, facial recognition, and real-time information-sharing innovations can transform how authorities and organisations track and recover missing children. However, this same technology can also be exploited by perpetrators, as seen in the online grooming tactics used by traffickers and abusers. 

Regional and International Law Recommendations and Actions 

Addressing the crisis requires coordinated global action. First, there needs to be an international standard for reporting and responding to cases of missing children, akin to the Amber Alert system in the United States, but on a global scale. This system should be supported by international law enforcement cooperation and empowered by treaties that prioritise the welfare of children above national interests and bureaucratic red tape. 

Furthermore, preventive measures are crucial. Education programs that teach children about potential dangers, as well as training for parents and community members to recognise signs of grooming and trafficking, are vital. Additionally, strengthening economic and social structures can reduce vulnerability by ensuring families are not forced to make choices that could put their children at risk. 

Conclusion 

The issue of missing children is a multifaceted problem that stems from local, international, and the issue of missing children is a complex and urgent problem influenced by local, international, and systemic factors. The Jeffrey Epstein scandal starkly illustrates how systems meant to safeguard the most vulnerable can fail, undermined by the corrupting forces of power and greed. By examining these failures and recommitting to the protection of every child, society can begin to tackle this severe crisis. 

Broken Chalk outlines lessons from high-profile cases like Epstein’s to emphasise the necessity of bringing perpetrators to justice and enacting systemic reforms to prevent future abuses.  

Each missing child represents a multitude of failures—a breakdown in protection, a lapse in systems, or a community or family in crisis. It is imperative that their stories, unlike Epstein’s, are not relegated to the shadows but brought into the light where they can inform change and inspire action. 

Broken Chalk’s forthcoming detailed report on global child disappearances will use the Epstein case as a focal point to explore broader systemic issues and suggest effective strategies for improvement. 

There is a critical need to increase awareness about human trafficking, especially in light of recent high-profile cases like the investigations into Sean “Diddy” Combs. It is crucial to cover these stories as they act as an educational tool and help raise global awareness about this pervasive and profoundly destructive criminal industry. 

Sources:  

International Missing Children statistics  https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=children+missing+around+the+wolrd&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 

Child Sexual Abuse Material: Model Legislation & Global Review 10th Edition, 2023  

Who was Jeffrey Epstein, and what are the court documents about?  https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/03/who-is-jeffrey-epstein-list-court-documents-explained  

Jeffrey Epstein’s Island Visitors Exposed by Data Brokerhttps://www.wired.com/story/jeffrey-epstein-island-visitors-data-broker-leak/ 

Epstein Files: Full List Of High-Profile People Named In Unsealed Docs https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/jeffrey-epstein-epstein-files-full-list-of-high-profile-people-named-in-unsealed-court-docs-4810003 

FBI’s $139M settlement with Larry Nassar victims breathes life into Epstein accusers lawsuit https://www.foxnews.com/us/fbis-139m-settlement-larry-nassar-victims-breathes-life-epstein-accusers-lawsuit 

Human Rights in Yemen and the Houthi insurgency

Written by Iasmina-Măriuca Stoian

The short history of the Houthi movement 

The Houthi movement, or Ansar Allah, is a Zaydi Shiite group that emerged in the northern part of Yemen in the early 1990s. This group was born as a response, partially, to the financial development and religious expansion in the region of Saudi Arabia. Since 2004, the group has been in conflict with Yemen’s government which is majoritarian Sunni. However, in November 2009, the Houthi movement expanded its operations in Saudi Arabia, when, after the launch of multiple air strikes, more than 130 Saudis died.i The horrors continue, as in September 2014 the capital in Yemen, Sanaa, was controlled by Houthis, and seized control over almost all northern regions of Yemen by 2016. In parallel, the Houthi also continued their attacks against Saudi Arabia, most notably in 2017, when a ballistic missile was fired at Riyadh’s airport.ii By 2018, Houthi missile attacks on Saudi Arabia became common, leading to a protracted and complex war in the region. 

The current situation in Yemen 

Even if there has been a decrease in the number and intensity of the attacks compared to the previous years, Yemen continues to suffer, and civilians continue to be victims of unlawful attacks and targeted killings. Both the internationally recognised Yemeni government and the Houthi de facto authorities are responsible for serious human rights violations, including arbitrary detention, harassment, and forced disappearances. People were not only targeted depending on their political beliefs but also on their religion. For instance, according to an Amnesty International report,iii multiple members of the Baha’i religious minority forcibly disappeared, violating their right to freedom of religion and belief. 

The Houthi’s recent attacks on the Red Sea have also disrupted the maritime security in the region. Between November and December 2023, Houthi groups targeted 24 commercial and military ships in the Red Sea, publicly announcing that these attacks would not cease until Israel ended its military campaign in Gaza.iv This conflict has drawn in multiple foreign countries, making the situation even more complex. Thus, the Saudi-Arabia coalition, along with the United States, supports the Yemeni government with their military aid and airstrikes. On the other hand, Iran is currently accused of supporting the Houthi groups by providing weapons and training. 

