Les défis de l’éducation au Bénin

 

Rédigé par Faith Galgalo

Traduit par Iasmina Stoian

Le profil du pays

Monument d’inauguration des Dévoués. Photo de la Présidence de la République du Bénin sur Flickr.

Située en Afrique de l’Ouest, sur la côte de l’océan Atlantique, la République du Bénin a obtenu son indépendance en 1960. Le Bénin fait partie des 15 États membres de la Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO), un bloc régional visant à promouvoir la coopération économique entre les États membres, à élever le niveau de vie et à promouvoir le développement économique.

Système éducatif au Bénin

Le système éducatif béninois suit le modèle français, à savoir six années de primaire, quatre années de collège, trois années de lycée et trois années d’université, ce qui constitue le système 6-4-3-3 (UNESCO, 2023). Au Bénin, l’enseignement est gratuit depuis 17 ans. La disposition de la constitution relative aux droits et devoirs de l’individu, article 13, stipule que l’enseignement primaire est obligatoire et que le gouvernement doit progressivement offrir un enseignement gratuit à ses écoles (Constitution du Bénin (COB), 1990).

Problèmes de l’éducation au Bénin

La stratégie du Bénin visant à augmenter le nombre d’élèves en introduisant la gratuité de l’enseignement primaire a permis d’accroître le taux de scolarisation, qui est passé d’un taux net de 82 % en 2005, avant la gratuité de l’enseignement primaire, à 97 % en 2018, 12 ans après l’introduction de la gratuité de l’enseignement primaire (Banque mondiale, 2018).

L’augmentation rapide du nombre d’élèves au niveau de l’enseignement de base, due à la gratuité de l’enseignement, ne s’est toutefois pas traduite dans les niveaux progressifs de l’enseignement secondaire et universitaire. Selon les données de la Banque mondiale, 54 % des enfants béninois inscrits enpremière année d’école primaire atteignent finalement la dernière année d’enseignement primaire. Le faible nombre d’élèves qui accèdent à l’enseignement secondaire et universitaire a été attribué de manière significative au travail des enfants, aux mariages et grossesses précoces et à la pauvreté.

Le faible taux d’alphabétisation, qui s’élève actuellement à 46 %, est bien inférieur à celui des pays voisins, le Nigéria (62 %) et le Togo (67 %) (Banque mondiale, 2021). En 2018, le Bénin faisait partie des 10 pays les moins alphabétisés au monde (42,36). Le taux élevé d’abandon à d’autres niveaux d’éducation a entraîné une réduction du revenu national et du PIB global du pays, car les emplois occupés par des personnes moins qualifiées se traduisent par des emplois à faible revenu à l’avenir, ce qui réduit l’accès à l’innovation et le PIB. Les personnes ayant un faible niveau d’alphabétisation sont plus susceptibles d’avoir de moins bonnes opportunités d’emploi, de moins bons résultats et un revenu plus faible, car elles sont confrontées à la dépendance à l’égard de l’aide sociale et à des niveaux élevés de pauvreté dans le pays (World Literacy Foundation, 2018).

Écarts entre les sexes

Léandre Benon, enseignant, et Mariam, étudiante, au tableau. Photo par GPE/Chantal Rigaud sur Flickr.

Les taux élevés d’abandon scolaire sont particulièrement évidents pour les disparités entre les sexes au Bénin, où les filles sont plus nombreuses à abandonner leurs études que les garçons. Au Bénin, les écarts entre les femmes et les hommes découlent de disparités sociales structurelles qui commencent plus tôt dans la vie. Selon la Banque mondiale (Nathalie, 2022), le taux d’alphabétisation des hommes âgés de 15 à 24 ans est d’environ 55 %, tandis que le taux d’alphabétisation des femmes de la même tranche d’âge est d’environ 30 %. Seule une fille sur dix âgée de 21 à 24 ans a terminé l’école secondaire. En outre, un tiers des 20-24 ans sont mariés à l’âge de 18 ans, et 15 % sont déjà mères à l’âge de 15-19 ans (Nathalie, 2022).

En outre, le nombre moyen d’années de scolarisation au Bénin est de 3,8 ans, ce qui est inférieur à celui des pays membres de la CEDEAO, qui est de 4,2 ans en 2019 (Réseau des solutions pour le développement durable des Nations unies, 2022).

Depuis 2015, le Bénin n’a pas encore comblé cet écart. De même, la baisse du taux d’achèvement du premier cycle du secondaire, qui est passé de 45 % en 2015 à 33 % en 2020 (Réseau des solutions pour le développement durable des Nations unies, 2022), fait écho à la nécessité de se concentrer sur la poursuite de l’éducation et d’assurer une transition à 100 % d’un niveau d’éducation à l’autre, pour les deux sexes.

Ces écarts entre les sexes se sont répercutés sur l’ensemble de la communauté, puisque l’indice de parité entre les sexes, qui mesure les progrès accomplis par un pays vers la parité entre les sexes en matière de participation et/ou d’opportunités éducatives pour les femmes, est faible, à 0,79 % (Banque mondiale, 2022). Les jeunes filles béninoises risquent de ne pas terminer leurs études en raison des normes sociétales qui réduisent automatiquement la participation des femmes au secteur formel du Bénin. Le gouvernement a redoublé d’efforts pour veiller à ce que l’éducation des filles soit prise en compte, le Bénin ayant accepté d’introduire la Campagne de l’UA pour mettre fin au mariage des enfants en Afrique, qui fait partie de l’Agenda 2030 pour le développement durable des enfants en Afrique (Forwerk, 2017).

Le travail des enfants

Au Bénin, les enfants sont soumis aux pires formes de travail des enfants, notamment dans la production de coton et de granit broyé. Les enfants effectuent également des tâches dangereuses dans le cadre du travail domestique et de la vente dans la rue. Selon l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT, 2021), 20 % des enfants de moins de 14 ans sont victimes du travail des enfants.

Les enfants sont victimes de trafic, principalement à l’intérieur du Bénin, mais aussi vers les pays voisins tels que le Gabon, le Nigeria et la République du Congo, pour le travail domestique et l’exploitation sexuelle commerciale, et pour travailler dans la vente, l’agriculture et l’extraction de pierres (OIT, 2021). Les enfants vivant dans les régions septentrionales du Bénin sont les plus vulnérables à la traite, car il s’agit d’une zone rurale. Selon l’Organisation internationale du travail, une pratique connue localement sous le nom de vidomégon (placement d’enfants) consiste à envoyer des enfants, principalement des filles, vivre dans d’autres familles pour effectuer des travaux domestiques en échange d’opportunités éducatives, ce qui, dans la plupart des cas, conduit de nombreux enfants à devenir victimes d’exploitation au travail et d’abus sexuels.

En 2013, le gouvernement a mis en œuvre une campagne nationale de sensibilisation à la lutte contre le travail des enfants et a signé un accord bipartite avec une association de travailleurs béninois pour réduire le travail des enfants grâce à une collaboration accrue (Refworld, 2021). Cette année-là, les représentants du gouvernement ont traité 62 cas de traite d’enfants et 11 cas d’exploitation du travail des enfants, ont renvoyé 23 suspects devant le système judiciaire pour des accusations de travail et de traite d’enfants, et ont fourni un abri à 173 victimes de la traite (OIT, 2021). Dans le cadre d’un autre effort visant à mettre fin au travail des enfants, le gouvernement du Bénin, par l’intermédiaire de son service des affaires sociales, a retiré 400 enfants du travail des enfants à la suite d’une inspection des services sociaux (OIT, 2021).

Absence de documentation officielle

Une classe de mathématiques de terminale au Collège d’enseignement général de Sô-Ava. Photo par GPE/Chantal Rigaud sur Flickr.

Le gouvernement béninois offre l’enregistrement gratuit d’un nouveau-né avant 10 jours, après quoi le parent ou le tuteur doit payer 30 dollars (OIT, 2021). Les pratiques culturelles telles que l’attribution d’un nom à un bébé prennent 10 jours après la naissance, ce qui laisse peu de temps aux parents pour enregistrer leur enfant et obtenir un certificat de naissance. Dans d’autres ménages, deux enfants béninois sur dix naissent à la maison, ce qui leur donne peu ou pas d’espoir d’obtenir des documents officiels (OIT, 2021).

L’absence de documents officiels, quel que soit le pays, constitue un obstacle à l’exercice des droits fondamentaux tels que l’accès à la santé et à l’éducation. Au Bénin, 4 enfants sur 10 ne sont pas enregistrés à la naissance et ne reçoivent pas d’acte de naissance. Par conséquent, ils se voient souvent refuser le droit à l’éducation et n’ont pas accès à d’autres services essentiels, ce qui entraîne une augmentation du secteur informel et du travail des enfants.

Depuis janvier 2012, l’UNICEF a participé à la distribution de plus de 140 000 actes de naissance qui ont été retirés dans les centres d’enregistrement de l’état civil. Grâce à cette initiative, les enfants ont accès aux services auxquels ils ont droit, tels que la santé et l’éducation. Selon le HCR, un forum national sur l’état civil vise à résoudre les problèmes qui empêchent l’accès universel à l’enregistrement des naissances au Bénin (UNICEF, 2012).

Conclusion

Le Bénin est un pays avec une économie en croissance, dont les efforts tels que la gratuité de l’enseignement primaire, l’augmentation du nombre d’enseignants et des équipements, ont montré une légère augmentation, mais il est encore nécessaire que le gouvernement augmente ses efforts pour assurer une transition de 100% à tous les niveaux de l’éducation dans les deux sexes, ce qui augmentera le taux d’alphabétisation, et éventuellement la situation économique pour améliorer la vie du peuple béninois.

Quelques recommandations seraient d’augmenter les dépenses du gouvernement dans le secteur de l’éducation, en particulier en suivant le plan quinquennal du gouvernement à travers son programme d’action qui a commencé en 2021-2026, qui vise à accroître le développement dans divers secteurs du gouvernement tels que les défis de l’éducation, les défis du développement et les défis économiques. Le gouvernement doit également redoubler d’efforts pour s’assurer qu’aucun enfant n’est laissé pour compte en raison du manque d’identification, du travail des enfants et des mariages précoces. Le gouvernement et les acteurs de l’éducation doivent encourager les communautés, en particulier dans les zones rurales, à considérer l’éducation comme un atout et, grâce à elle, toute une communauté bénéficie de nouvelles idées, de leaders et d’un niveau de vie plus élevé. Grâce à cela, le taux d’alphabétisation du Bénin augmentera, ce qui permettra à la main-d’œuvre béninoise, qui dépend essentiellement de l’agriculture, de s’étendre à d’autres secteurs tels que la technologie et les services professionnels et commerciaux, et donc d’augmenter le PIB du Bénin. 

