The Paradox of Choice: Free School Systems and Educational Segregation in Sweden.

Author: Connor J. Urquhart

“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”

(Mandela 2003).¹

The sentiments provided by Nelson Mandela, highlight the transformative role education can play in society. Across the world, education is widely viewed as a key tool for promoting equal opportunities, social mobility, and integration (Mandahu 2025, 21).² Yet despite significant global progress in expanding access to schooling, achieving genuine equality within education systems remains a challenge. Even within some of the most well-resourced societies, disparities in educational opportunity persist. In a high-income country like Sweden, a society often recognised for its strong welfare state and its commitment to social equality, challenges persist within educational equality. In the early 1990s, Sweden introduced a major educational reform known as the ‘free school’ or friskola system, allowing parents to choose between municipal schools and public funded independent schools aiming to improve educational quality through competition (Alexiadou and Lundahl 2016, 66).³ While the reform was intended to increase efficiency and opportunity within the education system it has also sparked debate about its broader implications or “unintended consequences” as one mother and educator in Sweden articulated (Interview with author, Broken Chalk 2026).

Among the most significant concerns is the argument that increased school choice may contribute to segregation between schools and unequal educational opportunities for students from different socioeconomic and immigrant backgrounds (University of Gothenburg 2026).⁴ To better understand these concerns, this article examines how Sweden’s free school system influences student’s educational experiences. It will explore the intended outcomes of school choice as well as the system’s potential impact on educational equality, academic outcomes, and overall access to these opportunities to different groups of students.

The Intention Behind Free School Systems:

Prior to the early 1990s, the Swedish educational system was largely centralized and students would attend their local municipal school. While this model was designed to promote equality and universal access, critics argued that it limited parental choice and reduced incentives for schools to innovate or improve performance (Riksrevisionen 2022).⁵ In 1992, the Swedish government introduced a voucher-based reform that would allow publicly funded independent schools or ‘free schools’ to operate alongside municipal schools. Under this system, funding follows the student, meaning each child is allocated a publicly financed voucher that can be used at either a municipal school or an independent school (Frontier Centre for Public Policy 2005, 2).⁶ The reform aimed to create greater flexibility within the education system while maintaining universal public funding.

Policymakers at the time believed that increased competition between schools would lead to improvements in educational quality (Frontier Centre for Public Policy 2005, 3).⁷ Many described it as a ‘window being opened’ by giving parents greater freedom to choose schools, the reform sought to empower families and encourage schools to respond more directly to students’ needs (Sjöman 2022).⁸ For the most part these reforms have been quite successful, both Sweden’s investment in education and its study outcomes are above the average for The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation (OECD), (European Commission 2025).⁹ Meaning the Swedish government puts sufficient focus on education and that the financial input and educational output align, placing Sweden in the top 10 countries with the highest score in rights to education (Schleicher 2019).⁹

However, as an educator in Sweden explains “Sweden has some very equality-based policies and really aims to create equality, but I don’t think it is an equity that extends to all” (Interview with author, Broken Chalk 2026). An excellent representation that while the system generally creates equal access to education, sometimes it can render certain individuals invisible in the process. A burden mostly felt by students from different socioeconomic and immigrant backgrounds (Hansen, Patsis, and Gustafsson 2025, 15).¹⁰ The next section will demonstrate how a reform intended to create equality and opportunity, especially for those who were previously barred from access, can also have unintended effects of marginalisation.

The Unintended Consequences

(1) Segregation and Educational Inequality

School choice allows families to select schools based on factors such as academic reputation, location, or social environment. However not all families have the same ability to navigate the system (Böhlmark and Lindahl 2015).¹¹ In Sweden, families who are more established in the country with greater financial resources, educational backgrounds, and access to information are often better positioned to choose schools (Hansen, Patsis, and Gustafsson 2025, 3).¹²

This is exemplified in one mother’s experience, where she explains that the system can create fewer opportunities for newly arrived families. As she notes, “it really does create less opportunities for families that have newly arrived and don’t have a corporate backing that helps them get into an international school.” Access can also be limited by the queue-based admission system used by many free schools. According to them, families may have to wait “two or three years” before a place becomes available. For newly arrived families, the barriers can be even greater: “When you newly arrived in Sweden and you haven’t got your personal number yet, you can’t get on the queue system, and you didn’t know that you were supposed to put your child on the queue when they were six months old” (Interview with author, Broken Chalk 2026).

Together, these structural barriers illustrate how navigating school choice may be easier for some families than others, raising concern that the system may unintentionally deepen educational inequality.

(2) Differences in Academic Performance

Segregation between schools can also influence academic performance. Schools with a higher concentration of disadvantaged students often face greater challenges with research frequently showing that they tend to have lower average test scores compared with schools that enroll more advantaged students. For example, only 49% of immigrant students reach proficiency benchmarks in reading, mathematics, and science, compared to 76% of native students (Cerna et al. 2019).¹³ However, these differences are shaped by a range of complex and interconnected factors, including socioeconomic conditions, language barriers, and differences in access to educational resources.

The point is not to suggest that students from disadvantaged backgrounds are less capable of achieving strong academic outcomes. Rather, it highlights how the broader educational environment can influence learning opportunities. At the same time, schools that attract higher-performing or more advantaged students may benefit from stronger academic cultures and higher expectations.

In this way, segregation between schools can contribute to widening achievement gaps, where academic outcomes are shaped not only by individual ability or effort, but also by the learning environments and opportunities available within different schools. As a result, a student’s academic prospects may increasingly depend on the school they attend.

(3) Differences in Educational Opportunities

Limited accessibility to the free school system can also affect the range of educational opportunities available to students. Some schools are better able to attract experienced teachers, offer specialized programs, provide stronger preparation for higher education, and have greater access to educational resources (Hansen, Patsis, and Gustafsson 2025, 16).¹⁴

For some students, attending a well-resourced school may provide clearer pathways toward higher education and broader academic possibilities. For others, opportunities may be more limited due to fewer resources or language barriers. As a result, the structure of the school system itself can influence students’ long-term educational prospects (Cerna et al. 2019 23).¹⁵

This perspective reflects an important reality that while education is broadly available, the quality and range of opportunities within different schools may vary. Understanding how these differences shape students’ experiences is therefore essential when examining the broader impacts of the free school system.

Conclusion

The introduction of the free school system in the early 1990s was intended to strengthen the commitment to educational equality by expanding parental choice and improving educational quality through competition. In many respects, these reforms have contributed to a dynamic education system that performs well internationally and continues to prioritise education. However, as this article has explored, policies designed to expand opportunity can also produce unintended consequences. While the free school system provides families with greater flexibility, it can also contribute to patterns of segregation between schools, differences in academic performance, and unequal access to educational opportunities.

At the same time, the debate surrounding Sweden’s free school system should not be framed as a simple question of whether school choice should exist. As an educator in Sweden, reflects, “there is a question that we should have a choice of schools. Absolutely. And I think that also acts as a checks and balances on the school” (Interview with author, Broken Chalk 2026). Rather, the challenge lies in ensuring that the benefits of choice are accessible to all students, not only to those families best positioned to navigate the system. Addressing these challenges requires policies that strengthen both equity and quality across schools. This includes fostering effective strategies that prioritise: improving instructional quality, promoting inclusive school composition and positive learning environments, and addressing the specific needs of disadvantaged students (Cerna et al. 2019, 17).¹⁶ By focusing on these areas, policymakers can help ensure that educational reforms continue to support both excellence and fairness.

Ultimately, Sweden’s experience illustrates the complexity of balancing choice, competition, and equality within education systems. If education is indeed a ‘powerful weapon’ for social change, then ensuring that all students have meaningful access to high-quality learning environments remains one of the most important challenges for policymakers, educators, and communities alike.

Endnotes

^{Nelson Mandela. “Lighting Your Way to a Better Future: Speech Delivered at the Launch of Mindset Network.” July 16, 2003. http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/2003/030716_mindset.htm}
^{Mandahu, Teresa. Education and Social Mobility in Emerging Economies: A Review of Barriers and Opportunities. International Journal of Social Science and Applied Technology 1, no. 2 (2025): 21-28. doi:10.64391/ijssat.v1i1.003.}
^{Alexiadou, Nafsika, and Lisbeth Lundahl. “Reforming Swedish Education by Introduction of Quasimarkets and Competition.” In New Public Management and the Reform of Education: European Lessons for Policy and Practice, edited by Helen Gunter, Emiliano Grimaldi, David Hall, and Roberto Serpieri, 66–80. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis, 2016.}
^{University of Gothenburg. “School Segregation in Sweden: Challenges, Opportunities and Interventions.” Last modified February 6, 2026. https://www.gu.se/en/research/schoolsegregation-in-sweden-challenges-opportunities-and-interventions.}
^{Riksrevisionen. The School Voucher System – Efficiency and Consequences (RiR 2022:17), Summary. Stockholm: Swedish National Audit Office, 2022. https://www.riksrevisionen.se/download/18.2008b69c18bd0f6ed3f24583/1671632014607/RiR_2022_17_summary.pdf}
^{Frontier Centre for Public Policy. School Vouchers in Sweden. Winnipeg: Frontier Centre for Public Policy, May 16, 2005. https://frontiercentre.org/wp-content/uploads/FB034Swedish-school-vouchers.pdf.}
^{Frontier Centre for Public Policy. School Vouchers in Sweden. Winnipeg. 6}
^{Sjöman, Anders. 2022. “New Book: 30 Years since the Swedish Free School Reform.” Centre for Business History (Näringslivshistoria). June 8, 2022. https://naringslivshistoria.se/en/news/new-book-30-years-since-the-swedish-free-school-reform/.}
^{European Commission. Education and Training Monitor 2025: Country Report — Sweden. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2025. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor/en/country-reports/sweden.html.}
^{Hansen, Kajsa Yang, Panagiotis Patsis, and Jan-Eric Gustafsson. “How does school composition mitigate socioeconomic and ethnic gaps in students’ achievement in Sweden: A long-term trend between 1988 and 2020.” (2025).}
^{Böhlmark, Anders, and Mikael Lindahl. “Independent schools and long‐run educational outcomes: Evidence from Sweden’s large‐scale voucher reform.” Economica 82, no. 327 (2015): 508-551.}
^{Hansen, Kajsa Yang, Panagiotis Patsis, and Jan-Eric Gustafsson. “How does school composition mitigate socioeconomic problems? 3}
^{Cerna, L., Andersson, H., Bannon, M., & Borgonovi, F. (2019). Strength through diversity’s Spotlight Report for Sweden. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 194, OECD Publishing.}
^{Hansen, Kajsa Yang, Panagiotis Patsis, and Jan-Eric Gustafsson. “How does school composition mitigate. 16}
^{Cerna, L., Andersson, H., Bannon, M., & Borgonovi, F. (2019). Strength through diversity. 23}

Bibliography

Alexiadou, Nafsika, and Lisbeth Lundahl. (2016). “Reforming Swedish Education by Introduction of Quasimarkets and Competition.” In New Public Management and the Reform of Education: European Lessons for Policy and Practice, edited by Helen Gunter, Emiliano Grimaldi, David Hall, and Roberto Serpieri, 66–80. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis,

Böhlmark, Anders, and Mikael Lindahl. “Independent schools and long‐run educational outcomes: Evidence from Sweden’s large‐scale voucher reform.” Economica 82, no. 327 (2015): 508-551.

Cerna, L., Andersson, H., Bannon, M., & Borgonovi, F. (2019). Strength through diversity’s Spotlight Report for Sweden. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 194, OECD Publishing.

European Commission. Education and Training Monitor 2025: Country Report — Sweden. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2025. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor/en/country-reports/sweden.html.

Frontier Centre for Public Policy. School Vouchers in Sweden. Winnipeg: Frontier Centre for Public Policy, May 16, 2005. https://frontiercentre.org/wp-content/uploads/FB034Swedish-school-vouchers.pdf.

Hansen, Kajsa Yang, Panagiotis Patsis, and Jan-Eric Gustafsson. (2025). “How does school composition mitigate socioeconomic and ethnic gaps in students’ achievement in Sweden: A long-term trend between 1988 and 2020.”

Mandahu, Teresa. Education and Social Mobility in Emerging Economies: A Review of Barriers and Opportunities. International Journal of Social Science and Applied Technology 1, no. 2 (2025): 21-28. doi:10.64391/ijssat.v1i1.003.

Nelson Mandela. “Lighting Your Way to a Better Future: Speech Delivered at the Launch of Mindset Network.” July 16, 2003. http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/2003/030716_mindset.htm

Riksrevisionen. The School Voucher System – Efficiency and Consequences (RiR 2022:17), Summary. Stockholm: Swedish National Audit Office, 2022. https://www.riksrevisionen.se/download/18.2008b69c18bd0f6ed3f24583/1671632014607/RiR_2022_17_summary.pdf

Schleicher, Andreas. 2019. PISA 2018: Insights and Interpretations. Paris: OECD Publishing.

Sjöman, Anders. 2022. “New Book: 30 Years since the Swedish Free School Reform.” Centre for Business History (Näringslivshistoria). June 8, 2022. https://naringslivshistoria.se/en/news/new-book-30-years-since-the-swedish-free-school-reform/.

University of Gothenburg. “School Segregation in Sweden: Challenges, Opportunities and Interventions.” Last modified February 6, 2026. https://www.gu.se/en/research/schoolsegregation-in-sweden-challenges-opportunities-and-interventions.

De la provocări la triumfuri: Narrativa educațională a Letoniei

Original : https://brokenchalk.org/from-challenges-to-triumphs-latvias-educational-narrative/

Scris de Anastasia Bagration-Gruzinski

Tradus de Iasmina-Măriuca Stoian

Educația joacă un rol vital în dezvoltarea și prosperitatea oricărei națiuni. În Letonia, o țară baltică din Europa de Nord cu o populație de 1,9 milioane de locuitori, era post-sovietică a adus oportunități de creștere și reformă în diverse sectoare. Cu toate acestea, pe măsură ce Letonia s-a angajat pe calea independenței, s-a confruntat cu provocări semnificative în cadrul sistemului său educațional. Acest articol analizează diversele provocări cu care se confruntă Letonia în domeniul educației și propune potențiale soluții pentru a asigura un viitor mai luminos tinerilor și națiunii în ansamblu.

Calitatea educației

Una dintre principalele provocări care afectează sistemul educațional din Letonia este calitatea inegală a educației. Deși s-au înregistrat unele îmbunătățiri de-a lungul anilor, performanța medie a elevilor letoni la evaluările internaționale, cum ar fi Programul pentru evaluarea internațională a elevilor (PISA), continuă să rămână în urma mediei Organizației pentru Cooperare și Dezvoltare Economică (OCDE).

