Desafios da Educação em Cabo Verde: Navegando os Problemas de um Sistema Educacional em Desenvolvimento

Escrito por Joan Vilalta Flo, traduzido por Juliana Campos.

Cabo Verde é um país localizado a 500 quilômetros da costa do Senegal, na África. Trata-se de um arquipélago de dez ilhas, a maioria das quais é habitada, com a maior parte da população concentrada na capital, Praia. Sua língua oficial é o Português, herança da colonização pelos portugueses. Entretanto, embora Cabo Verde tenha obtido sua independência em 1975, muitos habitantes falam o crioulo cabo-verdiano como língua principal. O país está situado em um cenário geográfico desafiador: seu território fragmentado torna a prestação de serviços básicos complicada, é uma área propensa à seca e há poucos recursos naturais. No entanto, Cabo Verde tem sido elogiado mundialmente por sua notável estabilidade política e estratégias de redução da pobreza, o que também possibilitou melhorias na prestação de serviços, incluindo a educação.

Crianças fazem fila em escola Cabo-verdiana. Foto por: Duncan CV via Wikimedia Commons.

As mais recentes melhorias na educação cabo-verdiana foram alcançadas graças ao Plano Estratégico da Educação 2017-2021, que visa atingir o 4º Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da ONU (Educação de Qualidade) e concentra-se nos seguintes pilares: (i) acesso universal à educação pré-primária (pré-escola) para todas as crianças com idades entre 4 e 5 anos, incluindo aquelas com necessidades especiais; (ii) melhor articulação da educação pré-primária com a educação básica, de modo que todos os alunos recebam dois anos de educação pré-primária; e (iii) acesso igualitário à educação universal gratuita até o 8º ano por meio da implementação de planos de ação social para escolas, visando grupos prioritários e fornecendo educação especial para todos.i

Assim, Cabo Verde tem progressivamente melhorado o acesso à educação primária e secundária. A taxa de escolarização atingiu 92,4% em 2021, e a taxa de alfabetização alcançou 88,5% em 2019, com a maioria dos habitantes acima dos 15 anos alfabetizados.ii Os gastos do governo com educação passaram de 23,3% do orçamento total em 2020 para 24,09% em 2021.iii Em termos de infraestrutura, 97,6% das escolas primárias e secundárias em Cabo Verde têm acesso à água, e 89% estão conectadas à rede elétrica pública. O Plano Estratégico da Educação 2017-2021 permitiu a implementação de programas de aprimoramento, como o programa Educação de Excelência, para o qual foram alocados cerca de 93,2 milhões de dólares americanos em 2020; enquanto 6,4 milhões de dólares foram destinados a bolsas de estudo..iv

A pandemia de Covid-19 trouxe muitas dificuldades para a economia centrada no turismo de Cabo Verde. No entanto, o país foi bastante ágil e eficaz na gestão da crise e na vacinação da maioria da população.v Na área da educação, o país também agiu prontamente. Em 2020, Cabo Verde recebeu um subsídio de 750.000 dólares do GPE (Parceria Global para a Educação), o que contribuiu substancialmente para a formação de professores em ensino à distância, fornecimento de material didático, acesso à televisão em áreas remotas e instalações sanitárias adequadas.vi Após o fechamento das escolas, o Ministério da Educação implementou o programa “Aprender e Estudar em Casa”, com o objetivo de possibilitar aulas dadas através do rádio, da televisão e de tablets, tendo em vista que entre 30% a 40% das famílias ainda não tinham acesso a essas tecnologias. O programa também possibilitou a ampliação da área de cobertura da televisão digital e melhorou a qualidade do sinal.vii Apesar de tudo isso, é importante observar que, atualmente, não há evidências da existência de uma estratégia abrangente de adaptação ao contexto pós-Covid-19 em Cabo Verde.

Vale mencionar um recente avanço na educação cabo-verdiana: a ratificação da Convenção Contra a Discriminação na Educação, determinada em 5 de outubro de 2022 e oficialmente implementada em 5 de janeiro de 2023. Embora os efeitos da aplicação da Convenção ainda estejam por ser vistos, a aprovação do documento alinha o país às recomendações feitas na última sessão da Revisão Periódica Universal (RPU) das Nações Unidas.viii

Entretanto, apesar dos avanços mencionados, a desigualdade, a discriminação nas escolas, a falta de infraestrutura e de qualidade de ensino continuam visíveis em Cabo Verde. Esses são alguns dos problemas que o arquipélago precisará enfrentar e resolver nos próximos anos. As seções a seguir tratam das principais áreas a serem alvo de intervenção.

Desigualdades na Educação

Cabo Verde enfrenta um grande desafio relacionado aos custos “ocultos” da educação, pois, embora o Ensino Fundamental (até o 8º ano) seja gratuito e obrigatório,ix há uma série de custos adicionais como transporte, refeições e materiais escolares, custos que são significativos para famílias de baixa renda.x Este fator é um dos causadores da desigualdade no acesso à educação de qualidade para famílias pobres. Além disso, o Ensino Médio e o Ensino Superior ainda requerem mensalidades (embora autoridades tenham manifestado a intenção de tornar gratuito Ensino Médio, do 9º ao 12º ano),xi perpetuando a desigualdade educacional com base no nível econômico de cada família. Adiciona-se a isso a desigualdade entre famílias que vivem em áreas rurais e as que vivem em espaços urbanos.xii As famílias de áreas rurais têm menos acesso à educação devido ao poder econômico geralmente mais baixo e à falta de acesso às tecnologias e à internet, dado o seu alto custo (especialmente relevante durante a pandemia de Covid-19)..xiii