 

Références:

बांग्लादेश में शैक्षिक चुनौतियांः बाल श्रम के परिणाम और भविष्य के रुझान

 

एना कोर्डेश द्वारा लिखित 

एक परिधान कारखाने में काम करने वाली महिलाएं– मरूफ रहमान द्वारा पिक्साबे से लिया गया चित्र 

विश्व व्यापार संगठन (WTO) की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, बांग्लादेश तैयार वस्त्रों का दुनिया का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा निर्यातक है, जिसने 2020 में वैश्विक वस्त्र निर्यात का लगभग 6.4% योगदान दिया। हालांकि, यह आर्थिक सफलता एक गंभीर कीमत पर प्राप्त होती है, क्योंकि बांग्लादेशी वस्त्र उद्योग में अक्सर 5 से 17 वर्ष की आयु के बच्चों का शोषण किया जाता है और उन्हें अवैध रूप से रोजगार दिया जाता है। यह अनैतिक प्रथा न केवल उन्हें शिक्षा से वंचित करती है, बल्कि उनके भविष्य के अवसरों को भी सीमित कर देती है। बुनियादी शिक्षा तक पहुंच के बिना, इन बच्चों को कारखानों में कम वेतन वाली नौकरियों में काम करने के लिए मजबूर होना पड़ता है, जिससे वे उन कौशलों को हासिल करने का मौका गंवा देते हैं, जो भविष्य में बेहतर वेतन वाली नौकरियों की ओर ले जा सकते हैं। परिणामस्वरूप, वे गरीबी और कम वेतन वाले कार्यों के एक दुष्चक्र में फंस जाते हैं, जिससे बाल श्रम का चक्र निरंतर बना रहता है। गुणवत्तापूर्ण शिक्षा की अनुपस्थिति इन बच्चों को उनके वास्तविक क्षमता से वंचित कर देती है और उन्हें अवैध और शारीरिक रूप से कष्टकारी श्रम से मुक्त होने की संभावना को गंभीर रूप से कम कर देती है। 

जागरूक उपभोक्ताओं के रूप में, यह आवश्यक है कि हम उन परिधानों की संपूर्ण आपूर्ति श्रृंखला पर विचार करें, जिन्हें हम खरीदते हैं, जिसमें उत्पादन पक्ष भी शामिल है, और अपनी खरीदारी के फैसलों के संभावित परिणामों को स्वीकार करें। हमें यह जानना चाहिए कि क्या एक टी-शर्ट नैतिक रूप से निर्मित की गई है और क्या उसके निर्माण के किसी भी चरण में बाल श्रम का उपयोग किया गया है। इन सवालों पर विचार करना बांग्लादेश के सैकड़ों बच्चों को गुणवत्तापूर्ण शिक्षा प्राप्त करने और गरीबी की बेड़ियों से मुक्त होने का अवसर प्रदान कर सकता है। 

इस लेख का उद्देश्य बांग्लादेश में असमान शैक्षिक उपलब्धियों के मुद्दे के बारे में जागरूकता बढ़ाना है, जिसे बाल श्रम की व्यापकता और बाल श्रम को समाप्त करने के लिए अपर्याप्त सरकारी नीतियों द्वारा और अधिक बढ़ावा मिलता है। 

बांग्लादेश में गरीबी का संक्षिप्त इतिहास

1971 में स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त करने के बाद, बांग्लादेश को अपनी 80% आबादी के साथ गरीबी रेखा से नीचे रहने के साथ एक महत्वपूर्ण चुनौती का सामना करना पड़ा। हालांकि, पिछले कुछ वर्षों में, सरकार ने अपनी विकास रणनीति में गरीबी उन्मूलन को एक प्रमुख प्राथमिकता दी है। नतीजतन, गरीबी दर 80% से घटकर 24.3% हो गई है, जिसका अर्थ है कि बांग्लादेश में लगभग 35 मिलियन लोग गरीबी रेखा से नीचे रह रहे हैं (यूनेस्को, 2009) । 

गरीबी से निपटने के लिए सरकार के प्रयासों को निरंतर आर्थिक विकास द्वारा समर्थित किया गया है, जो आंशिक रूप से ठोस व्यापक आर्थिक नीतियों और तैयार कपड़ों के निर्यात में वृद्धि से प्रेरित है। नतीजतन, कुल गरीबी दर 2016 में 13.47% से घटकर 2022 में 10.44% हो गई है (ढाका ट्रिब्यून,2022) ।

इन उपलब्धियों के बावजूद, हाल के रुझानों से पता चलता है कि बांग्लादेश में गरीबी में कमी की दर में कमी आई है। इसके अलावा, गरीबी उन्मूलन उपायों का प्रभाव ग्रामीण और शहरी क्षेत्रों के बीच असमान रहा है, क्योंकि देश तेजी से शहरीकरण से गुजर रहा है। यह इंगित करता है कि गरीबी को कम करने में प्रगति हुई है, लेकिन देश के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में गरीबी में समान कमी सुनिश्चित करने में चुनौतियां बनी हुई हैं।  

हालाँकि बांग्लादेश ने तेजी से आर्थिक विकास का अनुभव किया है और इसे सबसे तेजी से बढ़ते देशों में से एक माना जाता है, आय असमानता एक महत्वपूर्ण और महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दा बना हुआ है। वास्तव में, बांग्लादेश में आय असमानता अभूतपूर्व स्तर पर पहुंच गई है जो 1972 के बाद से नहीं देखी गई है। तैयार वस्त्र निर्यात उद्योग के विकास के बावजूद, इस आर्थिक क्षेत्र के लाभों को समान रूप से वितरित नहीं किया गया है, जिससे मानव विकास सूचकांक में 189 देशों में से 133 वें स्थान पर है। 

आय असमानता का एक कठोर संकेतक जनसंख्या के निचले 40% और सबसे अमीर 10% के बीच आय शेयरों का विपरीत है। निचले 40% की आय का हिस्सा केवल 21% है, जबकि सबसे अमीर 10% 27% की काफी अधिक हिस्सेदारी का आनंद लेते हैं, जो धन वितरण में तेज असमानता को दर्शाता है (विश्व बैंक,2023)। आय वितरण में ये असमानताएं बांग्लादेश में आय असमानता को दूर करने की तत्काल आवश्यकता को उजागर करती हैं, क्योंकि यह समावेशी और न्यायसंगत विकास प्राप्त करने के लिए चुनौतियां पेश करती है। इस मुद्दे से निपटने के प्रयासों के लिए एक व्यापक दृष्टिकोण की आवश्यकता होती है जो आर्थिक नीतियों, सामाजिक कल्याण कार्यक्रमों और लक्षित हस्तक्षेपों जैसे कारकों पर विचार करता है ताकि यह सुनिश्चित किया जा सके कि आर्थिक विकास के लाभों को आबादी के सभी वर्गों के बीच अधिक व्यापक रूप से साझा किया जाए। 

बांग्लादेश में बाल श्रम

बांग्लादेश के भीतर अंतर्निहित असमानता और आय असमानताओं का देश भर में बच्चों की शैक्षिक प्राप्ति पर स्पष्ट प्रभाव पड़ता है। दुर्भाग्य से बांग्लादेश के कई हिस्सों में बाल श्रम प्रचलित है, विशेष रूप से ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में जहां गरीबी दर अधिक है और शिक्षा तक पहुंच सीमित है। चटगाँव, राजशाही और सिलहट जैसे जिलों में विशेष रूप से बाल श्रम की उच्च घटनाएं हैं, क्योंकि वे बांग्लादेश के ग्रामीण बाहरी इलाकों में स्थित हैं, जो उपरोक्त अंतर-देश असमानता को उजागर करते हैं।

इस असमानता के परिणामस्वरूप गरीबी के बांग्लादेशी बच्चों के लिए गंभीर परिणाम हैं, जो गरीबी से निपटने के लिए अवैध रोजगार में संलग्न होने के लिए मजबूर हैं। हर पांच में से लगभग तीन बच्चे कृषि क्षेत्र में कार्यरत हैं, जबकि 14.7% औद्योगिक क्षेत्र में काम करते हैं, और शेष 23.3% सेवा क्षेत्र में काम करते हैं। (ग्लोबल पीपल स्ट्रैटजिस्ट, 2021). हालाँकि बांग्लादेश की सरकार ने 2022 की शुरुआत में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय श्रम संगठन कन्वेंशन की पुष्टि की, जो स्पष्ट रूप से अनुच्छेद 138 में रोजगार के लिए न्यूनतम आयु निर्धारित करता है, बांग्लादेश में बच्चों को बाल श्रम के सबसे खराब रूपों के अधीन किया जाता है, जिसमें वाणिज्यिक यौन शोषण और मछली और ईंट उत्पादन को सुखाने जैसी गतिविधियों में जबरन श्रम शामिल है।

एक परेशान करने वाला पहलू यह है कि बांग्लादेश श्रम अधिनियम अनौपचारिक क्षेत्र पर लागू नहीं होता है, जहां बांग्लादेश में अधिकांश बाल श्रम होता है। घरेलू काम सहित विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में बाल श्रमिकों के खिलाफ हिंसा की रिपोर्ट दर्ज की गई है। 2018 में, बांग्लादेश में 400,000 से अधिक बच्चे घरेलू काम में काम करते थे, जिसमें लड़कियों के साथ अक्सर उनके नियोक्ता द्वारा दुर्व्यवहार किया जाता था। इसके अतिरिक्त, रिपोर्टों से संकेत मिलता है कि जनवरी से नवंबर 2012 तक, 28 बच्चों को घरेलू नौकरानियों के रूप में काम करते हुए यातना दी गई थी (ग्लोबल पीपल स्ट्रैटजिस्ट, 2021)। 

ये बच्चे अपने परिवार के भरण-पोषण के लिए पूरी तरह से जीवित रहने की आवश्यकता के कारण औपचारिक और अनौपचारिक दोनों क्षेत्रों में कार्यबल में शामिल होने के लिए मजबूर हैं, और उनकी पढ़ाई पर लौटने की संभावना नहीं है। यूनिसेफ की एक रिपोर्ट से पता चला है कि 14 साल से कम उम्र के बच्चे जो काम के लिए स्कूल छोड़ चुके हैं, वे प्रति सप्ताह औसतन 64 घंटे काम कर रहे हैं। इस संख्या को परिप्रेक्ष्य में रखते हुए, यूरोपीय श्रम कानून ओवरटाइम सहित प्रति सप्ताह 48 घंटे तक काम करने के घंटों को सीमित करते हैं (यूनिसेफ, 2021)। 

सुबर्णोग्राम के स्कूल का दौरा: दलित दलित मोची के बच्चे। मैथ्यू बेकर, 2012 शांति फेलो, सुबर्णोग्राम फाउंडेशन, सोनारगांव, बांग्लादेश । 

वर्तमान शैक्षिक तस्वीर 

बांग्लादेश में शैक्षिक उपलब्धियों का मुद्दा महत्वपूर्ण असमानताओं को दर्शाता है, जो देश में संरचनात्मक असमानताओं और शिक्षा क्षेत्र के शासन में कमजोरियों से संबंधित है। 

स्कूल में भागीदारी की दरें भी असमानताओं को उजागर करती हैं, जिसमें 10% आधिकारिक प्राथमिक स्कूल की आयु के बच्चे स्कूल से बाहर हैं। बांग्लादेश में प्राथमिक विद्यालय की आयु के बच्चों के बीच सबसे बड़ी असमानता सबसे गरीब और सबसे अमीर बच्चों के बीच देखी जाती है, जिसे देश में घरेलू असमानता से जोड़ा जा सकता है। यह असमानता एक 2019 की यूनीसेफ रिपोर्ट द्वारा समर्थित है, जिसमें बताया गया है कि उच्च माध्यमिक विद्यालय की पूर्णता दर सबसे अमीर बच्चों के लिए 50% है, जबकि सबसे गरीब बच्चों के लिए केवल 12% (यूनीसेफ, 2019) है। 