De exemplu, Letonia s-a clasat pe locul 30 din 79 de țări la matematică, științe și lectură în evaluările PISA 2018 și pe locul 21 în evaluările PISA 2022. Astfel de tendințe evidențiază probleme subiacente în cadrul metodologiilor de predare, al elaborării programelor școlare, al practicilor de evaluare și al mediilor de învățare care necesită atenție și reforme. Formarea insuficientă a cadrelor didactice și finanțarea limitată a educației contribuie la această provocare.

Disparități regionale

Sistemul educațional din Letonia prezintă disparități regionale semnificative în ceea ce privește accesul la o educație de calitate. Zonele rurale și orașele mici, în special Latgale – cea mai săracă regiune, suferă din cauza resurselor educaționale inadecvate. Printre acestea se numără lipsa cadrelor didactice bine pregătite, infrastructura școlară degradată, lipsa accesului la tehnologie, opțiuni limitate de cursuri și facilități de învățare inadecvate, cum ar fi biblioteci sau laboratoare.

De exemplu, școlile din zona rurală Aluksne aveau 10 profesori la 100 de elevi în 2020, în comparație cu doar 6 profesori la 100 de elevi în orașul Riga. O astfel de inegalitate în ceea ce privește oportunitățile bazate pe localizarea geografică este un motiv serios de îngrijorare și necesită intervenții imediate în ceea ce privește politicile și alocarea resurselor.

Lipsa cadrelor didactice

La fel ca multe țări din întreaga lume, Letonia se confruntă cu o lipsă acută de cadre didactice calificate în toate domeniile, ceea ce agravează provocările educaționale. Salariile mici, oportunitățile limitate de dezvoltare profesională, volumul mare de muncă și condițiile de lucru stresante contribuie la lipsa noilor veniți în profesia de profesor.

De exemplu, salariul mediu lunar pentru profesori a fost de doar 930 EUR în 2019, cu aproape 25 % sub media națională. Subiecte precum matematica, științele, limbile străine și competențele profesionale se confruntă cu deficite deosebit de grave. Consecințele deficitului de cadre didactice sunt de mare amploare, având un impact negativ asupra calității educației și a rezultatelor elevilor.

Limba de predare

Diversitatea etnică a populației Letoniei, inclusiv o minoritate rusofonă semnificativă care reprezintă peste 30 % din populație, reprezintă o provocare în ceea ce privește politicile privind limba de predare. Actuala politică educațională națională acordă prioritate limbii letone ca principal mediu de instruire. Acest lucru poate dezavantaja elevii din mediul rusesc sau din alte minorități lingvistice, care au probleme cu limba letonă la nivel academic.

Criticii susțin că această barieră lingvistică poate duce la rezultate și evaluări educaționale mai slabe pentru elevii vorbitori ai limbilor minoritare. Prin urmare, echilibrul dintre păstrarea limbii naționale și principiile echității și incluziunii rămâne o dilemă persistentă.

Abandonul școlar timpuriu

Letonia are una dintre cele mai ridicate rate de părăsire timpurie a școlii din Uniunea Europeană, cu peste 8 % din tinerii cu vârste cuprinse între 18 și 24 de ani clasificați ca părăsind timpuriu școala în 2020. Această întrerupere prematură a educației limitează grav viitoarele perspective de studii superioare și de angajare ale elevilor în economia cunoașterii de astăzi.

Factori complecși precum sărăcia, dificultățile de învățare, problemele familiale, handicapurile sau prejudecățile culturale contribuie la abandonul școlar timpuriu. Pentru a aborda această problemă urgentă, este necesar să se identifice și să se abordeze cauzele sale profunde, cu multiple fațete.

Soluții posibile la provocările educaționale ale Letoniei:

Formarea cadrelor didactice și dezvoltarea profesională

Investiția în programe riguroase de formare a cadrelor didactice înainte și în timpul serviciului este esențială pentru îmbunătățirea calității educației în Letonia. Oferirea de oportunități ample profesorilor de a învăța pedagogii moderne, competențe în domeniul tehnologiei educaționale, cunoștințe despre conținutul disciplinei și strategii de gestionare a clasei poate avea un impact pozitiv asupra calității predării și învățării elevilor.

Stimulente precum creșterile salariale pentru dezvoltarea profesională, reducerea volumului de muncă pentru noii profesori și acoperirea costurilor de formare pot încuraja perfecționarea continuă. Letonia trebuie să ridice nivelul profesiei didactice și să le permită profesorilor să ofere o educație excepțională.

Alocarea echitabilă a resurselor

Pentru a atenua disparitățile regionale, guvernul leton trebuie să acorde prioritate alocării echitabile a resurselor educaționale, inclusiv profesorilor calificați, modernizării infrastructurii, tehnologiilor de învățare și materialelor didactice. Formulele de finanțare bazate pe nevoi pot contribui la asigurarea faptului că școlile rurale primesc resurse care corespund cerințelor elevilor lor. Modernizarea facilităților și a dotărilor școlilor rurale este esențială pentru a reduce decalajul urban-rural.

Educație multilingvă

Promovarea educației multilingve bazate pe competențe este esențială pentru a răspunde nevoilor populației diverse a Letoniei. Elevii ar trebui să construiască o bază solidă în letonă, dobândind în același timp competențe în limbi precum engleza și rusa, pentru a prospera într-o lume globalizată. Introducerea de programe bilingve imersive, recrutarea de profesori multilingvi și încurajarea programelor de schimb pot sprijini o viziune multilingvă incluzivă.

Educație profesională

Letonia ar trebui să consolideze și să promoveze programele de educație și formare profesională (VET) ca o cale viabilă pentru elevi. VET oferă competențe relevante pentru meserii și cariere precum inginerie, IT, sănătate, afaceri, ospitalitate și altele. Învățarea la locul de muncă prin intermediul uceniciei și al parteneriatelor cu industria poate stimula capacitatea de inserție profesională. Promovarea VET prin inițiative de orientare profesională și evidențierea beneficiilor sale este imperativă.

Programe de intervenție timpurie

Punerea în aplicare a unor programe specifice de intervenție timpurie este vitală pentru identificarea și sprijinirea elevilor cu risc de abandon școlar. Serviciile de consiliere academică, socială, psihologică și profesională îi pot ajuta pe elevii aflați în dificultate să depășească provocările. Inițiative precum școlile vocaționale sau alternative, opțiunile de învățare online/de la distanță și programele de studiu sau evaluările modificate îi pot reangaja pe elevii deconectați. Un sistem holistic de sprijin poate readuce elevii pe drumul cel bun.

Cooperarea internațională

Cooperarea internațională oferă o perspectivă inestimabilă asupra celor mai bune practici la nivel mondial care pot contribui la reformele educaționale din Letonia. Participarea la programe de schimb, parteneriatul cu experți internaționali în educație și explorarea inițiativelor de succes ale sistemelor școlare performante din întreaga lume pot accelera îmbunătățirile. OCDE și UE oferă orientări tehnice importante și platforme de rețea.

Implicarea părinților

Școlile ar trebui să încurajeze în mod activ participarea părinților la educație prin comunicare frecventă și ateliere privind sprijinirea învățării copiilor. Echiparea părinților cu instrumente precum auxiliare de lectură, tehnici de disciplinare și strategii de predare a temelor favorizează crearea unor medii pozitive de învățare acasă. Întâlnirile regulate părinte-profesor și oportunitățile de voluntariat pot consolida parteneriatele familie-școală și rezultatele elevilor.

Integrarea tehnologiei

Integrarea tehnologiilor digitale, cum ar fi platformele de învățare online, simulările interactive, aplicațiile educaționale și instrumentele de creație multimedia, poate îmbunătăți instruirea și învățarea. Totuși, acest lucru necesită investiții în infrastructură, formarea profesorilor, conținut electronic bine conceput și acces echitabil al elevilor. Îmbinarea elementelor online cu predarea tradițională la clasă poate face învățarea atractivă, colaborativă și adaptată nevoilor diverse.

Mecanisme de asigurare a calității

Cadrele solide de asigurare a calității sunt esențiale pentru monitorizarea și evaluarea performanței școlare, a practicilor profesorilor și a rezultatelor elevilor. Evaluările standardizate, inspecțiile, sondajele și obiectivele de performanță pot contribui la identificarea domeniilor de îmbunătățire. Analiza datelor ar trebui să orienteze reformele bazate pe dovezi și alocarea resurselor. Schimbul de bune practici între școlile cu performanțe ridicate și cele cu dificultăți facilitează, de asemenea, creșterea.

Reforme ale educației

Reformele fundamentale sunt imperative pentru a aborda provocările sistemice adânc înrădăcinate. Inițiativele politice ar putea cuprinde modernizarea programelor de învățământ, ridicarea statutului profesorilor, implementarea unor structuri de finanțare echitabile, îmbunătățirea învățământului profesional și crearea unor politici lingvistice favorabile incluziunii. O foaie de parcurs pe termen lung pentru reforme etapizate, cu obiective clare și sisteme de monitorizare, poate determina schimbări cu impact.

Creșterea investițiilor publice

Resursele financiare publice adecvate sunt esențiale pentru executarea reformelor cu impact, modernizarea infrastructurii, sprijinirea cadrelor didactice și îmbunătățirea calității generale. Finanțarea educației în Letonia rămâne sub media UE. Factorii de decizie politică trebuie să facă din educație o prioritate absolută în bugetele anuale. Suplimentarea cu sprijin din partea părinților, a comunităților și a sectorului privat poate crea sinergii.

În concluzie, principalele provocări ale Letoniei în domeniul educației includ calitatea inegală, disparitățile regionale, deficitul de cadre didactice, barierele lingvistice și abandonul școlar timpuriu ridicat. Abordarea acestor probleme necesită o abordare multidimensională care să includă dezvoltarea cadrelor didactice, alocarea echitabilă a resurselor, instruirea multilingvă, formarea profesională, intervențiile preventive, adoptarea tehnologiei digitale, cadrele de asigurare a calității, investițiile publice și colaborarea internațională. Investiția în astfel de soluții poate permite tinerilor letoni să exceleze pe plan academic și profesional, promovând în același timp o creștere favorabilă incluziunii. Educația este fundamentul progresului, competitivității și prosperității Letoniei în economia globală a secolului XXI. Prin reforme cuprinzătoare și eforturi colective din partea tuturor părților interesate, Letonia poate transforma provocările sistemului său educațional în triumf.

O mențiune specială se adresează prietenei mele dragi, Ana Mamaladze, ale cărei idei și discuții valoroase au sporit considerabil profunzimea cercetării mele.

Educational Challenges

Education Under Pressure: Global Challenges to Safety, Equity, and Access

Written by Panashe Mlambo

Introduction

Between 16 and 31 July 2025, education systems across the globe experienced a series of developments that highlight both persistent inequalities and emerging reform efforts. From infrastructure failures and violent conflict to economic pressures and gender inequality, the events of this period demonstrate the complex challenges shaping access to education worldwide.

At the same time, governments, international organisations, and local communities continue to introduce policies and initiatives aimed at strengthening education systems. Examining these developments together provides insight into the structural forces affecting global education today and the urgent need for coordinated responses to safeguard the right to education.

Safety Risks and Infrastructure Failures

Several incidents during this period exposed serious vulnerabilities in school safety and infrastructure. On 21 July 2025, a Bangladesh Air Force training jet crashed into the campus of Milestone School and College in Dhaka’s Uttara district shortly after take-off from Kurmitola Air Base. The crash killed at least 31 people, including 25 students, and injured more than 160 others (Reuters 2025). The tragedy triggered protests among students and community members who demanded accountability, compensation for victims’ families, and stricter regulations governing military training flights over populated areas.

Concerns about school safety also emerged in India, where the roof of a government school building in Rajasthan’s Jhalawar district collapsed during heavy monsoon rains, killing four children and injuring several others (Al Jazeera 2025). The incident renewed scrutiny of ageing school infrastructure, particularly in rural areas that frequently face extreme weather conditions.

In the United Kingdom, a school bus carrying children overturned on a rural road in Somerset on 17 July 2025, killing one child and injuring several others (Reuters 2025). The accident prompted renewed calls for stronger safety standards in school transport and clearer emergency protocols for school trips.

These incidents underscore the importance of consistent infrastructure maintenance, climate-resilient school construction, and effective safety protocols to protect students in educational environments.

Education in Contexts of Conflict and Displacement

Conflict and political instability continue to disrupt schooling for millions of children worldwide. In Haiti, escalating gang violence has forced schools such as Anténor Firmin in Hinche to serve as shelters for displaced families instead of functioning as learning spaces (United Nations News 2025). Teachers attempt to continue lessons through improvised classes, but shortages of food, sanitation, and educational materials make regular schooling nearly impossible.

Similarly, the growing number of Sudanese refugees in Libya has created an urgent education crisis. Many children living in Tripoli face homelessness and exploitation, while economic hardship and tuition costs have forced numerous students to drop out of school (Radio Dabanga 2025). Without sustained support, thousands of displaced children risk long-term educational loss.

Education access is even more restricted in Afghanistan, where girls remain banned from attending secondary schools and universities under Taliban policies. Many girls have therefore turned to religious madrassas, where the curriculum focuses primarily on religious instruction with limited exposure to modern subjects (Associated Press 2025). International organisations warn that millions of girls may permanently lose access to secondary education if these restrictions continue.

In Colombia, conflict and poverty continue to undermine education in regions such as Putumayo. The opening of a new branch of the Universidad de la Amazonia in Puerto Asís aims to provide young people with alternatives to illicit economies and armed group recruitment, although insecurity and economic hardship continue to threaten students’ ability to complete their studies (The New Humanitarian 2025).

These cases highlight how conflict and displacement not only interrupt schooling but also deepen long-term educational inequalities.

Gender Inequality and Social Barriers in Education

Gender inequality remains a major barrier to equitable education. In Canada, teachers have reported an increase in misogynistic attitudes among male students influenced by online content and social media personalities. Female teachers have described situations in which students refuse to acknowledge their authority, creating difficult classroom environments (CBC News 2025). Researchers argue that schools must actively address harmful gender stereotypes and promote healthier models of masculinity.

Gender disparities are also evident in Japan’s higher education system, where women remain underrepresented in academic positions and leadership roles despite decades of policy efforts to improve gender equality (Times Higher Education 2025). Experts argue that structural barriers continue to limit women’s participation and advancement within academia.