Apart from the political arena, civilians face most of the consequences of the conflict, adding to the environmental challenges currently existing in the country. Extreme weather and water scarcity, food insecurity and restriction of humanitarian aid are some of the examples that will be further discussed below.  

Humanitarian Rights Violation 

One of the most important objectives of International Humanitarian Law is the protection of civilians during armed conflicts. Under these rules, civilian individuals enjoy certain protection against the actions carried out by organised armed groups. Of course, certain exemptions exist, in cases of active participation in hostilities, for example. However, even those rules exist, we can see that in Yemen, the articles show that over 100 civilians are killed or injured monthly, one example being October 2021v. Between April 2015 and May 2024, the statistics show that there have been over 166,000 fatalities in Yemen, out of which 16,400 were civilians who died because of the attacksvi. 

Impact on Education 

The war in Yemen has also affected the education in the country. Schools across Yemen have for all intents and purposes become centers of indoctrination. The Houthi groups have systematically transformed regular public schools into a “prison” for children, charging tuition fees and implementing a very strict curriculum promoting both their political and religious ideologies. Not only the children are affected, but also the teachers, who have been intimidated by the Houthis. Thus, many teachers quit their jobs because of the violence against them and the irregular and unequal payment of their salaries. As a consequence, the numbers show the devastating landscape in education, with over 2,900 schools and universities in Yemen destroyed to ruins, over 2.4 million children who do not have access to education, and another 8.5 million at risk of dropping out.vii 

Humanitarian Crisis and Aid Restrictions 

Currently, the Yemen government and the Houthi groups are impeding humanitarian aid, leading to huge delays in offering resources and aid to the victims. The main travelling corridors from and to Taizz have been blocked by the Houthi, violating the right to free movement, as well as the flow of essential resources, food and medicines. Despite the UN efforts and multiple protests against Houthi, these roads remain closed until today. Moreover, different humanitarian female staff struggled to conduct fieldwork in the affected areas because of the mahram requirement, preventing visits or providing aid. In many traditional interpretations, it is considered forbidden for a woman to travel alone for long distances (usually defined as a journey that takes more than a day and night without a mahram, namely a male relative whom she cannot marry). 

Environmental challenges 

The environmental issues further worsen the already existing tensions in Yemen. The country suffers from heavy rains and floods, but also water scarcity in some areas, most notably in Taizz. Yemen is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world, with over half of its population lacking access to sufficient and safe water for personal and sanitary uses. This issue of water shortage has also contributed to the spread of water-borne illnesses and diseases, further risking the health and well-being of the population. Furthermore, the Houthi groups have weaponized the water scarcity, by preventing water from flowing into government- controlled Taizz city from the two basins they oversee, where the primary water treatment station is situated. The Houthis have cut off access to this water source even though they are aware that the people of Taizz city depend on water from these reservoirs. 

International involvement and legal framework 

The current conflict in Yemen has drawn international attention due to its allegations of violations of human and humanitarian rights, and its impact on national security and regional stability. The involvement of multiple parties, including not only the recognized government of Yemen and the Houthi authorities, but also external actors, for example, the Saudi Arabia- led coalition and the Southern Transitional Council, has complicated the situation and raised concerns about violations of both international humanitarian and human rights law. 

From a legal perspective, the conflict in Yemen is governed by international humanitarian law, which includes the four Geneva Conventions and their supplementary protocols. These legal documents govern how parties behave during times of armed conflict, safeguarding the well-being of civilians and guaranteeing the fair and humane treatment of prisoners of war. By breaking these laws, like illegally targeting civilians and civilian objectives, the implicated actors may face legal repercussions on a global scale, including possible trials for war crimes. Additionally, the conflict has also implications for international human rights law, particularly regarding the rights of women, children, and minority groups. The restrictions imposed by the Houthi de facto authorities, such as the mahram requirement for women and the targeting of religious minorities, among others, raise concerns about violations of fundamental human rights principles. 

Conclusion 

To summarize, it is clear that the Houthi movement in Yemen has severely impacted regional stability through the ongoing conflict in Yemen. The civilian population is subjected to denationalization, schools destroyed, inaccessibility to education, limited humanitarian access due to their race, and continuous conflicts and wars leave Yemen as a failed state with an uncertain future. The involvement of multiple foreign actors complicates the conflict, raising serious concerns about widespread violations of international humanitarian and human rights laws, potentially leading to global legal repercussions for the involved parties. International involvement is expected to continue, as the international community must support comprehensive peace talks to foster long-term and sustainable stability and prioritize humanitarian aid. 

References

  • Alquhaly, H. Y. H., & Basir, S. M. (2023). The Potential Violations of Civilians’ Rights in Armed Conflicts in Yemen from the Perspective of International Law. OAlib, 10(10), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1110749