बांग्लादेश सरकार ने गरीब बच्चों के लिए लक्षित एक शर्तित नकद हस्तांतरण कार्यक्रम के माध्यम से प्राथमिक स्तर पर शिक्षा असमानता को दूर करने का प्रयास किया है, जो ग्रामीण छात्रों के 40% को कवर करता है। हालाँकि, यह कार्यक्रम गरीब बच्चों का एक बड़ा हिस्सा कवर नहीं करता, हालाँकि उनकी गरीबी का स्तर बहुत उच्च है। इस पहल के परिणामस्वरूप प्राथमिक विद्यालय में नामांकन में तेजी से वृद्धि हुई है, जिसमें 7.8 मिलियन बच्चों को प्रति बच्चे $1 की छात्रवृत्ति प्राप्त हो रही है। 

फिर भी, गैर-गरीबों के पक्ष में पूर्वाग्रही निर्णय लेने के कारण, सरकार का शिक्षा पर आवर्ती खर्च असमान रूप से आवंटित किया गया है, जिसमें कुल सरकारी खर्च का 68% गैर-गरीबों की ओर निर्देशित किया गया है, जबकि यह समूह केवल प्राथमिक विद्यालय की आयु जनसंख्या का 50% है (विश्व बैंक, 2018)। ये आंकड़े यह दर्शाते हैं कि जबकि बांग्लादेश में शैक्षणिक उपलब्धियों में सुधार के लिए सरकारी इरादे हो सकते हैं, वास्तविकता एक अलग तस्वीर प्रस्तुत करती है, जिसमें ग्रामीण बच्चों को राष्ट्रीय शैक्षणिक शासन के संदर्भ में निरंतर नुकसान का सामना करना पड़ता है। 

 निष्कर्ष 

संक्षेप में, गुणवत्ता वाली शिक्षा गरीबी के उन्मूलन के लिए आवश्यक है, जो बच्चों को एक बेहतर जीवन का अवसर देती है। बच्चों को बाल श्रम से दूर ले जाने में मदद करने के लिए, परिवार की गरीबी में कमी पर जोर देना आवश्यक है। केवल गुणवत्ता वाली शैक्षणिक उपलब्धि हर बच्चे के लिए उपलब्ध होनी चाहिए, चाहे उनका सामाजिक-आर्थिक पृष्ठभूमि कुछ भी हो, ताकि बांग्लादेश की भविष्य की पीढ़ी सरकारी सहायता कार्यक्रमों के तहत समृद्ध हो सके। बांग्लादेश सरकार का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य बच्चों को बाल श्रम के हानिकारक प्रभावों से बचाना और उनकी गुणवत्ता वाली शिक्षा सुनिश्चित करना होना चाहिए। 

असमान गुणवत्ता की शैक्षणिक उपलब्धि को कम करने का पहला समाधान सरकारी नीतियों को व्यापक बनाना है, ताकि हाशिए पर रहने वाले लोगों की वित्तीय समावेशिता सुनिश्चित हो सके। शिक्षा में समानता को प्राथमिकता देने वाली उचित मैक्रोइकॉनॉमिक नीति अपनाना आवश्यक है। शैक्षिक संसाधनों के आवंटन में अधिक पारदर्शिता बांग्लादेश सरकार को अधिक उपयोगितावादी दृष्टिकोण अपनाने के लिए मजबूर करेगी। संसाधनों का यह नया आवंटन स्कूलों में शिक्षकों की पर्याप्त संख्या की भर्ती जैसी मुलायम बुनियादी ढांचे में अधिक रुचि पैदा करेगा। 

इस मुद्दे का एक और समाधान यह होगा कि बांग्लादेश सरकार गुणवत्ता शिक्षा के महत्व के बारे में जागरूकता को प्रभावी ढंग से बढ़ावा दे। यह जागरूकता अभियान केवल शहरी क्षेत्रों को नहीं, बल्कि उन ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों को भी प्राथमिकता देनी चाहिए, जहां गरीबी दर विशेष रूप से उच्च है। 

इसके अतिरिक्त, जागरूकता बढ़ाने के लिए एक पूर्वापेक्षा के रूप में, बांग्लादेश सरकार को आवश्यक बुनियादी ढाँचे पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना चाहिए, जो लोगों को शिक्षा संबंधी जानकारी तक पहुँचने में सक्षम बनाता है। इसका मतलब है कि देश में गरीबी के मूल कारणों को संबोधित करना, ताकि ऐसा वातावरण बनाया जा सके जहाँ बच्चे श्रम में मजबूर न हों और वे शिक्षा के अवसरों का लाभ उठा सकें और सामान्य बचपन का अनुभव कर

सकें।  यह सुनिश्चित करना कि हर बच्चे को गुणवत्ता वाली शिक्षा और सुरक्षित पालन-पोषण का अवसर मिले, अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है।   

 

संदर्भ 

यूनेस्को। 2009. “बांग्लादेश में शासन और शिक्षा की असमानता।” 16 अप्रैल 2023 को एक्सेस किया गया।  https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000180086/PDF/180086eng.pdf.multi#. 

यूनीसेफ। 2021. “बांग्लादेश के 37 मिलियन बच्चों का भविष्य खतरे में है, क्योंकि उनकी शिक्षा COVID-19 महामारी से गंभीर रूप से प्रभावित हुई है।” 14 अप्रैल 2023 को एक्सेस किया गया। https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/en/press-releases/future-37-million-children-bangladesh-risk-their-education-severely-affected-covid. 

यूनीसेफ. n.d. “चुनौती” अप्रैल 2023 में एक्सेस किया गया। https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/en/education. 

ग्लोबल पीपल स्ट्रैटिजिस्ट। 2021. “बांग्लादेश में बाल श्रम के बारे में तथ्य।” 13 अप्रैल 2023 को एक्सेस किया गया। https://www.globalpeoplestrategist.com/title-facts-about-child-labor-in-bangladesh/. 

होसेन, आउलाद, एस.एम. मुजाहिदुल इस्लाम, और सोगिर खंडोकर। 2010. “बांग्लादेश में बाल श्रम और बाल शिक्षा: मुद्दे, परिणाम और संलग्नताएँ।” अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार अनुसंधान मुद्दे 3, को संख्या. 2: 1-8। 

ढाका ट्रिब्यून। 2022. “रिपोर्ट: 35 मिलियन बांग्लादेशी अभी भी गरीबी रेखा से नीचे जीवन यापन कर रहे हैं।” 13 अप्रैल 2023 को एक्सेस किया गया। https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2023/01/22/report-35m-bangladeshis-still-live-below-poverty-line. 

विश्व बैंक। 2023. “गरीबी और समानता ब्रीफ।” 10 अप्रैल 2023 को एक्सेस किया गया। https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/987B9C90-CB9F-4D93-AE8C-750588BF00QA/current/Global_POVEQ_BGD.pdf. 

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय श्रम रिपोर्टों का ब्यूरो। 2021. “बाल श्रम और बलात्कारी श्रम रिपोर्ट।” 10 अप्रैल 2023 को एक्सेस किया गया। https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/bangladesh. 

यूनीसेफ। 2019. “बांग्लादेश शिक्षा तथ्य पत्रक 2020।” 13 अप्रैल 2023 को एक्सेस किया गया। file:///Users/annakordesch/Downloads/Bangladesh-Education-Fact-Sheets_V7%20(1).pdf. 

विश्व बैंक। 2018. “राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा प्रोफ़ाइल।” 14 अप्रैल 2023 को एक्सेस किया गया। https://www.epdc.org/sites/default/files/documents/EPDC_NEP_2018_Bangladesh.pdf. 

featured image, Women working at a garment factory – Image by Maruf Rahman from Pixabay

Educational Challenges in Bangladesh: Consequences and Future Trends of Child Labor – Urdu Translation

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تحریر: اینا کورڈیش

ترجمہ: ماہ نور علی

ورلڈ ٹریڈ آرگنائزیشن (ڈبلیو ٹی او) کی رپورٹ کے مطابق بنگلہ دیش دنیا میں ریڈی میڈ گارمنٹس کا دوسرا بڑا برآمد کنندہ ہے، جس کا 2020 میں عالمی گارمنٹس برآمدات میں تقریباً 6.4 فیصد حصہ تھا۔ تاہم، یہ اقتصادی کامیابی سنگین قیمت پر حاصل کی گئی ہے کیونکہ 5 سے 17 سال کی عمر کے بچے اکثر بنگلہ دیشی گارمنٹس انڈسٹری میں غیر قانونی طور پر ملازمت کرتے ہیں۔ یہ غیر اخلاقی عمل نہ صرف انہیں تعلیم سے محروم کرتا ہے بلکہ ان کے مستقبل کے مواقع کو بھی محدود کر دیتا ہے۔ بنیادی تعلیم تک رسائی کے بغیر، یہ بچے فیکٹریوں میں کم اجرت پر کام کرنے پر مجبور ہیں اور انہیں وہ مواقع نہیں ملتے جو مستقبل میں بہتر اجرت والی ملازمتوں کا باعث بن سکیں۔ اس کے نتیجے میں، وہ غربت اور کم اجرت کے کاموں کے ایک ظالمانہ دائرے میں پھنس جاتے ہیں، جس سے چائلڈ لیبر کا سلسلہ جاری رہتا ہے۔ معیاری تعلیم کی عدم موجودگی ان بچوں کو ان کی صلاحیتوں سے محروم کرتی ہے اور غیر قانونی اور جسمانی طور پر مشقت والے کاموں سے نکلنے کے ان کے مواقع کو کم کر دیتی ہے۔

بطور ذمہ دار صارفین، یہ ضروری ہے کہ ہم ان کپڑوں کی پوری سپلائی چین پر غور کریں جو ہم خریدتے ہیں، اور اس بات پر غور کریں کہ آیا ہمارے خریداری کے فیصلوں کے ممکنہ نتائج کیا ہو سکتے ہیں۔ ہمیں یہ جاننے کی ضرورت ہے کہ آیا ٹی شرٹ اخلاقی طور پر تیار کی گئی ہے اور اس کی تیاری کے کسی مرحلے میں بچوں کی مزدوری کا استعمال تو نہیں ہوا۔ ان سوالات پر غور کرنا بنگلہ دیش کے سینکڑوں بچوں کو معیاری تعلیم تک رسائی فراہم کرنے اور غربت کے چنگل سے نکلنے کا موقع فراہم کرنے میں مددگار ثابت ہو سکتا ہے۔

اس مضمون کا مقصد بنگلہ دیش میں تعلیمی حصول کے مسئلے پر شعور بیدار کرنا ہے، جس کو چائلڈ لیبر کی موجودگی اور چائلڈ لیبر کے خاتمے کے لئے حکومتی پالیسیوں کی کمی نے مزید بڑھا دیا ہے۔