In Benin, health and sanitation challenges continue to affect girls’ ability to attend school. Menstrual poverty, combined with the absence of appropriate sanitation facilities in many schools, contributes to absenteeism and school dropout among girls. In response, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Health Organisation (WAHO) distributed 5,000 reusable menstrual hygiene kits to schools as part of a regional initiative to address menstrual insecurity (News Ghana 2025). While the programme represents an important step, long-term solutions will require improved sanitation infrastructure and comprehensive menstrual health education.

These examples illustrate how social norms, gender inequality, and health-related challenges continue to shape educational experiences and access.

Economic Pressures and Structural Challenges

Financial pressures also influence education systems across the globe. In Portugal, the cost of student housing has risen sharply, with the national average rent for a private room exceeding €415 per month. The rising cost of living has made it increasingly difficult for students to afford higher education, particularly in major cities such as Lisbon and Porto (Euronews 2025).

In Egypt, overcrowded classrooms and teacher shortages continue to strain the public education system. Some classrooms reportedly accommodate more than forty students, and in extreme cases up to two hundred (Human Rights Watch 2025). Although the government has introduced pilot initiatives such as preschool programmes in mosques to expand educational capacity, education spending as a proportion of GDP remains below international benchmarks.

Policy debates in the United States also highlight concerns about education funding. Advocacy organisations warn that proposed changes to federal education programmes could affect services for vulnerable groups, including students with disabilities and adult learners.

These cases demonstrate how financial constraints and policy decisions influence both the accessibility and quality of education.

Reform Efforts and Educational Innovation

Despite these challenges, several countries are pursuing reforms aimed at strengthening education systems. In Sri Lanka, the government has proposed transitioning from an exam-centred education system to a module-based model beginning in 2026. The reform aims to encourage continuous assessment and more diverse learning methods.

Technological innovation is also shaping education policy. Rwanda’s Digital Acceleration Project, part of the Smart Rwanda Master Plan, has electrified hundreds of rural schools using off-grid solar power and expanded access to digital learning tools (The Borgen Project 2025). Similarly, Nigeria has approved solar hybrid power systems for several universities in an effort to stabilise electricity supply and support academic activities.

Early childhood education initiatives are also gaining attention. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, a new Early Childhood Development Centre has been established through cooperation between UNICEF, the European Union, and national authorities. The centre aims to identify developmental challenges early and coordinate support across the education, health, and social protection sectors (UNICEF 2025).

Community-driven initiatives are also emerging. In Malaysia, the proposed “Siswa Balik Sekolah” programme seeks to connect university students with rural primary schools, allowing them to mentor younger students in key subjects such as mathematics and science.

Together, these initiatives demonstrate the diverse strategies countries are adopting to improve access to education and strengthen learning outcomes.

Conclusion

The developments observed between 16 and 31 July 2025 reveal a global education landscape marked by both urgent challenges and ongoing reform efforts. Safety incidents in Bangladesh, India, and the United Kingdom highlight the need for stronger infrastructure and protection measures. Meanwhile, conflict and displacement continue to undermine education access in Haiti, Libya, Afghanistan, and Colombia.

At the same time, structural challenges—including gender inequality, economic pressures, and teacher shortages—affect education systems across both developed and developing countries. Nevertheless, reforms such as Sri Lanka’s curriculum changes, Rwanda’s digital infrastructure expansion, and early childhood initiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina demonstrate that progress remains possible through sustained investment and policy innovation.

Ensuring that every child has access to safe, inclusive, and quality education will require long-term commitment from governments, international organisations, and civil society. Addressing both immediate crises and structural inequalities is essential to safeguarding the right to education worldwide.

Endnotes

Reuters. “Students protest in Bangladesh after air force jet crash kills 31, mostly children.” 2025.
Reuters. “One child killed in UK school bus crash.” 2025.
Al Jazeera. “At least four children dead in school roof collapse in India.” 2025.
United Nations News. “Schools in Haiti shelter displaced families amid violence.” 2025.
Radio Dabanga. “Sudanese children on the streets of Tripoli face homelessness and exploitation.” 2025.
Associated Press. “Afghanistan girls turn to madrassas amid education ban.” 2025.
CBC News. “Misogyny and online influencers affecting boys in classrooms.” 2025.
Times Higher Education. “Gender equality challenges in Japan’s higher education sector.” 2025.
News Ghana. “ECOWAS distributes reusable sanitary kits to Benin schools.” 2025.
Euronews. “Rising rents: Which is the cheapest city in Portugal for students to live in.” 2025.
The New Humanitarian. “Colombia’s new university aims to break the cycle of conflict.” 2025.
The Borgen Project. “The impacts of the Smart Rwanda Master Plan.” 2025.
UNICEF. “Early childhood development centre opened in Doboj.” 2025.

Reference List

Al Jazeera. (2025). At least four children dead in school roof collapse in India. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/25/at-least-four-children-dead-in-school-roof-collapse-in-india

Associated Press. (2025). Afghanistan girls turn to madrassas amid education ban. https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-education-girls-madrassa-7cdaf68896e8ccfda2abd71a07a02b99

CBC News. (2025). Misogyny and online influencers affecting boys in classrooms. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/misogyny-online-influencers-boys-classrooms-1.7587571

Euronews. (2025). Rising rents: Which is the cheapest city in Portugal for students to live in. https://www.euronews.com/business/2025/07/29/rising-rents-which-is-the-cheapest-city-in-portugal-for-students-to-live-in

News Ghana. (2025). ECOWAS distributes reusable sanitary kits to Benin schools. https://www.newsghana.com.gh/ecowas-distributes-reusable-sanitary-kits-to-benin-schools

Radio Dabanga. (2025). Sudanese children on the streets of Tripoli face homelessness and exploitation. https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudanese-children-on-the-streets-of-tripoli-face-homelessness-and-exploitation

Reuters. (2025). Students protest in Bangladesh after air force jet crash kills 31. https://www.reuters.com

Reuters. (2025). One child killed in UK school bus crash. https://www.reuters.com

The Borgen Project. (2025). The impacts of the Smart Rwanda Master Plan. https://borgenproject.org

The New Humanitarian. (2025). Colombia’s new university aims to break the cycle of conflict. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org

Times Higher Education. (2025). Gender equality challenges in Japan’s higher education sector. https://www.timeshighereducation.com

UNICEF. (2025). Early childhood development centre opened in Doboj. https://www.unicef.org

United Nations News. (2025). Schools in Haiti shelter displaced families amid violence. https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/07/1165414

current issues

Van uitdagingen naar overwinningen: Het onderwijsverhaal van Letland

Geschreven door Anastasia Bagration-Gruzinski
Vertaald door Pina Bontius

Onderwijs speelt een cruciale rol in de ontwikkeling en welvaart van elk land. In Letland, een Baltische staat in Noord-Europa met 1,9 miljoen inwoners, bracht het post-Sovjettijdperk kansen voor groei en hervormingen in verschillende sectoren. Echter toen Letland zijn onafhankelijke weg insloeg, stond het voor grote uitdagingen binnen zijn onderwijssysteem. Dit artikel gaat dieper in op de diverse uitdagingen op onderwijsgebied waarmee Letland wordt geconfronteerd en stelt mogelijke oplossingen voor om een betere toekomst voor de jeugd en het land als geheel te waarborgen.

Kwaliteit van het onderwijs

Een van de belangrijkste uitdagingen voor het onderwijssysteem in Letland is de ongelijke kwaliteit van het onderwijs. Hoewel er in de loop der jaren enige verbetering is opgetreden, blijven de gemiddelde prestaties van Letse leerlingen in internationale beoordelingen, zoals het Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), achter bij het gemiddelde van de Organisatie voor Economische Samenwerking en Ontwikkeling (OESO).

Zo stond Letland in de PISA-evaluaties van 2018 op de 30e plaats van 79 landen op het gebied van wiskunde, natuurwetenschappen en lezen, en op de 21e plaats in de PISA-evaluaties van 2022. Deze trends wijzen op onderliggende problemen op het gebied van lesmethodes, curriculumontwerp, beoordelingspraktijken en leeromgevingen die aandacht en hervorming behoeven. Onvoldoende opleiding voor leraren en beperkte financiering voor het onderwijs dragen bij aan deze uitdaging.

Regionale verschillen

Het onderwijssysteem van Letland vertoont aanzienlijke regionale verschillen in de toegang tot kwaliteitsonderwijs. Plattelandsgebieden en kleine steden, met name Latgale – de armste regio – kampen met ontoereikende onderwijsmiddelen. Dit omvat een tekort aan goed opgeleide leraren, vervallen schoolinfrastructuur, gebrek aan toegang tot technologie, beperkte cursusmogelijkheden en ontoereikende leerfaciliteiten zoals bibliotheken of laboratoria.

Zo hadden scholen op het platteland van Aluksne in 2020 tien leraren per 100 leerlingen, tegenover slechts zes leraren per 100 leerlingen in de stad Riga. Een dergelijke ongelijkheid in kansen op basis van geografische locatie is een ernstig probleem en vereist onmiddellijke beleidsmaatregelen en herverdeling van middelen.

Tekort aan leraren

Net als veel andere landen wereldwijd kampt Letland met een acuut tekort aan gekwalificeerde leraren voor verschillende vakken, wat de uitdagingen op onderwijsgebied nog vergroot. Lage salarissen, beperkte mogelijkheden voor professionele ontwikkeling, hoge werkdruk en stressvolle arbeidsomstandigheden dragen bij aan het gebrek aan nieuwe instroom in het lerarenberoep.

Zo bedroeg het gemiddelde maandsalaris voor leraren in 2019 slechts 930 euro, bijna 25% onder het nationale gemiddelde. Vooral voor vakken als wiskunde, natuurwetenschappen, vreemde talen en beroepsvaardigheden is er een nijpend tekort. De gevolgen van het lerarentekort zijn verstrekkend en hebben een negatieve invloed op de kwaliteit van het onderwijs en de resultaten van leerlingen.

Onderwijstaal

De etnisch diverse bevolking van Letland, waaronder een aanzienlijke Russisch sprekende minderheid die meer dan 30 % van de bevolking uitmaakt, vormt een uitdaging voor het beleid inzake onderwijstalen. Het huidige nationale onderwijsbeleid geeft voorrang aan het Lets als primaire onderwijstaal. Dit kan nadelig zijn voor leerlingen met een Russische of andere taalminderheidsachtergrond die moeite hebben met het academisch Lets.

Critici stellen dat deze taalbarrière kan leiden tot lagere onderwijsprestaties en beoordelingen voor leerlingen uit taalminderheden. Het evenwicht tussen het behoud van de nationale taal en de beginselen van gelijkheid en inclusie blijft dan ook een voortdurend dilemma.

Vroegtijdig schoolverlaten

Letland heeft een van de hoogste percentages vroegtijdige schoolverlaters in de Europese Unie, met meer dan 8% van de 18- tot 24-jarigen die in 2020 als vroegtijdige schoolverlaters werden aangemerkt. Deze voortijdige uitstroom uit het onderwijs beperkt de toekomstige kansen van studenten op hoger onderwijs en werkgelegenheid in de huidige kenniseconomie ernstig.

Complexe factoren als armoede, leermoeilijkheden, familieproblemen, handicaps of culturele vooroordelen dragen bij aan vroegtijdig schoolverlaten. Om dit urgente probleem aan te pakken, moeten de veelzijdige onderliggende oorzaken worden geïdentificeerd en aangepakt.

Mogelijke oplossingen voor de uitdagingen op het gebied van onderwijs in Letland:

Lerarenopleiding en professionele ontwikkeling

Investeren in strenge opleidingsprogramma’s voor leraren, zowel voor afgestudeerden als voor leraren in dienst, is cruciaal om de kwaliteit van het onderwijs in Letland te verbeteren. Door leraren ruime mogelijkheden te bieden om moderne pedagogische methoden en vaardigheden op het gebied van onderwijstechnologie, vakkennis en strategieën voor klasmanagement te leren, kan de kwaliteit van hun onderwijs en het leren van leerlingen positief worden beïnvloed.

Stimulansen zoals salarisverhogingen voor professionele ontwikkeling, verminderde werkdruk voor nieuwe leraren en vergoeding van opleidingskosten kunnen voortdurende bijscholing aanmoedigen. Letland moet het beroep van leraar opwaarderen en leraren in staat stellen uitstekend onderwijs te bieden.

Rechtvaardige toewijzing van middelen

Om regionale ongelijkheden te verminderen, moet de Letse regering prioriteit geven aan een rechtvaardige toewijzing van onderwijsmiddelen, waaronder gekwalificeerde leraren, verbetering van de infrastructuur, leertechnologieën en lesmateriaal. Op behoeften gebaseerde financieringsformules kunnen ervoor zorgen dat scholen op het platteland middelen krijgen die aansluiten bij de behoeften van hun leerlingen. Het verbeteren van de faciliteiten en voorzieningen van scholen op het platteland is essentieel om de kloof tussen stad en platteland te overbruggen.

Meertalig onderwijs

Het bevorderen van competentiegericht meertalig onderwijs is essentieel om tegemoet te komen aan de diversiteit van de Letse bevolking. Leerlingen moeten een sterke basis in het Lets opbouwen en tegelijkertijd vaardigheid verwerven in talen als Engels en Russisch om te kunnen gedijen in een geglobaliseerde wereld. Het introduceren van meertalige programma’s, het werven van meertalige leraren en het stimuleren van uitwisselingsprogramma’s kunnen een inclusieve meertalige visie ondersteunen.

Beroepsonderwijs

Letland moet beroepsonderwijs- en opleidingsprogramma’s (MBO) versterken en verbeteren als een haalbaar traject voor leerlingen. Het MBO biedt relevante vaardigheden voor beroepen en carrières zoals techniek, IT, gezondheidszorg, bedrijfsleven, horeca en meer. Werkgericht leren door middel van stages en partnerschappen met het bedrijfsleven kan de inzetbaarheid op de arbeidsmarkt vergroten. Het is van cruciaal belang om beroepsonderwijs te promoten via initiatieven voor loopbaanbegeleiding en de voordelen ervan te benadrukken.

Programma’s voor vroegtijdige interventie

Het implementeren van gerichte programma’s voor vroegtijdige interventie is van cruciaal belang om studenten die het risico lopen om voortijdig te stoppen met school te identificeren en te helpen. Academische, sociale, psychologische en loopbaanbegeleidingsdiensten kunnen studenten die het moeilijk hebben helpen om uitdagingen te overwinnen. Initiatieven zoals beroeps- of alternatieve scholen, online/afstandsonderwijs en aangepaste leerplannen of evaluaties kunnen studenten die het contact met school hebben verloren weer bij het onderwijs betrekken. Een holistisch ondersteuningssysteem kan studenten weer op het juiste spoor brengen.