بنگلہ دیش میں غربت کی مختصر تاریخ

انیس سو اکہتر 1971 میں آزادی حاصل کرنے کے بعد، بنگلہ دیش کو ایک بڑا چیلنج درپیش تھا کیونکہ اس کی 80% آبادی غربت کی لکیر سے نیچے زندگی گزار رہی تھی۔ تاہم، سالوں کے دوران حکومت نے غربت کے خاتمے کو اپنی ترقیاتی حکمت عملی میں ایک اہم ترجیح بنایا۔ اس کا نتیجہ یہ نکلا کہ غربت کی شرح 80% سے کم ہو کر 24.3% تک پہنچ گئی، جس کا مطلب یہ ہے کہ ابھی بھی بنگلہ دیش کی تقریباً 35 ملین لوگ غربت کی لکیر سے نیچے زندگی گزار رہے ہیں (یونیسکو، 2009)۔

حکومت کی غربت کے خاتمے کی کوششوں کو مستحکم اقتصادی ترقی کی حمایت حاصل ہوئی، جو جزوی طور پر صحت مند میکرو اکنامک پالیسیوں اور تیار شدہ ملبوسات کی برآمدات میں اضافے سے آئی۔ نتیجتاً، مجموعی طور پر غربت کی شرح 2016 میں 13.47% سے کم ہو کر 2022 میں 10.44% ہو گئی (ڈھاکہ ٹریبون، 2022)۔

ان کامیابیوں کے باوجود، حالیہ رجحانات ظاہر کرتے ہیں کہ بنگلہ دیش میں غربت میں کمی کی شرح سست ہو رہی ہے۔ مزید برآں، غربت کے خاتمے کے اقدامات کا اثر دیہی اور شہری علاقوں میں یکساں نہیں رہا، کیونکہ ملک تیزی سے شہری بن رہا ہے۔ یہ ظاہر کرتا ہے کہ حالانکہ غربت میں کمی کی کوششوں میں پیش رفت ہوئی ہے، مختلف علاقوں میں مساوی غربت میں کمی کو یقینی بنانے کے لئے اب بھی چیلنجز موجود ہیں۔

اگرچہ بنگلہ دیش نے تیز اقتصادی ترقی کا تجربہ کیا ہے اور اسے دنیا کے تیز ترین ترقی کرنے والے ممالک میں شمار کیا جاتا ہے، مگر آمدنی کی عدم مساوات ایک اہم اور فوری مسئلہ ہے۔ درحقیقت، بنگلہ دیش میں آمدنی کی عدم مساوات بے مثال سطحوں تک پہنچ چکی ہے جو 1972 کے بعد کبھی نہیں دیکھی گئیں۔ تیار شدہ ملبوسات کی برآمدات کی صنعت کی ترقی کے باوجود، اس اقتصادی شعبے کے فوائد یکساں طور پر تقسیم نہیں ہوئے ہیں، جس کے نتیجے میں انسانی ترقی کے انڈیکس میں بنگلہ دیش 189 ممالک میں 133 نمبر پر آ گیا ہے۔

آمدنی کی عدم مساوات کا ایک واضح اشارہ نچلے 40% آبادی اور امیر ترین 10% کے درمیان آمدنی کے حصص میں تضاد ہے۔ نچلے 40% کی آمدنی کا حصہ صرف 21% ہے، جبکہ امیر ترین 10% 27% کا حصہ حاصل کرتے ہیں، جو دولت کی تقسیم میں شدید فرق کو ظاہر کرتا ہے (ورلڈ بینک، 2023)۔ آمدنی کی تقسیم میں یہ تفاوت بنگلہ دیش میں آمدنی کی عدم مساوات کو حل کرنے کی ضرورت کو اجاگر کرتا ہے، کیونکہ یہ ملک کی ترقی کو شامل اور منصفانہ بنانے میں چیلنجز پیش کرتا ہے۔ اس مسئلے کو حل کرنے کے لئے ایک جامع نقطہ نظر کی ضرورت ہے جو اقتصادی پالیسیوں، سماجی فلاحی پروگراموں، اور مخصوص مداخلتوں جیسے عوامل کو مدنظر رکھے تاکہ اقتصادی ترقی کے فوائد کو زیادہ وسیع پیمانے پر تمام طبقوں میں تقسیم کیا جا سکے۔۔

بنگلہ دیش میں چائلڈ لیبر

بنبنگلہ دیش میں پائی جانے والی اندرونی عدم مساوات اور آمدنی میں فرق کا بچوں کی تعلیمی کامیابی پر واضح اثر پڑتا ہے۔ بدقسمتی سے، بنگلہ دیش کے متعدد حصوں میں چائلڈ لیبر عام ہے، خاص طور پر دیہی علاقوں میں جہاں غربت کی شرح زیادہ ہے اور تعلیم تک رسائی محدود ہے۔ چٹگانگ، راجشاہی، اور سلہٹ جیسے اضلاع میں خاص طور پر چائلڈ لیبر کے واقعات زیادہ ہیں، کیونکہ یہ علاقے بنگلہ دیش کے دیہی کناروں میں واقع ہیں، جو ملک کے اندر موجود عدم مساوات کو ظاہر کرتے ہیں۔

اس عدم مساوات کے نتیجے میں پیدا ہونے والی غربت کا بنگلہ دیشی بچوں پر سنگین اثر پڑتا ہے، جنہیں غربت کا مقابلہ کرنے کے لیے غیر قانونی ملازمتوں میں مصروف ہونے پر مجبور کیا جاتا ہے۔ تقریباً ہر پانچ میں سے تین بچے زرعی شعبے میں کام کرتے ہیں، جبکہ 14.7% بچے صنعتی شعبے میں کام کرتے ہیں، اور باقی 23.3% بچے خدمات کے شعبے میں کام کرتے ہیں (گلوبل پیپل اسٹریٹیجسٹ، 2021)۔ اگرچہ بنگلہ دیش نے 2022 کے شروع میں بین الاقوامی محنت تنظیم (ILO) کے کنونشن کی توثیق کی تھی، جس میں ملازمت کے لیے کم سے کم عمر کو آرٹیکل 138 میں واضح طور پر بیان کیا گیا ہے، پھر بھی بنگلہ دیش میں بچے بدترین چائلڈ لیبر کی شکلوں کا سامنا کرتے ہیں، بشمول تجارتی جنسی استحصال اور زبردستی مشقت جیسے مچھلی خشک کرنے اور اینٹوں کی پیداوار کے کام۔

ایک پریشان کن پہلو یہ ہے کہ بنگلہ دیش کا محنت قانون غیر رسمی شعبے پر لاگو نہیں ہوتا، جہاں بنگلہ دیش میں زیادہ تر چائلڈ لیبر ہوتی ہے۔ مختلف شعبوں میں بچوں کے محنت کشوں کے ساتھ تشدد کے واقعات رپورٹ ہوئے ہیں، جن میں گھریلو کام بھی شامل ہے۔ 2018 میں بنگلہ دیش میں 400,000 سے زیادہ بچے گھریلو کام میں مصروف تھے، اور لڑکیاں اکثر اپنے مالکان کے ہاتھوں بدسلوکی کا شکار ہوئیں۔ اس کے علاوہ، رپورٹس سے پتہ چلتا ہے کہ جنوری سے نومبر 2012 تک 28 بچوں کو گھریلو ملازم کے طور پر کام کرتے ہوئے تشدد کا نشانہ بنایا گیا (گلوبل پیپل اسٹریٹیجسٹ، 2021)۔

یہ بچے اپنے خاندانوں کی کفالت کے لیے محض بقا کی ضرورت کے تحت رسمی اور غیر رسمی شعبوں میں کام کرنے پر مجبور ہیں اور ان کے دوبارہ پڑھائی میں واپس آنے کا امکان نہیں ہے۔ یونیسیف کی ایک رپورٹ نے یہ انکشاف کیا کہ وہ بچے جو کام کرنے کے لیے اسکول چھوڑ چکے ہیں اور عمر کے 14 سال سے کم ہیں، اوسطاً 64 گھنٹے فی ہفتہ کام کرتے ہیں۔ اس تعداد کو تناظر میں رکھتے ہوئے، یورپی محنت کے قوانین ہفتے میں 48 گھنٹے کام کرنے کی حد رکھتے ہیں، جس میں اوور ٹائم شامل ہے (یونیسیف، 2021)۔

موجودہ تعلیمی منظرنامہ

بنگلہ دیش میں تعلیمی حصول کا مسئلہ نمایاں طور پر عدم مساوات کو ظاہر کرتا ہے، جس کی وجہ ملک میں موجود ساختیاتی عدم مساوات اور تعلیمی شعبے کی حکمرانی میں کمزوریاں ہیں۔

اسکول میں شرکت کی شرح بھی تفاوت کو اجاگر کرتی ہے، جہاں 10% بچوں کی رسمی پرائمری اسکول عمر کے باوجود اسکول نہیں جاتے۔ بنگلہ دیش میں پرائمری اسکول کی عمر کے بچوں میں سب سے بڑی تفاوت غریب اور امیر بچوں کے درمیان دیکھنے کو ملتی ہے، جس کا تعلق ملک میں گھریلو سطح پر موجود وسیع تر عدم مساوات سے ہے۔ اس تفاوت کی تائید 2019 کی یونیسیف کی رپورٹ سے ہوتی ہے جس میں بتایا گیا کہ امیر بچوں کے لیے اوپر ثانوی اسکول مکمل کرنے کی شرح 50% ہے جبکہ غریب بچوں کے لیے یہ شرح صرف 12% ہے (یونیسیف، 2019)۔

بنگلہ دیشی حکومت نے پرائمری سطح پر تعلیم کی عدم مساوات کو حل کرنے کی کوشش کی ہے، جس کے لیے غریب بچوں کے لیے مشروط کیش ٹرانسفر پروگرام متعارف کرایا گیا ہے، جو دیہی علاقوں کے 40% طلباء کو کور کرتا ہے۔ تاہم، یہ پروگرام غریب بچوں کے ایک بڑے حصے کو کور نہیں کرتا، حالانکہ ان کی غربت کی سطح زیادہ ہے۔ اس اقدام کی وجہ سے پرائمری اسکول میں داخلہ کی شرح میں تیزی سے اضافہ ہوا ہے، جس میں 7.8 ملین بچوں کو 1 ڈالر فی بچہ وظیفہ مل رہا ہے۔

تاہم، غیر غریبوں کو ترجیح دینے والے متعصبانہ فیصلوں کی وجہ سے حکومت کی تعلیمی اخراجات پر مسلسل خرچ غیر متناسب طور پر مختص کیا جاتا ہے، جس میں 68% حکومت کے کل اخراجات غیر غریبوں پر خرچ ہوتے ہیں، حالانکہ یہ گروہ پرائمری اسکول کی عمر کے بچوں کی کل تعداد کا صرف 50% ہیں (ورلڈ بینک، 2018)۔ یہ اعداد و شمار اس بات کو اجاگر کرتے ہیں کہ حالانکہ حکومت کے پاس بنگلہ دیش میں تعلیمی حصول کو بہتر بنانے کی نیت ہو سکتی ہے، حقیقت میں ایک مختلف تصویر سامنے آتی ہے، جہاں دیہی بچے قومی تعلیمی حکمرانی کے حوالے سے مسلسل مشکلات کا سامنا کر رہے ہیں۔۔