6. Internationale samenwerking

Internationale samenwerking biedt waardevolle inzichten in wereldwijde successen die als basis kunnen dienen voor onderwijshervormingen in Letland. Deelname aan uitwisselingsprogramma’s, samenwerking met internationale onderwijsexperts en het verkennen van succesvolle initiatieven van goed presterende schoolsystemen wereldwijd kunnen verbeteringen versnellen. De OESO en de EU bieden belangrijke technische begeleiding en netwerkplatforms.

Betrokkenheid van ouders

Scholen moeten de deelname van ouders aan het onderwijs actief stimuleren door middel van frequente communicatie en workshops over het ondersteunen van het leren van kinderen. Door ouders te voorzien van hulpmiddelen als leesondersteuning, disciplinaire technieken en huiswerkstrategieën wordt een positieve leeromgeving thuis bevorderd. Regelmatige ouder-leerkrachtgesprekken en vrijwilligersmogelijkheden kunnen de samenwerking tussen gezin en school versterken en de resultaten van leerlingen verbeteren.

Integratie van technologie

De integratie van digitale technologieën zoals online leerplatforms, interactieve simulaties, onderwijsapps en tools voor het maken van multimedia kan het onderwijs en het leren verbeteren. Dit vereist echter investeringen in infrastructuur, opleiding van leerkrachten, goed ontworpen e-content en gelijke toegang voor alle leerlingen. Door online-elementen te combineren met traditioneel klassikaal onderwijs kan het leren boeiend, collaboratief en afgestemd op diverse behoeften worden gemaakt.

Kwaliteitsborgingstechnieken

Robuuste kwaliteitsborgingskaders zijn essentieel om de prestaties van scholen, de werkwijzen van leerkrachten en de resultaten van leerlingen te monitoren en te evalueren. Gestandaardiseerde beoordelingen, inspecties, enquêtes en prestatiedoelstellingen kunnen helpen bij het identificeren van verbeterpunten. Data-analyse moet als leidraad dienen voor evidence-based hervormingen en de toewijzing van middelen. Het uitwisselen van successen uit het verleden tussen goed presterende en worstelende scholen bevordert ook de groei.

Uitgebreide onderwijshervormingen

Fundamentele hervormingen zijn noodzakelijk om diepgewortelde, systemische uitdagingen aan te pakken. Beleidsinitiatieven kunnen bestaan uit het moderniseren van leerplannen, het verbeteren van de status van leraren, het invoeren van rechtvaardige financieringsstructuren, het verbeteren van beroepsonderwijs en het creëren van inclusief taalbeleid. Een langetermijnplan voor gefaseerde hervormingen met duidelijke doelstellingen en monitoringsystemen kan impactvolle veranderingen teweegbrengen.

Verhoging van de overheidsinvesteringen

Voldoende overheidsmiddelen zijn van cruciaal belang om impactvolle hervormingen door te voeren, de infrastructuur te verbeteren, leerkrachten te ondersteunen en de algehele kwaliteit te verbeteren. De financiering van het onderwijs in Letland blijft onder het EU-gemiddelde. Beleidsmakers moeten onderwijs tot een topprioriteit maken in de jaarlijkse begrotingen. Aanvullende steun van ouders, gemeenschappen en de particuliere sector kan cohesie en samenwerking creëren.

Concluderend kunnen we stellen dat de belangrijkste uitdagingen voor het onderwijs in Letland bestaan uit ongelijke kwaliteit, regionale verschillen, een tekort aan leraren, taalbarrières en een hoog percentage voortijdige schoolverlaters. Om deze uitdagingen aan te pakken is een multidimensionale aanpak nodig, met onder meer lerarenontwikkeling, een rechtvaardige toewijzing van middelen, meertalig onderwijs, beroepsopleiding, preventieve maatregelen, digitale adoptie, kaders voor kwaliteitsborging, overheidsinvesteringen en internationale samenwerking. Investeren in dergelijke oplossingen kan de Letse jeugd in staat stellen om uit te blinken op academisch en professioneel vlak en tegelijkertijd inclusieve groei bevorderen. Onderwijs vormt de basis voor de vooruitgang, het concurrentievermogen en de welvaart van Letland in de mondiale economie van de 21e eeuw. Met uitgebreide hervormingen en gezamenlijke inspanningen van alle belanghebbenden kan Letland de uitdagingen op het gebied van het onderwijssysteem omzetten in successen.

Een speciale vermelding gaat naar mijn dierbare vriendin Ana Mamaladze, wier waardevolle inzichten en discussies de diepgang van mijn onderzoek aanzienlijk hebben vergroot.

Educational Challenges translation

Estonia’s Teacher Shortages: A Threat to Educational Excellence

Photo by Christina Morillo from www.pexels.com

Written by Siti Hajar Auliannisa

Introduction

Estonia has a rich history dating back to the 13th century, and it has adopted innovative approaches that prioritize equal access to high-quality education. The comprehensive system provides free education at all levels and gives schools more autonomy by allowing them to tailor curricula, teaching methods, and administrative decisions.

Education in Estonia is legally free, unless parents choose to send their children to private schools. Early childhood education, basic education, upper secondary education, and higher education are the four levels of education. The structure of the education system allows everyone to progress from one level of education to the next. Furthermore, the Estonian education system is decentralized, with clear divisions of responsibility between the state, local government, and schools. The language of instruction is mainly Estonian, but other languages may be used as stipulated in the legislation.

According to the PISA 2022 educational survey, Estonian 15-year-olds have the absolute best knowledge and skills in Europe and are among the top eight in the world. Among Estonia is ranked first-2nd in mathematics with Switzerland, first in science, and first-2nd in reading with Ireland.

According to PISA, Estonian headmasters and teachers enjoy significant autonomy, ranking the country first among nations for the freedom educators have in designing school curricula and contributing to management decisions.

However, despite the international acclaim for Estonia’s education system, the growing shortage of qualified teachers stands out as a major concern. This issue, highlighted by the survey, is a critical challenge the nation is working to address in the coming years to preserve its educational excellence.

The Scope of the Problem

For over a decade, state statistics and international comparisons have highlighted a troubling trend in Estonia’s teaching workforce, with conditions deteriorating each year. The average age of Estonian teachers is approximately 50, and the proportion of educators aged over 60 has risen from 17% to 24% between 2015 and 2023 (Haridussilm, 2024; OECD, 2020). Meanwhile, the percentage of qualified teachers—those with a teaching certificate and a master’s degree or equivalent—dropped from 87% to 81% in general education schools from 2017 to 2022 (Ministry of Education and Research, 2022).

Additionally, the latest TALIS report (OECD, 2020) shows that 41% of teachers under 35 in Estonia are considering leaving the profession within the next five years, the highest percentage among all TALIS countries. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the situation, with nearly a third more teachers leaving their roles in the 2021-2022 academic year compared to two years prior (Arenguseire Keskus, 2023). These challenges pose a significant threat to the stability of Estonia’s education system.

Underlying Causes of Teacher Shortages

Economic Factors

The teaching profession’s social status, encompassing low salaries and limited societal recognition, serves as a significant deterrent. Across many countries, teachers earn less than professionals with similar qualifications. In Estonia, the average teacher’s salary equates to 92% of the national average salary for specialists with higher education. In 2023, lower secondary teachers earned an average of USD 37,506, which is 24% higher than the starting salary. However, this remains uncompetitive compared to earnings in other fields, making it difficult to retain teachers in the profession.

While salary is not the primary reason individuals pursue teaching, inadequate pay can drive even highly motivated teachers and aspiring educators to leave the field.

Social Perceptions

The position and perception of teachers in Estonia present a paradox: despite producing some of the world’s best educational outcomes, a significant number of teachers report dissatisfaction with their jobs and the level of societal appreciation. Many teachers perceive their own efficacy as low and view societal attitudes toward the teaching profession as overly critical. Consequently, teaching is not a highly attractive career choice for upper secondary school graduates, leading to a workforce that is increasingly feminized and ageing.

Research has also highlighted various personal factors influencing teacher retention. While the impact of gender is mixed, younger and less experienced teachers are more likely to leave the profession. Many young professionals are opting for higher-paying, more flexible career paths outside of teaching. Conversely, teachers with traditional educational qualifications tend to stay in the field longer compared to those who enter through alternative certification programs.

Workload and Burnout

Teacher retention is heavily influenced by well-being and health, with burnout playing a significant role. For those who choose to stay in the profession, the workload can be overwhelming. Estonian teachers juggle extensive administrative duties alongside the challenges of inclusive education and managing diverse classrooms. Additionally, the national curriculum, often criticized for being excessively demanding, exacerbates their workload, leaving limited opportunities for creativity or personal development.

Impact of Teacher Shortages

On students

Teacher shortages have a profound impact on students’ education, causing disruptions in learning, reducing opportunities, and hindering academic success. The absence of qualified teachers often results in increased reliance on substitute educators or larger class sizes, which disrupt the continuity of instruction and negatively affect students’ understanding of the material.

Moreover, schools facing teacher shortages may be forced to cancel advanced or specialized courses, such as higher-level mathematics or science, limiting students’ academic opportunities and preparation for higher education. Research also suggests that teacher shortages contribute to lower academic performance, as larger class sizes and less qualified instructors may struggle to meet the varied learning needs of students effectively.

On teachers

The decentralized structure of Estonia’s education system adds another layer of complexity. While schools and municipalities enjoy considerable autonomy, this flexibility has led to difficulties in resource distribution, long-term planning, and addressing the specific needs of individual schools. Local municipalities, in particular, often struggle to offer adequate support for teachers, which increases their stress and workload, further aggravating the teacher shortage. Although teacher training programs are theoretically robust, they often fall short in providing enough practical experience, leaving new educators unprepared for the challenges of classroom management and inclusive education. Consequently, many teachers either leave the profession early or decide against entering it altogether, intensifying the shortage.

On the Education System

The National Audit Office highlights that the shortage of adequately qualified teachers undermines the quality of general education. Their analysis reveals that in the context of teacher shortages, lessons in natural and exact sciences are often taught by teachers from other subjects or “career switchers.” While these teachers may hold the required master’s degree and teaching qualification, they often lack the specific training needed for the subjects they teach. The profession’s reputation has been further damaged by negative media portrayals and the increasing practice of employing unqualified individuals, making recruitment even more difficult.

Etonia’s Efforts to Address the Issue

Rethinking teacher schedules, Professional Learning, and Leadership

Estonia is actively reimagining the teaching profession, exploring innovative approaches to school organization that prioritize more flexible schedules for teachers, relevant professional development, and enhanced teacher leadership. These strategies align with calls for similar changes in the U.S. as well.

Diversifying the Teacher Pool

Estonia is working to diversify its teacher workforce by attracting individuals pursuing second careers and offering part-time positions for professionals from other fields.

Modernizing Teacher Education Programs

The reforms are extending beyond the classroom to teacher education, with preparation programs experimenting with “learn on the job” training and emphasizing the use of digital tools to improve learning and tailor education to students’ needs. Additionally, teacher education students are taking on new roles to assist classroom teachers while gaining valuable learning experiences from them.

Increasing Teacher Salaries

Like many other regions, Estonia analyzed teacher salaries and determined that stronger financial incentives were necessary to attract and retain educators. From 2016 to 2020, teacher salaries increased by approximately 40%, and this year, the Education Minister pledged to raise salaries to 120% of the average wage in Estonia by 2023. Additionally, new teachers are offered bonuses to take positions in underserved rural areas.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while Estonia’s education system continues to excel globally, the persistent teacher shortages pose a critical challenge to maintaining its high standards. The root causes, including aging educators, low salaries, societal perceptions, and burnout, demand immediate attention. The nation’s efforts to address these issues—through increased salaries, modernized teacher training, diversified recruitment, and innovative school organization—show promise, but more comprehensive strategies and sustained investment are necessary. Without a robust and well-supported teaching workforce, Estonia risks compromising the very foundation of its educational success and the future development of its students.

References

Arenguseire Keskus. “The Future for the Next Generation of Teachers: Trends and Scenarios up to 2040.” November 15, 2024. https://arenguseire.ee/en/reports/the-future-for-the-next-generation-of-teachers-trends-and-scenarios-up-to-2040/.

Estonian News. “Shortage of Qualified Teachers Is Greater in Estonia Than Previously Thought.” January 26, 2024. https://news.postimees.ee/7947387/shortage-of-qualified-teachers-is-greater-in-estonia-than-previously-thought.

European Commission. “National Reforms in School Education—Estonia.” Eurydice. Last updated March 29, 2023. https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/estonia/national-reforms-general-school-education.

Eva Toome. “PISA 2022: Estonia Consistently Among the World’s Best.” Education Estonia, September 10, 2024. https://www.educationestonia.org/estonias-pisa-2022-results-consistently-among-the-worlds-best/.

Gorard, Stephen, Mark Ledger, Beng Huat See, and Rebecca Morris. “What Are the Key Predictors of International Teacher Shortages?” Research Papers in Education, October 23, 2024, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2024.2414427.

Haridussilm. “Teachers.” Accessed January 11, 2025. https://www.haridussilm.ee/ee/tasemeharidus/haridustootajad/opetajad.

Ministry of Education and Research. “Haridus- ja Teadusministeeriumi 2022. aasta tulemusar-uande analüütiline lisa” [Analytical Annex to the Ministry of Education and Research Performance Report 2022]. 2022. https://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/documents/2023-08/2022_TA_anal%C3%BC%C3%BCtiline_lisa.pdf.

NCEE. “How Estonia Is Addressing Its Teacher Shortage.” January 20, 2022. https://ncee.org/quick-read/how-estonia-is-addressing-its-teacher-shortage/.

OECD. TALIS 2018 Results (Volume II): Teachers and School Leaders as Valued Professionals. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2020.

Education Challenges Educational Challenges

Provocările educaționale în Portugalia: Provocările atenuării inegalităților socio-economice

Scris de Agnes Amaral

Tradus de Iasmina Stoian

Introducere

La sfârșitul anilor 1990, discuția privind educația în Portugalia se concentra pe necesitatea unei școli pentru toți, ceea ce implica trecerea la o educație mai interculturală. Acest lucru a făcut ca școlile bilingve să devină un model renumit, care s-a dezvoltat în țară în ultimii ani. Pentru secolul XXI, discuțiile au vizat orientarea educației copiilor în cadrul unei politici sociale și dezvoltarea dincolo de spațiul școlar. De exemplu, garantarea asistenței oferite începând cu vârsta de 11 luni, acordarea priorității educației în viața tuturor și adoptarea unui model de educație pe tot parcursul vieții. În plus, au fost întreprinse acțiuni pentru prevenirea abandonului școlar timpuriu. Conferința organizată în 2007 de Ministerul Educației din Portugalia[1] a fost relevantă în evidențierea acestor provocări și a altora din acea perioadă. Prioritatea guvernului a devenit o creștere mai inteligentă, mai durabilă și mai incluzivă în domeniul educației. Pentru a realiza securitatea socială, cum ar fi garantarea locurilor de muncă. Crearea unei reorientări către învățarea centrată pe elev, pentru a-i face capabili să facă față provocărilor competitivității și utilizării noilor tehnologii. Deși s-a înregistrat o creștere a clasamentului privind frecvența școlară și alfabetizarea în învățământul primar între 2021 și 2022, conform Raportului global privind diferențele de gen, inegalitatea în accesul la educație este încă o realitate. În Portugalia, contextul socio-economic al elevilor are un impact semnificativ asupra oportunităților lor academice.

Sursă: Fotografie de Kelly Sikkema pe Unsplash

Consecințele pandemiei de COVID-19

Din cauza pandemiei de COVID-19, a crescut numărul elevilor anxioși și vulnerabili, deoarece predarea la distanță a dus la reducerea interacțiunilor sociale între elevi. Consiliul Național al Educației (CNE) raportează că 23 % dintre elevi ar fi putut să nu participe în mod regulat la activitățile școlare în timpul învățământului la distanță. Acest lucru a afectat în principal elevii care dispuneau deja de resurse financiare sau sociale mai reduse. Una dintre problemele întâmpinate a fost lipsa accesului la platformele digitale și la mijloacele de acces la acestea.

Solicitanții de azil

Există unele cerințe educaționale impuse de Guvernul Portugaliei care complică participarea solicitanților de azil la educație. Este necesar să se dezvolte activități pedagogice pentru nevoile specifice ale acestor elevi. Se poate observa diferența de rezultate în cazul elevilor proveniți din medii mai puțin privilegiate, cum ar fi imigranții[1]. Bariera lingvistică este, de asemenea, considerată o provocare în aceste situații. Există date care arată că elevii străini repetă cursurile în școala primară și secundară mai des decât colegii lor.[2]

Conform raportului DGEEC (2020), Profilul școlar al comunităților rome 2018/2019, ratele de retenție și abandon școlar sunt mai mari în rândul elevilor romi decât în rândul populației generale (15,6 % în învățământul primar și 12,6 % în învățământul secundar, față de3,7 % și 12,9 % pentru întreaga populație școlară). [3]

Învățământul superior

Conform OCDE, Portugalia are unul dintre cele mai scăzute procente de persoane cu vârsta cuprinsă între 25 și 64 de ani care au absolvit cel puțin învățământul superior. Acest număr devine și mai mic atunci când se face o comparație între sexe. În timp ce în științele naturale numărul de studente a crescut, în domeniile afacerilor, managementului și dreptului numărul acestora rămâne scăzut. [4]

Șomajul și nivelul de studii

În comparație cu alte țări, Portugalia are o rată ridicată a șomajului în rândul persoanelor cu diplomă de licență[5]. Proporția adulților care sunt șomeri de cel puțin un an în rândul tuturor adulților șomeri cu studii sub nivelul secundar superior este relativ ridicată.[6] Aceștia se confruntă cu mai puține oportunități din cauza lipsei pieței muncii care să angajeze persoane calificate. Cu toate acestea, guvernul încearcă să îmbunătățească această realitate cu programe precum Qualifica[7], care are ca obiectiv principal îmbunătățirea nivelului de calificare al adulților, contribuind la progresul calificărilor populației și la îmbunătățirea capacității de inserție profesională a persoanelor. Dar aceasta nu este încă realitatea în țară, care urmărește să atingă obiectivul de inserție profesională al Uniunii Europene (60%) până în 2030.

Concluzie

Putem concluziona că Portugalia are multe rezultate în favoarea sa. De exemplu, a înregistrat o creștere a numărului de studenți în învățământul universitar, susținută de programul Adult Impulse și programul Young Impulse STEAM, care demonstrează eficacitatea acțiunilor.[8] Cu toate acestea, contextul economic și social al studenților rămâne o problemă care afectează în mod direct oportunitățile lor de acces la învățământul superior. Cu toate acestea, așa cum s-a menționat anterior, guvernul a depus eforturi pentru a atenua aceste inegalități, în special în învățământul superior, cum ar fi inițiativa de a semna un acord tripartit pentru a sprijini studenții din domeniile tehnologice în 2021 [9] și în învățământul preșcolar. O altă inițiativă a fost crearea unui plan de îngrijire care prevede extinderea accesului la educație pentru toți copiii de la vârsta de 3 ani, cu școlarizare obligatorie. Creșterea numărului de profesori în acest domeniu poate fi considerată un factor eficient pentru evoluția proiectului. Cu toate acestea, există încă unele regiuni care beneficiază de mai mult sprijin decât altele[10], aspect pe care Portugalia trebuie să îl abordeze pentru a atenua o fractură mai clară în dinamica educațională a țării.

Bibliografie:

[1] Leite, C. (n.d.). DESAFIOS QUE SE COLOCAM À ESCOLA EM PORTUGAL [Review of DESAFIOS QUE SE COLOCAM À ESCOLA EM PORTUGAL]. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/132320/2/444121.pdf

[1] Carreirinho, I. (2021). Country Report: Portugal (ECRE, Ed.) [Review of Country Report: Portugal]. European Council on Refugees and Exiles. https://asylumineurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/AIDA-PT_2021update.pdf

[2] Education and Training Monitor 2022. (n.d.). Op.europa.eu. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/en/country-reports/portugal.html

[3] Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência. (n.d.). Direção-Geral de Estatísticas Da Educação E Ciência. Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://www.dgeec.mec.pt/np4/97/

[4] Education GPS – Portugal – Overview of the education system (EAG 2019). (n.d.). Gpseducation.oecd.org. https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=PRT&treshold=10&topic=EO

[5] Education GPS – Portugal – Overview of the education system (EAG 2019). (n.d.). Gpseducation.oecd.org. https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=PRT&treshold=10&topic=EO

[6] Education GPS – Portugal – Overview of the education system (EAG 2019). (n.d.). Gpseducation.oecd.org. https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=PRT&treshold=10&topic=EO

[7] +eficaz. (n.d.). Portal Qualifica. Www.qualifica.gov.pt. Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://www.qualifica.gov.pt/#/

[8] Education and Training Monitor 2022. (n.d.). Op.europa.eu. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/en/country-reports/portugal.html

[9] ESTEL – Escola Profissional de Tecnologia e Eletrónica – Vídeos – E-volui. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://e-volui.pt/estel-videos/?dc=VideoEstel112

[10] Education and Training Monitor 2022. (n.d.). Op.europa.eu. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/en/country-reports/portugal.html

translation

Educational Challenges in the Falkland Islands: Isolated & Unique Challenges

Written by Astrid Euwe Wyss

Introduction

Can you imagine if your neighborhood could all fit into one building? The Falkland Islands are such a sparsely populated territory that the only high school on the mainland educates under 600 students. [11] The Falkland Islands, an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, lies about 480 kilometers east of Argentina. This remote British Overseas Territory consists of roughly 200 islands, with East Falkland and West Falkland being the largest. Despite their isolation, the Falklands have an economy that relies heavily on British financial support. They maintain a strong cultural and political connection with the United Kingdom and function as a parliamentary democracy, managing their internal affairs.

The islands’ remote location, small population, and limited resources have historically posed challenges to the education system. With a population of approximately 3,803 as of July 1, 2024, the Falkland Islands face significant educational challenges due to their geographical isolation. Despite adhering to a British model of education and offering free and compulsory schooling up to age 16, several obstacles impede the provision of a comprehensive and equitable education system. However, older students often need to pursue further education abroad, highlighting the logistical and emotional challenges faced by families.

This article examines the unique educational obstacles of the Falkland Islands, highlighting the specific challenges faced by schools and students in this remote region. By exploring the structure and operations of local schools, the effects of geographical isolation, and the innovative solutions to these challenges, we can better understand the Falklands’ commitment to providing quality education despite its unique circumstances.

Educational Infrastructure and Geographic Challenges

The educational infrastructure in the Falkland Islands comprises several key institutions. Primary education is provided by the Stanley Infant/Junior School, which caters to children from preschool age up to 10 years old. This school is well-equipped with modern multimedia facilities and a central library, ensuring that young students have access to essential learning resources. Secondary education is offered by the Falkland Islands Community School, established in 1992. This institution provides a comprehensive curriculum, including science laboratories and subjects such as music, art, information technology, and business studies.

Additionally, three rural satellite schools use electronic distance learning methods, supported by regular teacher visits, to serve children in isolated areas. Here, children receive education through traveling teachers, radio broadcasts, and telephone lessons. Older students in these areas often prefer attending schools far from their homes. To support their education, these students stay in boarding establishments that provide a conducive learning environment. [1]

The UN estimates the population of the Falkland Islands reaching at 3,803 as of July 1, 2024. Out of this overall population corresponding to the islands in total, the capital of Stanley registers 2,213 inhabitants as of 2024. They are, after Greenland, the most sparsely populated political entity in the world. Despite their small size, the Falkland Islands have a notably urban and diverse population. Approximately 11% of residents speak languages other than English at home, including Spanish, French, and German. The islands experience a high population turnover, with many migrants arriving from outside the territory. This demographic fluidity, coupled with limited institutional resources and strong cultural ties to the UK, has hindered the full institutionalization and standardization of certain aspects of Falkland Islands identity. Media consumption is largely dominated by foreign productions, with the mainstream media being British, and local media offerings limited; islanders have access to a single local radio station and a weekly newspaper, both available in print and online. [2] [3]

Education in the Falkland Islands is overseen by the United Kingdom, ensuring British standards and evaluation methods are followed. Education is free and mandatory for children from age 5 (Year 1) to age 16 (Year 11). The government supports higher education, encouraging top students to study further in the UK. Financial assistance is available for students who score a Grade C or higher in their General Certificate of Education (GCE) exams to pursue advanced-level qualifications overseas, allowing them to attend sixth form or college in the UK to take O-Levels (typically for students aged 14-16) and A-Levels (typically for students aged 16-18), preparing them for university education. Despite these policies, the islands face significant challenges due to their remote location and small population. [4]

The Falkland Islands face significant challenges in providing education due to their remote location, small and spread-out population, and economic and political factors. The educational system is incomplete and has historically been underfunded because the economy depends heavily on one main product, production of wool, leading to financial resources leaving the islands. In the past, low expectations for education in rural areas were influenced by the local elite who controlled schooling. This history still affects the education system today, resulting in limited aspirations for education among the population. [1]

Recruitment, Resources, and Economic Constraints

One major challenge is attracting and keeping qualified teachers, both expatriate and local. The remote location and limited social and professional opportunities make it hard to draw educators. High operational costs, considering the Islands’s isolation, add to the difficulty. Teachers also struggle to balance the curriculum designed for a different cultural context with local needs, affecting the quality and relevance of education. This has been a persistent problem throughout the colony, complicating efforts to provide consistent and effective schooling. [5]

The Falkland Islands’ remote location means schools have limited educational resources and extracurricular activities. This limits the curriculum and students’ exposure to various subjects and experiences. Population clusters within the territory face additional isolation, affecting educational access and quality. Changes in land ownership further complicate this by impacting how educational resources are distributed and accessed. This can lead to uneven resource availability, making it harder for some areas to maintain consistent and effective education. [1]

Economic factors significantly impact education in the Falkland Islands. The reliance on wool and the resulting capital outflow to absent landowners have historically limited educational resources. Additionally, low expectations among rural parents and students, shaped by historical and social contexts, continue to affect educational outcomes. The isolation of population clusters within the territory complicates these issues, making it difficult to create a cohesive and supportive educational environment. Frequent changes in land ownership further disrupt the stability needed for consistent educational resource distribution. [3]

Enrollment rates and educational attainment levels in the Falkland Islands are influenced by the unique challenges posed by the islands’ geographical isolation. The high population turnover and limited resources contribute to a complex educational landscape. Older students often need to travel abroad for advanced education, placing a significant logistical and emotional burden on families. The reliance on external institutions for post-16 education highlights the need for robust support systems to ensure students can continue their education seamlessly. The small population size also necessitates mixed-age classes, where teachers must balance the educational needs of students at different developmental stages within the same classroom. This requirement complicates the delivery of age-appropriate instruction and support, further illustrating the unique educational challenges faced by schools in the Falkland Islands. [6]

A significant educational challenge in the Falkland Islands is ensuring access to secondary education for military and civilian families stationed at Mount Pleasant, the main military base on the islands. The remote location of the base complicates the delivery of consistent and high-quality education, requiring special arrangements, such as UK boarding schools, and resources to meet the needs of these families. While supported by a Continuity of Education Allowance, a UK-funded subsidy, this involves complex logistics and potential disruptions to family life. The CEA helps cover the costs of boarding school in the UK to ensure children of military families receive consistent education. Parents must navigate various administrative processes to secure and maintain this support, adding to the complexity. [7]

The educational challenges in the Falkland Islands highlight the complex relationship between education, national identity, and geopolitics. Schools and classrooms play a key role in teaching young citizens about important historical and current events, shaping their understanding of their nation and their place in it. These educational efforts are intentional, aiming to engage young people with critical issues related to their national identity and geopolitical environment. The ongoing challenges posed by geographical isolation significantly impact educational outcomes and cultural identity, making this a crucial area for educators and policymakers to address. [8]

Lingering Memory of the Falklands/Malvinas War

The Falklands/Malvinas conflict, fought in April 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands, continues to have profound implications for education in both regions. Nonetheless, the Falklands/Malvinas conflict continues to have significant implications for education in both Argentina and the Falkland Islands. The contrasting narratives and educational approaches reflect broader political, cultural, and ideological dimensions, highlighting the importance of history and national identity in shaping the perspectives of young people in both regions. As the conflict remains unresolved, the challenge of teaching about it in a balanced and inclusive manner persists, influencing how future generations will understand and engage with this contentious issue. [8]