نتیجہ

مختصر یہ کہ، معیاری تعلیم غربت کے خاتمے کے لیے ضروری ہے کیونکہ یہ بچوں کو بہتر زندگی کے مواقع فراہم کرتی ہے۔ بچوں کو بچوں کی مزدوری سے دور کرنے کے لیے، خاندانوں کی غربت کو کم کرنے پر زور دینا ضروری ہے۔ صرف معیاری تعلیمی حصول ہی ہر بچے کے لیے دستیاب ہو گا، چاہے اس کا سماجی و اقتصادی پس منظر کچھ بھی ہو، تو بنگلہ دیش کی آنے والی نسل حکومت کے امدادی پروگرامز کے تحت ترقی کر سکے گی۔ بنگلہ دیش کی حکومت کا بنیادی مقصد بچوں کو بچوں کی مزدوری کے نقصان دہ اثرات سے بچانا اور ان کی معیاری تعلیم کو یقینی بنانا ہونا چاہیے۔

تعلیمی حصول میں عدم مساوات کو کم کرنے کا پہلا حل حکومت کی پالیسیوں کو مزید وسیع بنانا ہے تاکہ محروم طبقات کی مالی شمولیت کو یقینی بنایا جا سکے۔ ایسی مناسب میکرو اقتصادی پالیسی اختیار کی جائے جو تعلیمی مساوات کو ترجیح دے۔ تعلیمی وسائل کی تقسیم میں مزید شفافیت حکومت بنگلہ دیش کو ایک زیادہ فلاحی نقطہ نظر اختیار کرنے پر مجبور کرے گی۔ وسائل کی اس نئی تقسیم سے نرم انفراسٹرکچر پر زیادہ توجہ دی جائے گی جیسے اسکولوں میں اساتذہ کی مناسب تعداد کی بھرتی۔

اس مسئلے کو حل کرنے کے لیے ایک اضافی طریقہ یہ ہو گا کہ حکومت بنگلہ دیش معیاری تعلیم کی اہمیت کے بارے میں مؤثر طور پر آگاہی پھیلائے۔ یہ آگاہی مہم نہ صرف شہری علاقوں کو نشانہ بنائے، بلکہ دیہی علاقوں پر بھی توجہ دے جہاں غربت کی شرح خاص طور پر زیادہ ہے۔

مزید برآں، آگاہی بڑھانے کے لیے ایک شرط یہ ہے کہ بنگلہ دیشی حکومت کو تعلیم کے بارے میں معلومات تک رسائی فراہم کرنے کے لیے ضروری انفراسٹرکچر فراہم کرنے پر توجہ مرکوز کرنی چاہیے۔ اس کا مطلب ہے کہ ملک میں غربت کی جڑ وجوہات کو حل کیا جائے تاکہ ایسا ماحول پیدا کیا جا سکے جہاں بچے مزدوری کرنے پر مجبور نہ ہوں اور اس کے بجائے وہ تعلیمی مواقع سے فائدہ اٹھا سکیں اور ایک معمول کی بچپن کا تجربہ کر سکیں۔

یہ یقینی بنانا کہ ہر بچے کو معیاری تعلیم اور محفوظ پرورش کا موقع ملے، سب سے زیادہ اہمیت رکھتا ہے۔

References

UNESCO. 2009. “Governance and Education Inequality in Bangladesh.” Accessed April 16, 2023. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000180086/PDF/180086eng.pdf.multi#.

UNICEF. 2021. “The future of 37 million children in Bangladesh is at risk with their education severely affected by the COVID-10 pandemic.” Accessed April 14, 2023. https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/en/press-releases/future-37-million-children-bangladesh-risk-their-education-severely-affected-covid.

UNICEF. n.d. “The Challenge.” Accessed April 2023. https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/en/education.

Global People Strategist. 2021. “Facts About Child Labor in Bangladesh.” Accessed April 13 2023. https://www.globalpeoplestrategist.com/title-facts-about-child-labor-in-bangladesh/.

Hosen, Aoulad, S.M. Mujahidul Islam, and Sogir Khandoker. 2010. “Child Labor and Child Education in Bangladesh: Issues, Consequences and Involvements.” International Business Research Issues 3, no. 2: 1-8.

Dhaka Tribune. 2022. “Report: 35m Bangladeshis still live below poverty line.” Accessed April 13, 2023. https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2023/01/22/report-35m-bangladeshis-still-live-below-poverty-line.

World Bank. 2023. “Poverty & Equity Brief.” Accessed April 10, 2023. https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/987B9C90-CB9F-4D93-AE8C-750588BF00QA/current/Global_POVEQ_BGD.pdf.

Bureau of International Labor Reports. 2021. “Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports.” Accessed April 10, 2023. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/bangladesh.

UNICEF. 2019. “Bangladesh Education Fact Sheets 2020.” Accessed April 13, 2023. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Bangladesh-Education-Fact-Sheets_V7.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjd1daA5PmJAxUMHhAIHRXtARkQFnoECBUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2wM_d5zr0tWGX8NEmxJ3ha.

World Bank. 2018. “National Education Profile.” Accessed April 14, 2023. https://www.epdc.org/sites/default/files/documents/EPDC_NEP_2018_Bangladesh.pdf.

featured image, Women working at a garment factory – Image by Maruf Rahman from Pixabay

Education Challenges in Myanmar: Trying to Reach Education in a Chaotic Environment

Written by Müge Çınar

Education in Myanmar: the background

The first educational transition occurred in 1948, from the colonial education system to a national system. The second educational transition happened after 1962, from a national education to the so-called ‘Burmese Way to Socialism’ education. From 1988 to 2010, the country’s education noticeably deteriorated so that almost 40% of children never attended school, and nearly three-quarters failed to complete even primary education (Lwing, 2007).

In September 2014, the parliament and the military-backed government approved the national education law. However, students protested against the national education law, which is highly centralised and restricts academic freedom. In June 2015, an amendment to the national education law was enacted with minor changes. The teachers, scholars and students had to obey social control. In addition, the government prioritised its political agenda in the education system.

Education Budget and the System in the Country

With education spending 2.91 per cent of the GDP, the lack of an education budget (approximately three times that of the military budget) further hinders growth. As a result, compared to other Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, children in Myanmar do significantly worse on standardised tests. The new country has begun reforms, such as the gradual implementation of free education through high school. Despite some progress, there is still a long way to go (Children of the Mekong).

Children in a classroom. Photo by worak. Wikimedia Commons.

Genocide of Rohingya People by Myanmar and its Effect on Children’s Education

The Rohingyas, a Myanmar ethnic group, have been denied fundamental human rights, including citizenship. They have been subjected to terrible oppression, prejudice, violence, torture, unfair prosecution, murder, and great poverty for decades. Rakhine State’s hostile environment has caused the Rohingyas to evacuate their homes and seek asylum in neighbouring nations (Shohel, 2023). This erupted the children’s fundamental right to education while asylum-seeking and travelling with much trauma.

Many villagers have fled the fighting and their burned homes during the decade-long civil conflict. Many villages seek refuge in the bush, and the number of internally displaced people (IDPs) is growing. Hundreds of villagers lost their homes and left their communities during the recent conflict in Kachin State, northern Myanmar (Lwin, 2019). Thousands of Rohingya men, women, and children were shot and burned in a matter of weeks during the violence against the Rohingya community in northern Rakhine State, western Myanmar; masses of Rohingya women and girls were raped; infant children were killed; men and boys were arbitrarily arrested; several hundred villages were destroyed in arson attacks; and more than 700,000 people were forced to flee to neighbouring countries (Washington Post, 2017).

There are around one million Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, including 300,000 who entered as a result of previous years’ violence (Washington Post, 2017). More than half of the Rohingya refugees are women and girls, with 60% being minors under 18 (Oxfam, 2018). According to the UNHCR (2018), 97,418 Myanmar refugees live in nine refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border. 54.4% are under 18 (The Border Consortium (TBC)). This is a question of nearly half of the population how to get proper education in refugee camps. In addition, Malaysia is one of the transit countries for refugees, and Malaysia has thousands of Rohingya refugees that have no legal refugee status by the government.

Over 31,000 refugee children from southeast Myanmar’s conflict-torn Kayah State require immediate financial assistance to continue their education. Despite the continuous violence in Kayah, pupils attend community schools, including makeshift classrooms in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps (The Irrawaddy, 2022).

How Different Are Minorities Getting Education?

Although the name ‘Burma’ is derived from the Bamar people, who constitute two-thirds of the country’s population, according to official government data, Burma is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the region, with over 135 ethnic groups. The country’s geographic location has drawn settlers from various backgrounds throughout history. There are over 100 languages spoken, and minority ethnic populations are estimated to make up approximately 40-60% of the total population and occupy half of the land area (Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (HART), 2021).

The Bamar (68%), Chin (2.5%), Kachin (1.5%), Karen (7%), Kayah (1.83%), Mon (2%), Rakhine (4%) and Shan (9%) are the eight ‘official’ groups. The figures are from 2016. The sea gipsies’ of the southern islands, the “long-necked” ladies of Padaung, the Nagas on the Indian boundary, and the tattooed women of Chin State, not to mention the Pa-O, Wa, Kokang, Akha, and Lahu indigenous peoples, are all part of these broad groups. The country’s major religions are Theravada Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Animism.

Teaching minority languages in state schools has been prohibited in the Burmese education system since 1962, and this policy remains in place today (Lwin, 2017); even though Myanmar has an estimated population of 51 million people who speak over 100 languages and dialects, as stated above.

A teacher and some students including novice Buddhist nuns at Aung Myae OO Monastic Education School on Sagaing Hill across the Irrawaddy River from Mandalay. The ‘civilians’ have decorated their faces with thanaka, a skin protector and, among women and girls, a fashion cosmetic made from tree bark that has been used in Myanmar for at least the past two millennia. Photo by Dan Lundberg on Flickr.

The Hardship of Language in Education, Especially Ethnic Language

The language of education is not neutral since it reflects the historically determined ability of one or more groups to elevate their language to such prominence within a state. A curriculum may also contain classes that educate about local history. In certain circumstances, language is the primary divide behind ethnic conflict and civil war (Shohel, 2023). For example, Bormann, Cederman, and Vogt (2017) demonstrate that linguistic cleavages are increasingly prevalent. A centralised education sector often fails to adequately address the grievances arising from rights to identity and language (Dryden-Peterson & Mulimbi, 2016).

Child Soldiers and Child Labour

A civil war necessitates many soldiers, and both sides of the conflict use children to strengthen their forces. Although it is difficult to determine due to a lack of official estimates, tens of thousands of child soldiers are undoubtedly present in Myanmar (Children of the Mekong). These children, many orphans, are frequently enlisted or sold to armies. They are indoctrinated and pushed to battle after they join the military. Solving this problem will necessitate a reduction in ethnic tensions and enhance political stability, both of which appear unattainable.

According to UNICEF, one out of every four children aged 6 to 15 works. There are two reasons for this: schooling is still costly, and lack of finance for the education sector sometimes means that the children receive insufficient education. As a result, many rural residents prefer to send their children to work to earn money (Children of the Mekong).

Gender inequality

The military authority has been the norm rather than the exception in Myanmar for 50 years. For many decades, women were barred from holding leadership positions and were denied equal economic and educational possibilities as men. During these decades, social conventions decided that women and girls should control the household, family, and other caretaking chores while males should be leaders, owing to the country’s military and hyper-masculinity. This period’s patriarchal worldview is exemplified by the military-drafted 2008 constitution, which regularly refers to women as mothers and proclaims that specific vocations “are suitable only for men.” Myanmar was ranked second most discriminating in the 2021 Social Institutions and Gender Index2 out of nine Southeast Asian countries (UN Women & UNDP, 2022).