In the far south of the Atlantic Ocean, Argentina has claimed ownership of the Falklands/Malvinas Islands since the 19th century. Despite losing the war in 1982, Argentina has more emphatically asserted its claims since its return to democracy in 1983. Argentina presents the islands as part of their territory in their educational system, and the dispute is not addressed in schools. The war and its aftermath involve military, political, economic, diplomatic, cultural, and ideological dimensions, framing the conflict in terms of colonialism and imperialism from the UK. [8]

The British perspective on the Falklands changed dramatically after 1982. Before the conflict, most British citizens were unaware of the islands. However, the war transformed the Falklands into symbols of national pride as British forces expelled the Argentinian troops and reasserted control. Today, while sovereignty issues don’t impact daily life in the Falklands, they significantly influence national identity and the content of history and citizenship education. The ongoing military presence on the islands underscores the unresolved nature of the sovereignty dispute and its significance in British national consciousness. [8]

A study with students from both the Falkland Islands and Argentina highlighted the stark differences in how each group views the conflict. This contrast encouraged students to critically examine their own preconceptions, biases, and prejudices. The Falklands/Malvinas issue, deeply political, influences students’ understanding of national identity. Researchers found that the sensitive nature of this topic can make teachers uncomfortable, raising questions about its place in the curriculum. These circumstances illustrate the challenge of teaching a relevant yet divisive subject, shaping the educational experiences of young people in both regions. [9]

Education in the Falkland Islands is deeply influenced by the historical and cultural importance of the islands, especially regarding the Falklands/Malvinas sovereignty dispute. This issue is a key part of national identity for both Falkland Islanders and Argentinians. In schools, subjects like national history, geography, and citizenship are strategically framed to ensure young people understand these themes. Educational materials that are deliberate, creative, and original representations of nationalism help students become aware of their national identity and the ongoing geopolitical tensions. [8] [9]

In the Falkland Islands, there is a conscious effort to incorporate locally relevant content into the UK-defined curriculum. This is vital for fostering a sense of place and identity among students. However, the high turnover of teachers, many of whom are not native to the Falklands, can impact the authenticity and effectiveness of teaching local history and geography. Emphasizing the unique history and realities of the Falklands, including the 1982 conflict, the intentional curriculum choices help instill pride and awareness in students about their heritage and the importance of their homeland in a broader geopolitical context. [9]

Similarly, in Argentina, the education system places a strong emphasis on the Falklands/Malvinas as central to Argentine national identity. The Falklands/Malvinas issue is ingrained in the educational agenda, reflecting a long-standing historical connection and the traumatic experiences of the 1982 war. Argentine educational materials, including textbooks, documentaries, and other resources, consistently highlight the nation’s claim to the islands and the importance of this claim in the national consciousness. The Argentine government has made significant efforts to produce dedicated Malvinas-themed educational materials, reinforcing the sovereignty claims and ensuring that the memory of the islands remains a critical part of national identity. This focus on the “Malvinas” in education underscores the broader foreign policy objectives of Argentina and the importance placed on territorial integrity within the Argentine Constitution. [9]

The educational challenges in the Falkland Islands and Argentina highlight the complex relationship between education, national identity, and geopolitics. Schools and classrooms are key spaces where young citizens learn about important historical and contemporary events, shaping their understanding of their nation and place in the world. These educational efforts, entirely intentional, aim to engage young people with critical issues that define their national identity and geopolitical situation. These practices reflect a deliberate strategy to ensure students grasp the significance of their heritage and the broader political context. [9]

Addressing Challenges: Local and International Initiatives

The Falkland Islands Government, along with community-driven initiatives, international aid, and innovative approaches, have made concerted efforts to improve educational infrastructure and resources. The establishment of key institutions like the Stanley Infant/Junior School and the Falkland Islands Community School showcases the commitment to providing quality education. These schools are equipped with modern multimedia facilities, science laboratories, and a comprehensive curriculum that includes subjects such as music, art, and information technology. [6]

The government supports tertiary education by funding students who achieve a Grade C or higher in their General Certificate of Education (GCE) exams. A Grade C typically represents a good level of understanding and competency in a subject, roughly equivalent to a pass mark of around 60-69%. This achievement allows students to pursue advanced studies such as O-Levels, which are part of the UK’s educational system for students aged 14-16, often leading to further qualifications like A-Levels necessary for university admission. This funding ensures that high-performing students have opportunities for continued education and academic advancement.This initiative helps bridge the gap for advanced education that cannot be provided locally due to the islands’ limited resources. Community involvement also plays a crucial role. Parents and local organizations collaborate with schools to support educational activities and infrastructure development. [1]

International aid and partnerships have significantly bolstered educational opportunities. The UK provides financial and academic support, including funding for scholarships, teacher training programs, and educational resources that align with British educational standards. International organizations and foreign governments contribute through grants and educational programs aimed at enhancing the quality of education. These partnerships have facilitated access to diverse educational materials, improved teacher qualifications, and introduced new teaching methodologies tailored to the unique challenges of remote education.

To mitigate the challenges posed by geographical isolation, the Falkland Islands have adopted innovative educational approaches, particularly in the realm of e-learning. E-learning platforms have been specifically adapted to suit the remote and isolated environment of the islands. These platforms provide students with access to a broader range of subjects and learning materials that would otherwise be unavailable. This robust e-learning infrastructure proved invaluable during the COVID-19 pandemic, allowing for minimal disruption to students’ education despite the global challenges faced by schools everywhere. The existing e-learning systems enabled a seamless transition to remote learning, ensuring continuous educational engagement for students across the islands.Additionally, mixed-age classes, necessitated by the small population, have led to the development of flexible teaching strategies that cater to diverse educational needs within a single classroom. These strategies include differentiated instruction and personalized learning plans that ensure all students can achieve their academic potential. [10]

Electronic distance learning methods are utilized extensively, especially in rural satellite schools. These schools rely on regular teacher visits, electronic resources, and virtual classrooms to deliver education. Itinerant teachers, radio broadcasts, and telephone lessons also play a vital role in ensuring that children in the most isolated areas receive a consistent education.

Conclusion

In summary, the Falkland Islands have demonstrated a resilient and adaptive approach to overcoming their educational challenges. Government initiatives, community involvement, international aid, and innovative educational methods have all contributed to improving the quality and accessibility of education despite the islands’ unique circumstances.

Strategic and sustained efforts are critical to overcoming the barriers posed by geographical isolation and limited resources. The future outlook for education in the Falkland Islands relies on continued support from local governance, international partners, and community stakeholders. By fostering collaboration and embracing innovative solutions, the islands can ensure that their educational system continues to evolve and meet the needs of all students.

Recommendations

Enhance Teacher Recruitment and Retention: Implement targeted incentives to attract and retain qualified teachers, including competitive salaries, professional development opportunities, and support for expatriate teachers to integrate into the community.

Expand E-Learning and Distance Education: Invest in advanced e-learning platforms and digital resources to provide a wider range of educational content and facilitate continuous learning for students in remote areas.

Strengthen International Partnerships: Foster stronger ties with international educational institutions and organizations to secure funding, resources, and expertise that can enhance local educational programs.

Promote Community Engagement: Encourage greater community involvement in education through parent-teacher associations, local educational committees, and volunteer programs to support school activities and infrastructure development.

Address Socio-Economic Barriers: Develop comprehensive support systems for families, including financial aid, counseling services, and logistical support for students pursuing education abroad.

Bibliography

[1] Manikas, B.T. (2024). Falkland Islands. StateUniversity.com Education Encyclopedia. https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/465/Falkland-Islands.html

[2] World Population Review. (2024). Falkland Islands population 2024. https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/falkland-islands-population

[3] Britain, D. (2009). Falkland Island English. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Britain/publication/260087949_Falkland_Island_English/links/57d1c70808ae5f03b48abd7f/Falkland-Island-English.pdf

[4] Scholaro. (2024). Education system in Falkland Islands. https://www.scholaro.com/db/Countries/Falkland-Islands/Education-System

[5] Teacher Horizons. (2024). Falkland Islands. Retrieved May 31, 2024, from https://www.teacherhorizons.com/countries/south-america-falkland-islands

[6] Falkland Islands Community School. (2024). Welcome to Falkland Islands Community School. Retrieved from https://www.secondary.ac.fk/

[7] Mount Pleasant School. (2022, February 2). Secondary school options. Mount Pleasant Primary School. https://www.mountpleasant.school/admission/secondary-school-options/

[8] Porto, M., & Yulita, L. (2016). Language and intercultural citizenship education for a culture of peace: The Malvinas/Falklands project. In From Principles to Practice in Education for Intercultural Citizenship (pp. 199-224). Multilingual Matters. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/57883

[9] Benwell, M.C. (2014). From the banal to the blatant: Expressions of nationalism in secondary schools in Argentina and the Falkland Islands. Geoforum (52), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.12.006

[10] Mount Pleasant School. (2023, February 13). Context and location. Mount Pleasant School. https://www.mountpleasant.school/

[11] Falkland Islands Government. (2016). Falkland Islands Census 2016 Report. https://falklandstimeline.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/falkland_islands_census_2016_-_report_without_data_tables.pdf

Educational Challenges

Italy’s Education Reform: A Return to Tradition Awaiting Approval

By Beatrice Manicone

The Italian Council of Minister following a proposition of Giorgia Meloni (the Prime Minister) and the Minister of Education and Merit Giuseppe Valditara, has discussed on January 14 , 2025 a new proposed legislation that will introduce new changes to the educational system in Italy (Redazione, 2025b). This was developed by a commission in charge of drafting the new text of the National Directions for the Curriculum for Preschool and First Cycle Education and headed by Loredana Perla, a professor at the “Aldo Moro” University of Bari (Bruno, 2025).

This reform is part of the fourth mission of the National Recovery Plan (PNRR) which is aimed at strengthening education and provide the tools to adapt to the challenges of the modern society (Redazione, 2025b). The text of the reform was published in mid-March 2025, will undergo a public consultation and will be implemented starting from the school year 2026/2027, 15 years after the last school reform (Bruno, 2025). The consultation phase, which will start at the end of March, involves multiple meetings between the commission who drafted the document and professionals’ associations, as well as parents’ student’s associations, and school unions (Bruno, 2025).

Currently, the Italian school system is split into five phases: kindergarten (scuola dell’infanzia), primary school (scuola primaria), lower secondary school (scuola secondaria di primo grado), upper secondary school (scuola secondaria di secondo grado), and university (università). This proposed legislation is tackling principally the students from primary to upper secondary school.

What are the Proposed Changes?

The goal of Valditara is to propose a reform that combines tradition and innovation, by highlighting the field of humanities and introducing competences from the early years of school (Redazione, 2025b).

One of the changes concerns the teaching of Latin. Currently, the subject is only offered in certain types of upper secondary schools, namely lyceums, which focus more on academics and theoretical knowledge. With the new reform, Latin will be optional from the second year of lower secondary schools (Lunghi, 2025). In fact, according to Italian Minister of Education and Merits, Latin is fundamental “to communicate and strengthen the awareness of the historical relation that ties Italian as a language to Latin and to underline how Latin constructs a common heritage between European culture” (Ferrandi, 2025).

Secondly, there will be a change in the approach to the teaching of history at all levels. There will be a bigger focus on Western, European, and Italian societies, and consequently their history; furthermore, the mandatory subject geo-storia in upper secondary schools (the combination of geography and history) will be replaced by two distinct subjects, geography and history. Geography will have a focus on the Italian territory and environment, while history will be taught from a Euro-centric point of view and should not be tied to any ideology (Lunghi, 2025). Valditara explains that this focus on the Western history “is fundamental to understand who we are, where we come from, and where we want to go” (Ferrandi, 2025)

A third change that was in the centre of public debate since the publication of the legislation text is the study of the Bible as a mandatory part of the school curriculum (Lunghi, 2025). Since the Lateran Treaty and the concordat of 1929, religion is part of the subjects that are taught in the Italian school system; however, it is an optional subject. With this new reform, a text that is inherently tied to the Christian religion, will be an integral part of the educational programme. To explain this choice, Valditari says that “the Bible, just like the Odyssey and the Iliad, is a great cultural testimony” and “it is at the base of most of our arts, literature, and music” (Ferrandi, 2025).

Other small changes that are proposed in the legislation text are: the introduction of the study of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and statistics in the mathematics curriculum, a more intercultural approach to languages (Redazione, 2025b), the return to the study of calligraphy and cursive, and to rote memorisation (Ferrandi, 2025).

What Does the Public Has to Say on the Proposed Legislation?

For some people, the reform proposed by Valditari is something that was long awaited, especially for the reintroduction of Latin as a subject from earlier on. For example, the Senator Ella Bucalo from the right-wing political party Fratelli d’Italia explains that the Italian school will finally return to “its primary role of cultural and social teaching” (Redazione, 2025a).

Others partially agree, like the classicist Luciano Canfora, who supports the teaching of Latin starting from lower secondary school and the separation of history and geography in upper secondary school. However, he believes that teaching history without an ideology is an improper expression, as historical research is one thing, and political ideology is something completely different (Usan, 2025).

Finally, for many others it is just a return to the past waiting for approval, and it is a reform that is largely based on the idolization of the Western culture and history. In a political climate like the current one in Italy, these changes can only lead to an increase in the idea that the Western culture is superior, and that the others will be, at best, considered like ‘exotic’, or at worst, ‘dangerous’ (Paolella, 2025). Furthermore, introducing the study of the Bible as an integral part of the curriculum is a clear political choice dictated by an ideology and justified by saying that it is at the roots of Italian culture (Redazione, 2025a).

Conclusion

Even if this reform still must be publicly discussed and might undergo some changes before being implemented, it is undeniably a politically motivated return to the past. The introduction of Latin as an option for lower secondary school, the Bible into the national programs, and the focus on Western history in upper secondary school are symptoms of a line of governance that idolises the past.

References

Bruno, E. (2025, March 11). Latino dalla seconda media e bibbia alla primaria: Ecco i programmi di valditara. Il Sole 24 ORE. https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/latino-seconda-media-e-bibbia-primaria-ecco-programmi-valditara-AGUc1pSD?refresh_ce=1

Cimino, L. (2025, March 11). Scuola, ecco il manuale dello studente sovranista. Il Manifesto. https://ilmanifesto.it/scuola-ecco-il-manuale-dello-studente-sovranista

Ferrandi, C. (2025, March 12). Valditara spiega le indicazioni nazionali 2025 per la scuola. Virgilio.it; Virgilio Sapere. https://sapere.virgilio.it/scuola/mondo-scuola/valditara-spiega-le-indicazioni-nazionali-2025-per-la-scuola

Lunghi, M. (2025, January 16). Riforma scuola: Latino alle medie e abolizione della geostoria alle superiori. ecco tutte le novità. Studenti.it; Studenti.it. https://www.studenti.it/riforma-scuola-ecco-tutte-le-novita.html

Marie, V. (2024). The education system in Italy. Expatica Italy. Accessed March 15, 2025

Ministero dell’Educazione e del Merito. (2025). Nuove indicazioni 2025 scuola dell’infanzia e primo ciclo di istruzione materiali per il dibattito pubblico. https://www.mim.gov.it/documents/20182/0/Nuove+indicazioni+2025.pdf/cebce5de-1e1d-12de-8252-79758c00a50b?version=1.0&t=1741684578272

Paolella, S. (2025, March 12). Solo l’Occidente conosce la storia. Scomodo.

Redazione. (2025a, January 15). Nuove indicazioni nazionali di valditara, le reazioni: C’è chi lo loda per il coraggio, per altri riporta la scuola agli anni cinquanta. Tecnica Della Scuola. https://www.tecnicadellascuola.it/nuove-indicazioni-nazionali-valditara

Redazione. (2025b, January 15). Valditara e il latino alle medie, la scuola italiana sta per cambiare. Demografica. https://demografica.adnkronos.com/popolazione/valditara-scuola-riforma-2025-novita/

Usan, T. (2025, January 15). Canfora sulla riforma della scuola: “Giusto studiare il latino. Ma la storia ideologica non esiste.” La Stampa. https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2025/01/15/news/luciano_canfora_riforma_scuola-14940213/

Educational Challenges in Belarus: Behind the Iron Curtain: The Struggles of Belarusian Education

Behind the Iron Curtain: The Struggles of Belarusian Education

Written by Danylo Malchevskyi

Broken Chalk, Amsterdam, 2024

Introduction and Context

Image: Energy Intelligence (2023)

How can a nation rich in cultural heritage struggle so profoundly in educating its youth?

Belarus, a landlocked nation in Eastern Europe, is often recognized for its rich cultural heritage. However, beneath the cultural richness lies a complex and evolving educational landscape. Heavily influenced by its Soviet past, the Belarusian education system has undergone significant changes since the nation gained independence in 1991. Despite efforts to modernize, the system faces numerous challenges that affect both the quality and accessibility of education. Issues such as political censorship, lack of international cooperation, and brain drain paint a complicated picture of the educational environment in Belarus. The year 2022 brought additional complexities, as the Russian invasion of Ukraine had profound implications for Belarus.

This article delves into these challenges, exploring the root causes and potential solutions, while highlighting the critical need for greater investment in education amidst a backdrop of regional instability and geopolitical conflict.

Current challenges

Political Influence and Censorship

Image: Free Press Unites (2024)

One of the most significant challenges in the Belarusian education system is the pervasive political influence and censorship. The government, under the leadership of President Alexander Lukashenko since 1994, has maintained tight control over the educational sector. This control manifests in various ways, including the curriculum, which is often used as a tool for political propaganda (StopFake, 2023). Textbooks and teaching materials are closely monitored and aligned with the state’s ideological stance, limiting academic freedom and critical thinking among students (StopFake, 2023).

The extent of this control is reflected in the findings of the Academic Freedom Index, which assesses levels of respect for academic freedom in 175 countries and territories based on surveys of more than 2000 country experts around the globe. According to Scholars at Risk Europe (2023), there has been a steady decline in academic freedom in Belarus. The country’s score plummeted from 0.6 in 1994 to 0.19 in 2019, and further to a mere 0.03 in 2022, placing Belarus in the bottom 10% of all countries covered (Scholars at Risk Europe, 2023).

Moreover, the 2023 Freedom House Belarus Country Report concludes that academic freedom “remains subject to intense state ideological pressures,” with new laws mandating adherence to a particular historical narrative and imposing criminal sanctions for those who express contrary views (Freedom House, 2023). The repression of academic freedom is further evidenced by the Honest University project, part of the non-governmental organization Honest People. This project has documented 1,693 incidents of students and professors facing repression or pressure at universities in Belarus (Honest People, 2024). These incidents range from dismissals and expulsions to threats and detentions, creating an atmosphere of fear and self-censorship within academic institutions.

Such pervasive control and suppression of dissenting voices degrade the overall quality of education, as critical thinking and open discourse are essential components of a robust academic environment. The lack of freedom to explore diverse perspectives and challenge established narratives significantly hampers the intellectual development of students and the academic community at large.

Lack of International Cooperation and Impact of Sanctions

Image: YouTube, DW News (2021)

International cooperation plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality and relevance of education systems worldwide by fostering academic exchanges, research collaborations, and sharing best practices. However, one of the significant challenges for Belarusian education is the limited engagement with global educational networks. Belarus has been subjected to numerous sanctions from “Western” countries (Council of the European Union, 2024). These sanctions were first implemented in the early 2000s and later intensified following the disputed 2020 presidential election, which was marked by widespread allegations of electoral fraud (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 2020). The government’s severe crackdown on opposition movements and massive demonstrations further exacerbated the situation, leading to increased international condemnation and punitive measures.

Belarus’s close alignment with Russia and its involvement in the ongoing war in Ukraine have further strained its relations with the international community. In 2022, Belarus allowed Russian forces to use its territory as a launching pad for the invasion of Ukraine. This decision was pivotal, as it provided strategic advantages to Russia, enabling Putin’s army to launch attacks more effectively and rapidly into Ukrainian territory (Court, 2023). The consequences of this decision were severe and far-reaching: the Russian invasion led to the occupation of several Ukrainian regions, bringing with it a wave of violence and human rights abuses (Amnesty International, 2023). As a result, the Bologna Process Follow-Up Group suspended the representation of Belarus in the Bologna Process, as well as in working groups of the European Higher Education Area (European Higher Education Area, 2020). This marked the beginning of a series of successive suspensions from academic networks, associations, and formal collaborations.

Such sanctions limit the exposure of Belarusian educators and students to innovative teaching methods, modern pedagogical practices, and cutting-edge research. The absence of robust international partnerships also means that Belarusian institutions are less competitive in attracting international students, further perpetuating a cycle of isolation.

Brain Drain

Image: TheGlobalEconomy.com (2023)

The phenomenon of brain drain poses a significant challenge for Belarus, as many talented and educated individuals leave the country in search of better opportunities abroad. According to Andrei Kazakevich, director of the Institute of Political Sphere, approximately 180,000 people have left Belarus since 2020, the majority of whom are young individuals (BSA, 2023). This emigration is driven by various factors, including the lack of academic freedom, limited career prospects, and better living conditions abroad.

The brain drain primarily impacts the higher education sector, with many young Belarusians choosing to pursue their studies abroad. Consequently, Belarus loses a significant portion of its educated workforce, hindering the country’s development and exacerbating the challenges facing its education system. It is estimated that approximately 30,000 Belarusian students are currently enrolled in foreign universities, seeking better educational opportunities (Dunaeu, 2023).

In response to this issue, Alexander Lukashenko has expressed noticeable irritation, remarking, “They will return with completely changed mindsets” (ILRT, 2023). He has proposed several repressive measures to prevent young people from studying abroad. One such measure includes establishing a working group tasked with curbing the emigration of young professionals (LRT, 2023). The group’s responsibilities include monitoring the activities of educational institutions, scrutinizing student applications for international programs, and imposing administrative barriers to prevent students from obtaining necessary travel documents. These efforts reflect a broader attempt to control and influence the younger generation. By restricting opportunities for international study and work, the government aims to maintain its grip on the country’s future leaders and professionals.

Discrimination Based on Language

Image: Facts.net (2024)

The history of the Belarusian language is rich and complex, with its written form dating back at least 10 centuries (International Centre for Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity Studies, 2024). Following World War II, Belarusian schoolchildren became major targets of Soviet assimilationist policies. The Russification of education intensified after 1959 when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev declared that speaking Russian was essential for building communism. By the late 1980s, nearly 80% of schoolchildren in Belarus were studying in Russian, and Belarusian schooling was largely eliminated in cities (International Centre for Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity Studies, 2024).

The current government under President Aleksandr Lukashenko is continuing this trend, having little tolerance for the Belarusian language (Voice of Belarus, 2020). The preference for Russian is part of a broader strategy to suppress nationalistic sentiments that could challenge Lukashenka’s rule. After the 2020 protests, which erupted in response to a disputed presidential election widely criticized for electoral fraud, speaking Belarusian became increasingly dangerous (Jozwiak, 2024). The government’s severe crackdown on opposition movements and demonstrators created an atmosphere of repression and fear. In such socio-political climate, using the Belarusian language became a form of dissent, attracting suspicion and potential repercussions (Jozwiak, 2024).

In the field of education, the suppression of the Belarusian language is starkly evident. For example, Andrei, a lecturer at a Belarusian technical university, remarked: “Belarusian has always been rare in our university, but three years ago there were two or three teachers who used to give lectures in the language. Now they don’t work here, and none of the new ones are willing to teach in Belarusian. A new vice-rector has recently appeared at the university. Everybody knows that he is a former KGB officer. It seems that he has plans to search for dissenters inside the university” (Total Belarus, 2024).

This suppression is further exemplified by the actions of the government. On July 24th, 2023, the Ministry of Information of Belarus blocked Kamunikat.org, the largest online library of Belarusian literature, restricting access to this crucial resource (Belarusian Language Society, 2024). The website is now only accessible from abroad or via VPN services, further stifling the presence of the Belarusian language in public and academic life. This move can be seen as part of a broader strategy to suppress nationalistic sentiments and diminish the role of the Belarusian language in society.

Policy Recommendations

Image: ear-citizen.eu (2024)

It is crucial to mention that all the below-mentioned proposals can ONLY be effectively implemented after a regime change in Belarus. The current political environment under President Alexander Lukashenko’s authoritarian rule impedes meaningful reform. A shift towards a more democratic and transparent government is essential for creating the necessary conditions for these recommendations to take root and flourish.

1) Enhance Academic Freedom

To counteract political influence and censorship in Belarusian education, it is essential to establish independent educational bodies free from governmental control. Legal protections for educators and students must be implemented to ensure they can express diverse viewpoints without fear of reprisal.

For example, creating a National Academic Freedom Charter, similar to those in democratic countries, could help protect the rights of educators and students to teach and discuss controversial topics without interference. The Magna Charta Universitatum, adopted by over 900 universities worldwide, serves as a prime example of such a document (Magna Charta Observatory, 2024). Although Belarusian institutions have not signed this charter, it embodies the fundamental principles of academic freedom and institutional autonomy that could serve as a model for Belarus

2) Integrate with the European Union (EU)

Adopt EU Educational Standards: Implement curricula and accreditation standards in line with EU guidelines.

EU Funding Programs: Apply for EU educational and research grants to enhance resources and opportunities for Belarusian institutions.

Erasmus+ Participation: Encourage participation in Erasmus+ and other EU exchange programs to increase student and staff mobility between Belarus and EU countries.

3) Address Brain Drain

Career Development Programs: Implement career development centers in universities that offer counseling, job placement services, and skill-building workshops tailored to the local job market. Belarus can take note from Germany’s Career Service Centers at universities, which provide comprehensive support to students and graduates, including career counseling, job placement services, and skill-building workshops (University of Munich, 2024). These centers have proven effective in reducing brain drain.
Tax Incentives: Provide significant tax breaks for young professionals and graduates who commit to working in Belarus for a certain period. An example could be Ireland’s “Special Assignee Relief Programme” (SARP), which offers tax incentives to highly skilled workers who relocate to Ireland for work (Revenue, 2024).

Research and Innovation Funding: Create specific funding opportunities for innovative projects led by young researchers and professionals, ensuring they have the financial support to pursue cutting-edge research within Belarus.

4) Support Belarusian Language and Culture

Language Programs: Develop and fund comprehensive Belarusian language programs in schools and universities.
Cultural Grants: Provide grants for projects that promote Belarusian culture and heritage in the arts and humanities sectors.

A historic example that could serve as a guideline is the case of Wales (the Welsh Language Act 1993 and the subsequent Government of Wales Act 1998), which established measures to promote the Welsh language in education and public life (Law Wales, 2024). Comprehensive Welsh language programs in schools and universities have helped revive and sustain the Welsh language.

Conclusion

The education system in Belarus faces significant challenges stemming from political influence, censorship, limited international cooperation, brain drain, and language-based discrimination. Under President Alexander Lukashenko, political control has severely compromised academic freedom, transforming curricula into tools of propaganda and stifling dissent, which in turn undermines the quality of education and intellectual growth.

International sanctions and Belarus’s involvement in the Russia-Ukraine war have further isolated the country, restricting opportunities for academic exchanges and modernization. The brain drain phenomenon worsens these issues, as many talented individuals seek better opportunities abroad.

Meaningful reforms – such as enhancing academic freedom, aligning with European educational standards, addressing brain drain, and promoting the Belarusian language – can only be effectively implemented following a regime change towards a more democratic and transparent government. These measures are essential for overcoming the current educational challenges and fostering a more inclusive and dynamic academic environment in Belarus.

References

Amnesty International. (2024). Human rights in Ukraine. https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/eastern-europe-and-central-asia/ukraine/report-ukraine/

BSA. (2023). State of Belarusian academia 2023. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yFFhZX4n4sFeCNMrYjvQTlZCXwBQhc1J/view

Belarusian Language Society. (2024). Overview of language rights violations in Belarus during the second half of 2023. BelLit. https://bellit.info/manitorynh/overview-of-language-rights-violations-in-belarus-during-the-second-half-of-2023.html

Council of the European Union. (n.d.). EU sanctions against Belarus. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-belarus/

Court, E., & The Kyiv Independent news desk. (2023, August 18). Lukashenko admits Russian troops invaded Ukraine through Belarus in 2022. The Kyiv Independent. https://kyivindependent.com/lukashenko-admits-russian-troops-invaded-ukraine-through-belarus/

Dunaeu, U. (2023, July 25). 30,000 Belarusian students are studying abroad, but half of them in Russia. Bologna by. https://bolognaby.org/index.php/en/ibc-in-media/619-uladzimir-dunaeu-30-000-belarusian-students-are-studying-abroad-but-half-of-them-in-russia

European Higher Education Area. (2020). Belarus (Suspended). https://ehea.info/page-belarus#:~:text=Belarus%20(Suspended),of%20Belarus%20in%20the%20EHEA.