According to the women who responded to the survey in December 2021, “After the military takeover, all the hopes and aims are gone, and everything has been difficult. The education system is worsening, and the scarcity of jobs is increasing” Kayin resident, 55 years old (UN Women & UNDP, 2022).

Young children attend a school in Myanmar. Photo by ILO / P.Pichaiwongse on Flickr.

Children with Disabilities

According to the Ministry of Population’s 2019 survey, 12.8% of the population has one of the six disabilities: 6.3% have a visual impairment; 2.4% have a hearing impairment; 5.4% have difficulty walking; 4.4% have difficulty remembering/concentrating; 1.9% have difficulty self-care; and 1.6% have difficulty communicating (DoP, 2020, p. 93).

According to the Ministry of Education, students with disabilities attended 14.72% of all regular primary and secondary schools in 2019. In Myanmar, statistics show that education for disabled children is scarce (Tonegawa, 2022).

DoP et al., 2017: 156 estimate that 45.4% of children with impairments aged 5-9 years and 31.4% of children with disabilities aged 10-13 years have never attended school. The enrolment rate of disabled children is low compared to Myanmar’s overall net enrollment rate in formal education, which is 98.5% in formal primary education and 79.2% in formal lower secondary school. In Myanmar, school enrollment for disabled children is low (Tonegawa, 2022). This multi-sectoral review holds that Myanmar’s success in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is largely dependent.

Unqualified Higher Education Teachers and Teachers under Threat

The University scholars are expected to be positioned at the nexus of teacher training and research practice. The scarcity of research-related scholars is a crucial issue for Myanmar, with their minimal studies on their research engagement.

The teachers also, as well as students, are under threat of ongoing conflict. The 2021 coup and the civil war affected teachers’ safety. In addition, eleven though the teacher is threatened by their lives, their income is insufficient to survive.

Conclusion

The second anniversary of Myanmar’s February 2021 coup d’état has just passed, and the country’s terrible state of armed warfare, insurgency, turmoil, and anarchy has only worsened. With the uncertainty surrounding the postponed general elections this year, which most believe will not be free, fair, or genuine, the civil war inside Myanmar is projected to worsen in 2023. There appears to be no end in sight. All of these conditions deteriorate the access to quality education for many children.

References
  • The Border Consortium (TBC). (n.d.). TBC’s Strategic Plan for 2023-2025.
  • Children of the Mekong. (n.d.). Education in Myanmar: challenges created by an unstable political environment. Children of the Mekong. Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.childrenofthemekong.org/education-in-myanmar-challenges-created-by-an-unstable-political-environment/
  • CNN. (n.d.). Myanmar fast facts. CNN. Retrieved September 7, 2018, from. https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/30/world/asia/myanmar-fast-facts/index.html
  • Government of Mynmar & UNICEF. (2020, December). Myanmar 2019-2020 Education Budget Brief. https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-2019-2020-education-budget-brief-december-2020
  • https://www.hart-uk.org/a-brief-overview-of-the-ethnic-minorities-of-burma/. (2021, February 8). A Brief Overview of the Ethnic Minorities of Burma. Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (HART). Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.hart-uk.org/a-brief-overview-of-the-ethnic-minorities-of-burma/
  • Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (HART). (2021, February 8). A Brief Overview of the Ethnic Minorities of Burma. Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (HART). Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.hart-uk.org/a-brief-overview-of-the-ethnic-minorities-of-burma/
  • The Irrawaddy. (2022, November 24). Southeast Myanmar’s Refugee Children Need Funding to Stay in School. The Irrawaddy. Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/southeast-myanmars-refugee-children-need-funding-to-stay-in-school.html
  • Kyaw, M. T. (n.d.). Factors Influencing Teacher Educators’ Research Engagement in the Reform Process of Teacher Education Institutions in Myanmar. SAGE Open, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211061349
  • Lall, M. (2023). The state of education, pre-reform. In Myanmar’s Education Reforms: A Pathway to Social Justice? UCL Press.
  • Lwin, T. (2017, March 10). Comments on the National Education Strategic Plan (2016–2021) of the Ministry of Education, Myanmar.
  • Lwin, T. (2019, June 13). Global justice, national education and local realities in Myanmar: a civil society perspective. Asia Pacific Education Review, (20), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-019-09595-z
  • Lwing, T. (2007, July). Education and democracy in Burma: Decentralization and classroom-level educational reform. In Forum: International forum for democratic studies.
  • Myanmar Department of Population. (n.d.). 2019 Inter-censal survey. Department of Population. Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.dop.gov.mm/en/publication-category/2019-inter-censal-survey
  • Oxfam. (2018). Bangladesh Rohingya refugee crisis. Oxfam International. Retrieved from. https://www.oxfam.org/en/emergencies/bangladesh-rohingya-refugee-crisis.
  • Shohel, M. (2023, May 3). Lives of the Rohingya children in limbo: Childhood, education, and children’s rights in refugee camps in Bangladesh. PROSPECTS, (53), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-022-09631-8
  • Tonegawa, Y. (2022, January 15). Contextualization of Inclusive Education: Education for Children with Disabilities in Myanmar. International Journal of Instruction, 15(1), 365-380.
  • UNCHR. (n.d.). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2018). Refugees in Thailand. https://www.unhcr.org/th/en.
  • Untitled. (n.d.). UNFPA Myanmar. Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/inter-censal_survey_union_report_english.pdf
  • UN Women & UNDP. (n.d.). Regressing Gender Equality in Myanmar: Women living under the pandemic and military rule. Report.
  • UN Women & UNDP. (2022, March 8). Regressing Gender Equality in Myanmar: Women living under the Pandemic and Military rule – Myanmar. ReliefWeb. Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/regressing-gender-equality-myanmar-women-living-under-pandemic-and-military-rule
  • Washington Post. (2017, October 25). Bangladesh is now home to almost 1 million Rohingya refugees. Washington Post. Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/10/25/bangladesh-is-now-home-to-almost-1-million-rohingya-refugees/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.24ca7b467a0e.

Educational Challenges in Benin

Written by Faith Galgalo

The country profile

Inauguration monument Dévoués. Photo by Presidency of the Republic of Benin on Flickr.

Located in West Africa, and on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, The Republic of Benin (French: République du Bénin), gained independence in 1960, from the French rule. Benin, is part of the 15 member states that make up Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a Regional Bloc aimed at promoting economic corporation among member states, to raise living standards and promote economic development.

Education System in Benin

Benin education system follows the French education model, which is Six years in primary, four years in Junior High, three years in Senior High and three years in University, which constitutes to the 6-4-3-3 system (UNESCO, 2023). Education in Benin has been free for 17 years. The provision of the constitution under Rights and Duties of the Individual, Article 13, states that primary education shall be obligatory and the government shall progressively offer free education to its schools (Constitution of Benin (COB), 1990).

Problems in Benin Education

Benin strategy to increasing student enrollment by introducing free education at the Primary level, increased the enrollment rate, from a net enrollment rate of 82% in 2005 before free primary education, to 97% in 2018, 12 years after free primary education was introduced (Data World Bank, 2018).

The rapid increase of students at the foundation level of education due to free education, has however, not translated, in the progressive levels of education, of Secondary and University. According to World Bank Data, 54% of Beninese children enrolled in the 1st grade of Primary school eventually reaches the last grade of Primary education. The low number of students progressing to Secondary and University schools has significantly been attributed to child labor, early marriages, early pregnancy and poverty.

The low literacy levels, which currently stands at 46% and is much lower than the rates in the neighboring countries of Nigeria (62%) and Togo (67%) (World Bank, 2021). In 2018, Benin was among the 10 least literate countries in the world (42.36). The high dropout rate to other levels of education, have led to a reduction of national income and overall GDP in the country, as jobs for less qualified people lead to low-income jobs in the future, creating a lower access to innovation and a lower GDP. As individuals with low levels of literacy are more likely to experience poorer employment opportunities, outcomes and lower income as they face welfare dependency and high levels of poverty as a country (World Literacy Foundation, 2018).

Gender Gaps

Teacher Léandre Benon and student Mariam at the blackboard. Photo by GPE/Chantal Rigaud in Flickr.

The high dropout rates are particularly evident to Benin gender gaps, which have seen more girls drop out than boys. In Benin, gaps between women and men stem from structural social disparities that start earlier in life. According to World Bank, (Nathalie, 2022) the male literacy rate between 15-24 years is about 55 percent while the female literacy rate in the same age group is about 30 percent. Only one in ten girls aged 21-24 have completed secondary school. Moreover, one third of 20–24-year-olds are married by the age of 18, and 15 percent are already mothers at the age of 15-19 (Nathalie, 2022).

In addition, the average number of years of schooling in Benin is 3.8 years which is lower than its ECOWAS member countries of 4.2 years in 2019 (UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2022).

Since 2015, Benin has not yet closed the gap. Also, the drop in lower secondary completion rate from 45% in 2015 to 33% and 2020 (UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2022) echoes the need to focus on the pursuit of education and ensure 100% transition from one level of education to the next, in both genders.

These gender gaps have translated to the larger community whereby the gender parity index which measures the steps a country has made towards gender parity in participation and/or educational opportunities for females is low at 0.79% (World Bank, 2022). Young girls in Benin are at risk of not completing education as a result of societal norms automatically decreasing women participation of women in Benin’s formal sector. The Government has increased its efforts in ensuring Girls education is addressed with Benin agreeing to introduce the AU Campaign to End Child Marriage in Africa which is part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development for Children in Africa (Forwerk, 2017).

Child labor

Children in Benin engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in the production of cotton and crushed granite. Children also perform dangerous tasks in domestic work and street vending. According to International Labor Organization (ILO, 2021), 20% of children under the age of 14yrs, experience child labor.

Children are trafficked mostly within Benin but also to neighboring countries such as Gabon, Nigeria, and the Republic of the Congo, for domestic work and commercial sexual exploitation, and to work in vending, farming, and stone quarrying (ILO, 2021). Children living in the northern regions of Benin are the most vulnerable to trafficking owing to being a rural area. According to the International Labor Organization, a practice locally known as vidomégon (Child placement), where children most girls, are sent to live with other families for domestic work in exchange for educational opportunities, which in most cases, lead to many children becoming victims of labor exploitation and sexual abuse.

In 2013, the Government implemented a nationwide anti-child labor awareness campaign and signed a bi-partite agreement with a Beninese worker association to reduce child labor through increased collaboration (Refworld, 2021). That year, the Government officials handled 62 child trafficking cases and 11 exploitive child labor cases, referred 23 suspects to the court system on child labor and trafficking charges, and provided shelter to 173 victims of trafficking (ILO, 2021). In another effort to end child labor, Benin’s government through its Social Affairs docket, removed 400 children from child labor as a result of Social Services inspection (ILO, 2021).

Lack of official documentation

A 12th grade math class at Collège d’enseignement général of Sô-Ava. Photo by GPE/Chantal Rigaud in Flickr.

The Beninese Government offers free registration to a new born before 10 days, after which, the parent/ guardian incurs a fee of $30 (ILO, 2021). Cultural practices such as naming a baby, takes 10 days after birth, which therefore gives the parents little time to register and obtain a birth certificate. While in other households, 2 in 10 children in Benin, are born at home, giving children little or no hopes in acquiring official documentation (ILO, 2021).

Lack of official documentation in any country, presents a challenge in accessing basic rights such as access to health and education. In Benin, 4 out of 10 children are not registered at birth and do not receive a birth certificate. As a consequence, they are often denied the right to an education and lack access to other essential services, hence leading to an increase in the informal sector and an increase in child labor.

Since January 2012, UNICEF has been involved in the distribution of more than 140,000 birth certificates that were pulled up in civil status registration centers. Through this initiative, children have access to the services they are entitled to such as health and education. According to UNHCR, a National forum on civil registration is aiming to address the hadles that prevent universal access to birth registration in Benin (UNICEF,2012).

Conclusion

Benin is a country with a growing economy, whose efforts such as free primary education, increase of teachers and facilities, have showed a slight increase, there is still the need for the Government to increase its efforts in ensuring 100% transition in all levels of education in both genders, this will increase the literacy rate, and eventually the economic situation to improve the lives of Beninese people.

A few recommendations would be to increase Government spending on the education sector, especially following the Government 5 years plan through its Program Action that began from 2021-2026, which sorts to increase development in various Governments sectors such as; Education challenges, Development challenges, Economic challenges. Also, Government needs to up its efforts in ensuring no child is left behind as a result of lack of identification, child labor and early marriages. The Government and its Education stakeholders need to encourage the communities especially in the rural areas that Education is an asset, and through it, an entire community benefits from new ideas, leaders and increased standards of living. Through this, the literacy rate of Benin, will increase adding to Benin workforce, that mostly depends on Agriculture, can eventually expand to other sectors such as Technology and Professional and business services hence increase Benin’s GDP.

References

Educational Challenges in Bangladesh: Consequences and Future Trends of Child Labor

Written by By Anna Kordesch

Women working at a garment factory – Image by Maruf Rahman from Pixabay

The World Trade Organization (WTO) reports that Bangladesh holds the position of the world’s second-largest exporter of ready-made garments, contributing to around 6.4% of global garment exports in 2020. However, this economic success comes at a grave cost, as children aged 5-17 are often exploited and illegally employed in the Bangladeshi garment industry. This unethical practice not only deprives them of education but also limits their future opportunities. Without access to basic education, these children are forced into low-paying jobs in factories, lacking the chance to acquire skills that could lead to better-paying employment in the future. As a result, they become trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty and low-wage work, perpetuating the cycle of child labor. The absence of quality education deprives these children of their potential and severely diminishes their chances of breaking free from illegal and physically demanding labor.

As conscious consumers, it is imperative that we consider the entire supply chain of the garments we purchase, including the production side, and acknowledge the potential consequences of our buying decisions. We must inquire whether a t-shirt has been ethically produced and whether child labor was involved in any stage of its manufacturing. Reflecting on these questions could contribute to providing hundreds of children in Bangladesh with an opportunity to access quality education and break free from the shackles of poverty.

The purpose of this article is to increase awareness about the issue of unequal educational attainment in Bangladesh, which is exacerbated by the prevalence of child labor and inadequate government policies aimed at eradicating child labor.

Brief history of poverty in Bangladesh

After gaining independence in 1971, Bangladesh faced a significant challenge with 80% of its population living below the poverty line. However, over the years, the government has made poverty alleviation a key priority in its development strategy. As a result, the poverty rate has decreased from 80% to 24.3%, which still means that approximately 35 million people in Bangladesh are living below the poverty line (UNESCO, 2009).

The government’s efforts to tackle poverty have been supported by sustained economic growth, driven in part by sound macroeconomic policies and an increase in exports of readymade garments. As a result, the overall poverty rate has declined from 13.47% in 2016 to 10.44% in 2022 (Dhaka Tribune, 2022).

Despite these achievements, recent trends suggest a slowing down in the rate of poverty reduction in Bangladesh. Moreover, the impact of poverty alleviation measures has been uneven between rural and urban areas, as the country undergoes rapid urbanization. This indicates that while progress has been made in reducing poverty, challenges remain in ensuring equitable poverty reduction across different regions of the country.

Although Bangladesh has experienced rapid economic growth and is considered one of the fastest growing countries, income inequality remains a significant and pressing issue. In fact, income inequality in Bangladesh has reached unprecedented levels not seen since 1972. Despite the growth of the readymade garments export industry, the benefits of this economic sector have not been evenly distributed, leading to a low ranking of 133rd out of 189 countries in the Human Development Index.

One stark indicator of income inequality is the contrasting income shares between the bottom 40% of the population and the richest 10%. The income share of the bottom 40% is merely 21%, while the richest 10% enjoy a significantly higher share of 27%, illustrating a sharp disparity in wealth distribution (World Bank, 2023). These disparities in income distribution highlight the urgent need for addressing income inequality in Bangladesh, as it poses challenges to achieving inclusive and equitable development. Efforts to tackle this issue require a comprehensive approach that considers factors such as economic policies, social welfare programs, and targeted interventions to ensure that the benefits of economic growth are shared more widely among all segments of the population.

Child labor in Bangladesh

The inherent inequality and income disparities within Bangladesh have a clear impact on the educational attainment of children across the country. Child labor is unfortunately prevalent in many parts of Bangladesh, especially in rural areas where poverty rates are high and access to education is limited. Districts such as Chittagong, Rajshahi, and Sylhet have particularly high incidences of child labor, as they are located in the rural outskirts of Bangladesh, highlighting the aforementioned intra-country inequality.

The poverty resulting from this inequality has dire consequences for Bangladeshi children, who are forced to engage in illegal employment to combat poverty. Approximately three out of every five children are employed in the agricultural sector, while 14.7% work in the industrial sector, and the remaining 23.3% work in services (Global People Strategist, 2021). Although the government of Bangladesh ratified the International Labor Organization Convention in early 2022, which clearly stipulates the minimum age for employment in Article 138, children in Bangladesh continue to be subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor in activities such as drying of fish and brick production.

A troubling aspect is that the Bangladesh Labor Act does not apply to the informal sector, where the majority of child labor in Bangladesh takes place. Reports of violence against child workers in various sectors, including domestic work, have been documented. In 2018, over 400,000 children worked in domestic work in Bangladesh, with girls often being abused by their employers. Additionally, reports indicate that from January to November 2012, 28 children were subjected to torture while working as housemaids (Global People Strategist, 2021).

These children are compelled to join the workforce in both formal and informal sectors out of sheer survival necessity to provide for their families, and are unlikely to return to their studies. A UNICEF report revealed that children under the age of 14 who have dropped out of school for work are laboring an average of 64 hours per week. Putting this number into perspective, European labor laws limit working hours to 48 hours per week, including overtime (UNICEF, 2021).

Visiting Subornogram’s school for the Dalit Cobbler children. Matthew Becker, 2012 Peace Fellow, Subornogram Foundation, Sonargaon, Bangladesh

Current Educational Picture

The issue of educational attainment in Bangladesh exhibits significant inequality, which is attributed to both structural inequalities in the country and weaknesses in the governance of the education sector.

School participation rates also highlight disparities, with 10% of children of official primary school age being out of school. Among primary school-aged children in Bangladesh, the greatest disparity is observed between the poorest and the richest children, which can be linked to the broader inequality between households in the country. This disparity is supported by a 2019 UNICEF report that indicates completion rates for upper secondary school are 50% for the wealthiest children but only 12% for the poorest (UNICEF, 2019).

The Bangladeshi government has attempted to address education inequality at the primary level through a conditional cash transfer program targeted at poor children, which covers 40% of rural students. However, this program leaves a substantial proportion of poor children uncovered, despite their high levels of poverty. This initiative has resulted in a rapid increase in primary school enrollment, with 7.8 million children receiving stipends of $1 each.

Nevertheless, due to biased decision-making that favors the non-poor, the government’s

recurrent spending on education is disproportionately allocated, with 68% of total government spending directed towards the non-poor, despite this group representing only 50% of the primary school-aged population (World Bank, 2018). These statistics highlight that while there may be governmental intentions to improve educational attainment in Bangladesh, the reality presents a different picture, with rural children facing continued disadvantages in terms of national educational governance.

Conclusion  

In short, quality education is essential for the eradication of poverty giving children the chance at a better life. Helping children turn away from child labor, requires the emphasis on the reduction on family poverty. Only quality educational attainment will become available for every child regardless of their socio-economic background can the future generation of Bangladesh flourish under the governments aid program. The primary purpose of the government of Bangladesh should be to protect children from the detrimental effect of child labor and ensuring their quality education.

The first solution to mitigate unequal quality educational attainment, is to make governmental policies broader thus ensuring financial inclusion of the marginalized. Adopting appropriate macroeconomic policy which priorities education equality. More transparency in the allocation of educational resources will force the government of Bangladesh to take on a more utilitarian perspective. This new allocation of resources will allow for more interest in soft infrastructure such as the recruitment of adequate number of teachers at schools.

An additional approach to address the issue would be for the government of Bangladesh to effectively promote awareness about the significance of quality education. This awareness campaign should not only target urban areas, but also prioritize rural areas where poverty rates are particularly high.

Furthermore, as a prerequisite to raising awareness, the Bangladeshi government should focus on providing the necessary infrastructure that enables people to access education information. This entails addressing the root causes of poverty in the country to create an environment where children are not forced into labor and can instead avail themselves of educational opportunities and experience a normal childhood.

Ensuring that every child has the opportunity for quality education and a safe upbringing is of utmost importance.

References

UNESCO. 2009. “Governance and Education Inequality in Bangladesh.” Accessed April 16, 2023. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000180086/PDF/180086eng.pdf.multi#.

UNICEF. 2021. “The future of 37 million children in Bangladesh is at risk with their education severely affected by the COVID-10 pandemic.” Accessed April 14, 2023. https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/en/press-releases/future-37-million-children-bangladesh-risk-their-education-severely-affected-covid.

UNICEF. n.d. “The Challenge.” Accessed April 2023. https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/en/education.

Global People Strategist. 2021. “Facts About Child Labor in Bangladesh.” Accessed April 13 2023. https://www.globalpeoplestrategist.com/title-facts-about-child-labor-in-bangladesh/.

Hosen, Aoulad, S.M. Mujahidul Islam, and Sogir Khandoker. 2010. “Child Labor and Child Education in Bangladesh: Issues, Consequences and Involvements.” International Business Research Issues 3, no. 2: 1-8.

Dhaka Tribune. 2022. “Report: 35m Bangladeshis still live below poverty line.” Accessed April 13, 2023. https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2023/01/22/report-35m-bangladeshis-still-live-below-poverty-line.

World Bank. 2023. “Poverty & Equity Brief.” Accessed April 10, 2023. https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/987B9C90-CB9F-4D93-AE8C-750588BF00QA/current/Global_POVEQ_BGD.pdf.

Bureau of International Labor Reports. 2021. “Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports.” Accessed April 10, 2023. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/bangladesh.

UNICEF. 2019. “Bangladesh Education Fact Sheets 2020.” Accessed April 13, 2023. file:///Users/annakordesch/Downloads/Bangladesh-Education-Fact-Sheets_V7%20(1).pdf.