Freedom House. (2023). Freedom in the world 2023: Belarus. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/country/belarus/freedom-world/2023

Honest People. (2024). Honest University project. Retrieved from https://hu-repressions.honestby.org/ru

International Centre for Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity Studies. (2024, April 4). Discrimination of the Belarusian language in Belarus: A systemic problem with a multi-level historical context. ICELDS. https://www.icelds.org/2024/04/04/discrimination-of-the-belarusian-language-in-belarus-a-systemic-problem-with-a-multi-level-historical-context/

Jozwiak, V. (2024, February 15). Repressed by Lukashenko, the Belarusian language rallies his opponents. Balkan Insight. https://balkaninsight.com/2024/02/15/repressed-by-lukashenko-the-belarusian-language-rallies-his-opponents/

LRT. (2023, June 28). Запретят учиться за границей: Как Лукашенко встряхнет вузы [Banning studying abroad: How Lukashenko will shake up universities]. https://www.lrt.lt/ru/novosti/17/2197100/zapretiat-uchit-sia-za-granitsei-kak-lukashenko-vstriakhnet-vuzy

Law Wales. (2024). Welsh Language Act 1993. Retrieved from https://law.gov.wales/culture/welsh-language/welsh-language-act-1993

Magna Charta Observatory. (2024). Magna Charta Universitatum. Retrieved from https://www.magna-charta.org/magna-charta-universitatum

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. (2020, November 13). EU threatens sanctions as Belarusian reportedly beaten to death by security forces. https://www.rferl.org/a/eu-threatens-sanctions-as-belarusian-reportedly-beaten-to-death-by-security-forces/30945612.html

Revenue. (2024). Special Assignee Relief Programme (SARP). Retrieved from https://www.revenue.ie/en/personal-tax-credits-reliefs-and-exemptions/income-and-employment/special-assignee-relief-programme/index.aspx

Scholars at Risk Europe. (2023). Briefing: Belarus and academic freedom. Retrieved from https://sareurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Briefing-Belarus-and-Academic-Freedom.pdf

StopFake. (2023, July 19). Belarus: Militarisation of minors. StopFake. https://www.stopfake.org/en/belarus-militarisation-of-minors/

Total Belarus. (2024, February 21). Can the Belarusian language survive? Transitions Online. https://tol.org/client/article/can-the-belarusian-language-survive.html

University of Munich. (2024). Career Service Center. Retrieved from https://www.lmu.de/en/workspace-for-students/career-services/

Voice of Belarus. (2021, June 18). Belarusians struggle to save their language, overcoming all-out discrimination. Voice of Belarus. https://www.voiceofbelarus.org/article/belarusians-struggle-to-save-their-language-overcoming-all-out-discrimination/

Education Challenges Educational Challenges

Educational Challenges in Ireland (Dutch)

Het onderwijssysteem in Ierland; uitdagingen op onderwijsgebied en doelstellingen voor verbetering

Geschreven door Stefania Grace Tangredi
Vertaald door Pina Bontius

Bron: Tijdschrift voor plattelandsstudies

Het grondgebied van Ierland is verdeeld in twee delen: Ierland, ook wel “de Republiek Ierland” genoemd, en Noord-Ierland, dat deel uitmaakt van het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Ierland is lid van de Europese Unie.

In 1926 telde het land 2.971.922 inwoners, in 2023 waren dat er 4982 miljoen. Ierland werd in 1922 een vrije staat, een parlementaire democratie die wordt geregeerd door de Ierse grondwet van 1937. De officiële talen zijn zowel Engels als Iers.

Van de jaren 1950 tot de jaren 1970 groeide de Ierse economie en nam niet alleen op politiek gebied, maar ook op onderwijsgebied toe. In 2008 steeg de werkloosheid en daalde de groei van het bbp. Het toen overeengekomen herstelplan vereiste een behoorlijke bezuiniging op de overheidsuitgaven en een reeks maatregelen om de financiën te stabiliseren en weer groei te realiseren; Ierland kwam eind 2013 met succes uit de crisis. De uitgaven van de overheid voor onderwijs bedragen 3,72% van het bruto binnenlands product (bbp). Dit is lager dan zowel het regionale gemiddelde (4,6%) als het gemiddelde voor zijn inkomensgroep (4,5%).

Het onderwijssysteem in Ierland

In Ierland is het onderwijs op nationale scholen gratis en moet de staat gratis onderwijs op de basisschool aanbieden. Sommige particuliere basisscholen vragen een vergoeding. Het onderwijs op de meeste middelbare scholen is gratis, maar sommige particuliere scholen vragen een vergoeding van de gezinnen, zelfs voor het middelbaar onderwijs. Soms dragen de scholen de kosten voor boeken, uniformen en examens. De geschiedenis van Ierland is gevormd door de invloed van religieuze instellingen in de samenleving. Hierom speelt de katholieke kerk ook een belangrijke rol in het onderwijs: de meeste basisscholen, zoals de nationale scholen, worden beheerd door de kerk en gesubsidieerd door de staat. De meeste middelbare scholen – particuliere scholen voor voortgezet onderwijs – worden ook beheerd door katholieke instellingen. Onderwijs is in Ierland verplicht van 6 tot 16 jaar, of totdat leerlingen drie jaar voortgezet onderwijs hebben voltooid.

De basisschool bestaat uit acht leerjaren. Leerlingen gaan doorgaans op 12-jarige leeftijd naar de middelbare school. Het tweede niveau is onderverdeeld in een juniorcyclus en een seniorcyclus. In het middelbaar onderwijs worden zowel algemene als beroepsgerichte vakken onderwezen.

Het voortgezet onderwijs omvat middelbare scholen, beroepsopleidingen, scholengemeenschappen en community colleges. Het aantal jongeren dat na het verplichte onderwijs verder leert, is hoog: meer dan 90% van de 16-jarigen, 75% van de 17-jarigen en ongeveer 50% van de 18-jarigen gaat fulltime naar school.

Onderwijs in Ierland: vooruitzichten voor groei

Ierland staat voor tal van uitdagingen op het gebied van onderwijs. Het land probeert een snelle toename van het aantal inschrijvingen op te vangen. Het aantal inschrijvingen in het basisonderwijs daalt echter na een piek in 2018, terwijl het aantal inschrijvingen in het voortgezet onderwijs sterk blijft groeien, met een stijging van 34.300 tussen 2017 en 2021. Ook het aantal voltijdse inschrijvingen in het postsecundair onderwijs stijgt snel, met een toename van bijna 16.400 tussen 2017 en 2021 en 13 extra postsecundaire scholen sinds 2017, wat de aanzienlijke stijging van het aantal inschrijvingen weerspiegelt. Het totale aantal leraren is sinds 2017 met meer dan 7.804 gestegen, van 64.692 tot 72.496. De verhouding tussen het aantal leerlingen en leraren is sinds 2017 gedaald van 15,3 naar 13,7 in het basisonderwijs en van 12,8 naar 12,2 in het voortgezet onderwijs.

Ierland probeert niet alleen het aantal inschrijvingen te verhogen, maar bevordert ook een meer pluralistisch schoolsysteem dat beter aansluit bij de diversiteit, met name de religieuze diversiteit, in overeenstemming met het veranderende profiel van de bevolking. Een aantal scholen in Ierland is vanaf 2019 begonnen met de eerste overgang van katholiek naar multi-confessioneel. De scholen zullen programma’s implementeren om verschillende overtuigingen en waarden te omarmen en te integreren.

De deelname van kinderen met speciale onderwijsbehoeften aan het onderwijssysteem is toegenomen. Ierland wil een onderwijssysteem bieden dat hun deelname en vooruitgang ondersteunt, zodat zij hun volledige potentieel kunnen bereiken. Het is essentieel dat scholen beleid hebben om eventuele moeilijkheden van de leerlingen aan te pakken.

Om de kwaliteit en prestaties van alle niveaus van het onderwijssysteem op peil te houden en de arbeidsmarkt het hoofd te bieden, en om gelijke tred te houden met een veranderende wereld, zal het onderwijs- en opleidingssysteem een sleutelrol spelen bij het voorzien in bestaande en nieuwe vaardigheidsbehoeften door onderwijs, opleiding en mogelijkheden voor vaardigheidsontwikkeling te bieden aan mensen die de arbeidsmarkt betreden, en door bestaande deelnemers aan de arbeidsmarkt voortdurend bij te scholen en om te scholen.

Hoe ging Ierland om met de onderwijsproblemen tijdens COVID-19 in 2020?

Volgens een rapport van de VN hebben bijna 190 landen scholen gesloten, wat gevolgen had voor 1,5 miljard kinderen en jongeren. Daardoor moesten leerlingen een nieuwe manier van leren gaan toepassen, namelijk “thuisonderwijs”, en moesten leraren en opvoeders hun manier van lesgeven aanpassen. Audrey Azoulay, directeur-generaal van UNESCO, verzekerde dat de Verenigde Naties hulp boden om zich aan deze situatie aan te passen, vooral omdat ze samenwerkten met landen om de continuïteit van het onderwijs voor iedereen te waarborgen, met name voor kansarme kinderen en jongeren, die doorgaans het hardst worden getroffen door schoolsluitingen.

Tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie gaf 94% van de leerlingen aan dat ze een combinatie van schoolboeken en digitale hulpmiddelen gebruikten. Veel leerlingen (79%) gaven aan dat ze geen problemen hadden ondervonden, en als dat wel het geval was, werden die problemen snel opgelost. De meeste jongeren maakten hun opdrachten af en kregen feedback van hun leerkracht.

Foto door Jessica Lewis op Unsplash

Pesten op school

Hoewel veel kinderen en jongeren naar katholieke scholen gaan, is er een groeiend aantal mensen dat het geloof niet praktiseert en alleen naar doop- en communiefeesten gaat omdat dit deel uitmaakt van de Ierse cultuur, maar niet omdat ze actief geloven. Toch zijn de meeste scholen in Ierland katholiek. Volgens de volkstelling van 2016 beschrijft bijna 80% van de bevolking zichzelf als katholiek. Religieuze beoefenaars en toegewijde leerlingen kunnen zich kwetsbaarder voelen omdat ze nu een minderheid vormen op Ierse scholen.

Om dit probleem te voorkomen, moeten Ierse scholen een gedragscode en een specifiek onderwijsprogramma en procedures hebben die samen het schoolplan vormen om leerlingen op school te helpen zich goed te gedragen en goed te leren. Ook zullen er schoolondersteuningsteams beschikbaar zijn om leerlingen te helpen die gepest worden, en zal al het personeel worden opgeleid als onderdeel van het nieuwe actieplan.

Kansarme mensen in Ierland

Ondanks de snelst groeiende economie van Europa blijft de armoede in Ierland stabiel. Kinderen hebben meer kans dan de rest van de bevolking om in aanhoudende armoede te leven. Meer dan 62.000 kinderen leven in langdurige armoede en anderen lopen het risico om in armoede te vervallen. Een op de vijf ouders heeft niet genoeg te eten om hun kinderen te voeden. Kinderen die veel reizen, zoals de Roma-kinderen, zijn bijzonder kwetsbaar. De term “Roma” wordt door de Raad van Europa gebruikt om te verwijzen naar Roma, Sinti, Kale en aanverwante groepen in Europa, met inbegrip van ‘Travellers’ en de oosterse groepen, zoals Dom en Lom, en omvat de grote diversiteit van de betrokken groepen, waarnaast ook personen die zichzelf als “zigeuners” identificeren inbegrepen zijn.

Bron: CSO Ierland

Uit statistische gegevens van 2016 blijkt dat 2% van de 10-jarigen in Ierland aan het einde van de basisschool geen eenvoudige tekst kan lezen en begrijpen. Kinderen op het platteland worden mogelijk negatief beïnvloed door moeilijkheden om betrokken te blijven bij het onderwijs of toegang te krijgen tot voorzieningen.

Kansenongelijkheid in het onderwijs hangt vaak samen met sociaaleconomische factoren, zoals een ontoereikend inkomen, slechte huisvesting, gezondheidsproblemen of gezinsproblemen. Kinderen die in arme gezinnen zijn geboren of in achterstandswijken wonen, lopen het grootste risico op schooluitval en vervolgens uitsluiting van de arbeidsmarkt. Jongeren die sociaal achtergesteld zijn, lopen een groter risico om te worden blootgesteld aan factoren die van invloed zijn op hun kansen om met succes het basis- en voortgezet onderwijs te doorlopen.

Conclusies en aanbevelingen

Het Ierse onderwijssysteem heeft aanzienlijke sterke punten en prestaties laten zien, maar staat ook voor uitdagingen. Het land zet zich sterk in om zijn burgers kwalitatief hoogstaand onderwijs te bieden, wat blijkt uit de goed gestructureerde en toegankelijke onderwijsinfrastructuur. De nadruk die Ierland legt op voorschools onderwijs, investeringen in technologie en toewijding aan inclusiviteit hebben bijgedragen aan een positieve leeromgeving voor leerlingen van verschillende leeftijden en achtergronden.

Het onderwijssysteem heeft veel verdiensten, maar op sommige gebieden zijn verbeteringen mogelijk om de algehele effectiviteit te vergroten:

Ierland zou meer moeten investeren in onderwijs, met name in het basis- en voortgezet onderwijs; dit is cruciaal voor het handhaven van hoogwaardige onderwijsnormen en faciliteiten. Adequate financiering zorgt ervoor dat alle scholen over de nodige middelen beschikken om aan de leerbehoeften van leerlingen te voldoen.

Ondanks de vooruitgang blijven er in sommige regio’s en onder bepaalde bevolkingsgroepen onderwijsverschillen bestaan. De regering zou zich moeten richten op het verkleinen van deze verschillen door gerichte maatregelen te nemen, zoals verbeterde toegang tot middelen en gespecialiseerde ondersteuning voor kansarme gemeenschappen.

Voortdurende professionele ontwikkeling van onderwijzers is essentieel om gelijke tred te houden met onderwijsmethodologieën en -technologieën in ontwikkeling. Het stimuleren en bieden van mogelijkheden voor leraren om hun vaardigheden te verbeteren, zal de leerervaring van de leerlingen ten goede komen. Naarmate het onderwijslandschap steeds veeleisender wordt, is het van cruciaal belang om prioriteit te geven aan geestelijke gezondheidszorg voor leerlingen, ouders en onderwijzers; het creëren van een positieve en ondersteunende leeromgeving zal leerlingen helpen om zowel op academisch als emotioneel vlak tot hun recht te komen.

Bronnen:
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