World Bank. 2018. “National Education Profile.” Accessed April 14, 2023. https://www.epdc.org/sites/default/files/documents/EPDC_NEP_2018_Bangladesh.pdf.

Anna Kordesch

Anna Kordesch

As a second-year undergraduate student at Leiden University, pursuing a Bachelor's degree in International Studies with a specialisation in Europe, I am excited about the opportunity to apply my academic knowledge and skills to practical research work in the field of human rights.

Educational Challenges in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Written by Alexandra Drugescu-Radulescu

Smith, W. (2016, January 5). flag of Korea, North. Encyclopedia Britannica

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, known as well as North Korea, is one of the most oppressive systems in the world. It is a dictatorship with a bad track record in respecting human rights, access to education included. An important aspect to remember is that the country’s regime stems from the Juche [1]ideology, which has at its center auto sufficiency and lack of communication with the external world. Therefore, the amount of data on the actual actions of the government in DPRK is limited, impacting the quantity of information in this article. The following testimony, of one of the survivors of the regime that imposes child labor, suggestively portrays the everyday fight of North Korean citizens:

“There were also soldiers who worked with us as well. They made us work harder. They could start their work only after we finished our tasks, so they made us hurry. When boys got angry and acted impolitely to the soldiers, they were beat up.” – Koo Dong-Su [2]

 

North Korean school system has three stages: Elementary and Middle and High School[3]. At least in theory, North Korea has a series of internal documents that should ensure children are protected. One of them is the North Korean Children’s Rights Protection Act (2010), which supposedly prioritizes the well-being and happiness of children. Furthermore, the state`s constitution promotes free education[4].  However, from the reports created by various organizations, one thing is clear: there is a very problematic infringement of human rights on the North Korean people, and the field of education is included. As one would expect, problems in North Korea regarding access to education are vaster and more internalized than in other countries. Problems include severe breaches of human rights, such as child labor.

Treaty accession

Photo by Mathias Reding on Unsplash

 

As previously stated, North Korea is a dictatorship, in which human rights are not the regime`s priority. Unsurprisingly, because of its policy of self-sufficiency, the state is not a member of various treaties meant to protect citizens. While signing a treaty does not guarantee the respect of the clauses, it portrays the willingness of the people in power to at least account for international norms. A proliferation of treaties concerning children’s rights took place in the 20th century, with documents that highlight the importance of education for the fruitful development of youngsters.

North Korea is heavily criticized for its refusal to sign documents that, at least in the eyes of international law, would prevent the regime from infringing human rights. The regime still insists that resolutions of the UN are just the product of the policy of “hostile” Member States [5](2023 report).

In the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, under the UN Period Cycle Review, various organizations and international bodies urge North Korea to accede to various legal documents[6]. A relevant request in the context of education rights comes from the Committee on the Rights of the Child. They recommend the State ratify the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Family. Furthermore, UNESCO encourages the state to ratify the Convention against Discrimination in Education and to seek the support of UNESCO in implementing it. The names of these conventions might be overwhelming, but they were stated here to portray how far behind North Korea is situated in the talk of respecting the right to access education. While other states might try to improve their curricula or implement technology in the learning process, North Korea first has to ensure it can provide basic access to education, without discrimination.

Access to education

This photo shows daily life for students in Pyongyang. Photo by (stephan)

The population of North Korea is divided into different social statuses based on their affiliation with the government[7]. This has implications not only for the standard of living of citizens but also for the access to education of children. Children from lower-status families are sometimes forced to pay informal school fees. They live as well in areas that lack educational infrastructure. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has information, although limited, on the situation of children from remote areas[8]. A massive problem is the lack of educational facilities, schools in certain areas not being fully functional, therefore causing drop-out rates. Furthermore, the dire situation of the common North Korean, where basic survival becomes a privilege, puts children in a situation in which they have to work in order to support their families (report 2019).

The Committee on the Rights of the Children urges the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to implement comprehensive measures to develop inclusive education, regardless of social class[9]. However, this recommendation, which promotes educational reform, could be hard to implement in such a closed state, with a regime that refuses any outside help in improving the quality of its educational system. Furthermore, UNESCO recommends the implementation of legislation that prohibits work for minors, in order to ensure children get to develop properly. Unfortunately, the non-binding character of these recommendations makes their chance of success less realistic.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on most countries around the world and the standard of living of the majority of people in North Korea is considered to have become particularly vulnerable during the pandemic, not only because of the disease but also of the strict closing of borders[10]. Food scarcity increased throughout the country. The lack of access to basic resources pushed children to work in order to be able to survive. As explained in the previous section, the problems in North Korea are much deeper than in many other areas of the world, due to the looming threat of starvation. While this has been present for many years, the COVID-19 pandemic and the strong regulations caused by it intensified the ongoing trend of minors being forced by circumstances to do labor.

Students leaving their school. Photo by Matt Paish.

Child labor

As presented above, children throughout North Korea need to work to achieve basic sustenance. However, the problem of child labor is much more institutionalized than one would hope, despite the fact that according to the North Korean constitution child labor is forbidden[11]. Educational institutions mobilize children for seasonal work that is unpaid and mandatory. One of the programs is “Agricultural Labour Support”, in which children go to work on local farms partnered with their schools. The North Korean economy is primarily based on agriculture, with almost no trade, which leads to a strong need for cheap labor. One of the so-called solutions found by the regime is the use of students for agricultural work. Besides the mobilization done by the state, a PSCORE report states schools themselves send independent students to work, in order to be able to finance the school. The North Korean government tries to excuse this blatant display of child labor with the pretense of instilling a work ethic in pupils. Children from rural areas are the ones that usually physically contribute to farm production.

Another widespread form of forced labor is the “Long-term Agricultural Labor Support”[12]. Children do not just perform activities after school, but they have to remain within the perimeter of the farm for a certain amount of time, usually a couple of months during the harvesting season, to contribute to the state`s production. This is implemented regardless of the area of the country the child comes from, meaning that even children that study in cities need to go to a distant farm to perform agricultural labor.

A significant issue of this practice is that it is not only mentally and physically draining, but it can lead to severe injuries. The PSCORE report states that despite the North Korean Constitution, which promises access to free health care, injured children during agricultural work do not receive any medical treatment whatsoever[13].

Furthermore, children receive corporal punishments if they do not comply with their obligations[14]. In theory, North Korea`s Children’s Rights Protection Act of 2010 prohibits the physical punishment of children. Unfortunately, the reality is different. Students get harmed by their own teachers during the labor programs supported by the school. An institution that is supposed to be a safe environment, in which children can grow, becomes in North Korea a place of psychological and physical harm, in which everything is in the name of the regime.

This situation goes against well-established treaties, such as the International Labor Organisation Conventions on Child Labor. Both Convention No.138 on Minimum Age and Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labour prohibit the forcing of children to do manual labor[15]. However, North Korea is not a member of the International Labor Organisation or a signatory of its conventions, which makes it impossible to hold the state accountable in the face of international law. Nevertheless, the widespread practice of child labor in the country should be criticized as heavily as possible, given the repercussions on the well-being of youngsters and the impairment of their educational formation.

 The politicization of the school curricula

Even when children can attend classes, despite the obstacles presented above, the undemocratic character of the regime creates issues in terms of the subjects approached in school. An authoritarian state needs to derive its legitimacy from the support of the people, something done through various mechanisms, such as coercion. In North Korea, the cult of personality is a method of creating legitimacy for the regime. This has direct implications for the quality of education. The school curricula become a political instrument, children being taught more about the so-called greatness of their leader, than quality information. All schools demand students to be part of different organizations under the authority of the Youth League[16]. The main aim of the Youth League is to offer ideological education, a process through which children are supposed to be indoctrinated from a young age to become supporters of the regime. Obviously, these organizations are supposed to respect the desires of the party, whose main aim is the mobilization of the population.

Conclusion

Despite the limited information on what happens inside its borders, it is clear that the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea violates basic human rights. Amongst them, we can count education, which is probably one of the most forgotten areas in the country. Due to the scarcity of food and water, children are forced to contribute to sustaining the family. Even when children are able to attend school, they are used for free labor and shaped into becoming avid supporters of a regime that prevents them from reaching their full potential. Unfortunately, at the moment the problem of North Korea seems to be an unsolvable one.

 

References

  • Human Rights Council Fifty-second session Agenda items 2 and 4 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Human rights situations that require the Council’s attention Promoting accountability in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. (2023).
  • Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Thirty-third session Compilation on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights I. Background II. Scope of international obligations and cooperation with international human rights mechanisms and bodies. (2019).
  • Hyo-Kyung, L., Heidi Hee-Kyung, C., & Young-Il, K. (2018). Unending Toil: Child Labor      within North Korea (pp. 1-311, Rep.) (N. Bada, Ed.). Seoul, Republic of Korea: Y People for Successful COrean REunification.
  • International Labour Organization. (2019). ILO Conventions and Recommendations on child labour (IPEC). Ilo.org. https://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/ILOconventionsonchildlabour/lang–en/index.htm
  • Lee, G. (2003). The Political Philosophy of Juche. Time, pp. 105-109.

Footnotes

[1]https://www.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/korea1.pdf

[2] http://pscore.org/wp-content/uploads/Unending-Toil_Child-Labor-within-North-Korea-2018_PSCORE.pdf

[3] http://pscore.org/wp-content/uploads/Unending-Toil_Child-Labor-within-North-Korea-2018_PSCORE.pdf

[4] http://pscore.org/wp-content/uploads/Unending-Toil_Child-Labor-within-North-Korea-2018_PSCORE.pdf

[5] Human Rights Council Fifty-Second Session Agenda Items 2 and 4 Annual Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Human Rights Situations That Require the Council’s Attention Promoting Accountability in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

[6] (Human Rights Council Fifty-Second Session Agenda Items 2 and 4 Annual Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Human Rights Situations That Require the Council’s Attention Promoting Accountability in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea)

[7] (Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Thirty-Third Session Compilation on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights I. Background II. Scope of International Obligations and Cooperation with International Human Rights Mechanisms and Bodies)

[8] (Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Thirty-Third Session Compilation on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights I. Background II. Scope of International Obligations and Cooperation with International Human Rights Mechanisms and Bodies)

[9] (Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Thirty-Third Session Compilation on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights I. Background II. Scope of International Obligations and Cooperation with International Human Rights Mechanisms and Bodies)

[10]  Human Rights Council Fifty-Second Session Agenda Items 2 and 4 Annual Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Human Rights Situations That Require the Council’s Attention Promoting Accountability in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

[11] http://pscore.org/wp-content/uploads/Unending-Toil_Child-Labor-within-North-Korea-2018_PSCORE.pdf

[12] http://pscore.org/wp-content/uploads/Unending-Toil_Child-Labor-within-North-Korea-2018_PSCORE.pdf

[13] http://pscore.org/wp-content/uploads/Unending-Toil_Child-Labor-within-North-Korea-2018_PSCORE.pdf

[14] http://pscore.org/wp-content/uploads/Unending-Toil_Child-Labor-within-North-Korea-2018_PSCORE.pdf

[15] https://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/ILOconventionsonchildlabour/lang–en/index.htm

[16] http://pscore.org/wp-content/uploads/Unending-Toil_Child-Labor-within-North-Korea-2018_PSCORE.pdf