Quanto ao Ensino Superior, embora tenham sido feitos esforços para um fornecimento mais amplo, a taxa de escolarização entre 2019-2020 foi de 23,5%, 37 pontos percentuais abaixo dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental, indicando uma barreira no acesso ao Ensino Superior.xiv Um dos desafios que contribuem para essa realidade é o cenário geográfico de Cabo Verde; tratando-se de um arquipélago, proporcionar um Ensino Superior acessível a todas as áreas é uma tarefa extremamente complexa. Apenas as ilhas de Santiago e São Vicente xv possuem instituições de Ensino Superior. A dificuldade de acesso à essas instituições, juntamente ao fato de o Ensino Superior não ser gratuito, gera pouco incentivo para estudantes que vivem em áreas remotas e têm menor poder econômico..xvi

Há também desigualdade linguística. Enquanto para a maioria população cabo-verdiana a primeira língua é o Crioulo Cabo-verdiano (CCV), o Português ainda é a única língua oficial e a língua de ensino, fato que afeta os estudantes que têm exposição limitada a essa língua, especialmente aqueles que vivem em áreas rurais e locais remotos, geralmente membros de famílias de baixa renda. Esses alunos enfrentam maiores dificuldades e uma desvantagem de aprendizado. Embora alguns programas de educação bilíngue tenham sido redigidos, a implementação dessas iniciativas é insuficiente, frágil e carece de respaldo político e econômico. Essa desigualdade também representa uma desconexão entre os sistemas formais de educação e a sociedade; políticas direcionadas para preencher essa lacuna inevitavelmente contribuirão também para a construção de identidade e coesão social.xvii

Finalmente, apesar dos objetivos expressos no Plano Estratégico de Educação 2017-2021, como melhorar o acesso e a qualidade da educação para estudantes com deficiência (17,5% da população possui pelo menos um tipo de deficiência),xviii e ampliar a capacitação de profissionais com o auxílio da UNICEF, xix a implementação prática de estratégias inclusivas para esses estudantes tem sido insatisfatória. Muitas pessoas com deficiência não têm acesso à educação, não recebem os benefícios necessários para frequentar a escola e as infraestruturas e tecnologias educacionais, em grande parte, não são adaptadas a elas..xx

Foto por: Elizabeth Lizzie via Pexels.

Gênero e Sexualidade na Educação

No que diz respeito à igualdade de gênero, bons resultados foram alcançados na educação pré-escolar e no ensino fundamental: o índice de paridade foi de 0,98 e 0,93, respectivamente, demonstrando uma presença ligeiramente maior de meninos nas escolas. No entanto, o desafio permanece nos níveis de ensino médio e superior, nos quais a representação feminina é significativamente maior, com índices de paridade de 1,2 para o ensino médio e 1,5 para o ensino superior. Incentivos para atrair meninos e homens nesses setores são necessários para garantir a igualdade..xxi E, embora haja uma maior presença feminina no Ensino Médio e Superior, a taxa de alfabetização de homens é atualmente quase 10% maior do que a taxa feminina, o que evidencia uma defasagem de ensino de meninas e mulheres também. xxii

Apesar da melhoria significativa graças à introdução de um módulo dedicado aos estudos de gênero no currículo do ensino médio, os currículos ainda contêm estereótipos discriminatórios em relação às mulheres, o que é refletido na sub-representação feminina em campos de estudo normalmente dominados por homens, como na área tecnológica.xxiii Além disso, embora as questões de gênero estejam presentes nos currículos, a educação sexual deixa a desejar. Apesar de ser reconhecido como importante para o desenvolvimento e segurança dos estudantes, o Guia de Orientação Sexual nas Escolas, desenvolvido com a ajuda do UNFPA (Fundo de População das Nações Unidas), beneficiou poucos estudantes devido a falta de interesse público e a à sensibilidade do tema. Um módulo mais abrangente de educação sexual ainda está para ser implementado de forma eficaz em Cabo Vede.xxiv

É importante observar que não foi possível encontrar dados sobre minorias com base na orientação sexual ou identificação de gênero em Cabo Verde; da mesma forma, não foram encontrados mecanismos de proteção para tais minorias ou estratégias de educação sobre o assunto. Apesar de ser um tópico sensível e atualmente invisível estatisticamente, avanços nessa área podem ser positivos para garantir que todos os estudantes sejam livres e desfrutem de tratamento igualitário por parte de colegas e equipe.

A Qualidade de Ensino

É necessário realizar melhorias não apenas na oferta de Ensino Superior, mas também em sua qualidade. O Ensino Superior em Cabo Verde é relativamente recente, criado nos últimos 20 anos. Considerando que ainda está em seus estágios iniciais, o setor carece de níveis mínimos de qualidade: embora a recém-criada Agência Reguladora do Ensino Superior (ARES) esteja começando a realizar avaliações para melhorar o desempenho do setor, xxv autoridades ainda precisam construir um sistema abrangente de medição da qualidade do ensino e mecanismos para alinhar o conteúdo com os objetivos e necessidades nacionais, e garantir o acesso a material educacional, bem como o acesso às tecnologias.xxvi

Adicionalmente, embora cerca de 76% das crianças atualmente tenham acesso à pré-escola, existem diferenças regionais, com áreas que apresentam percentagens ainda mais baixas. A educação na primeira infância e na pré-escola foram focos do Plano Estratégico de Educação 2017-2021, mas, na prática, foram amplamente negligenciadas. Ainda falta a implementação de mecanismos legais adequados para garantir o acesso universal, obrigatório e gratuito à pré-escola. O orçamento atual é de cerca de 0,3% do capital do Estado e a qualificação profissional dos professores de pré-escola é insuficiente (apenas 30% possuem a qualificação necessária).xxvii Além disso, não há acesso suficiente à ferramentas tecnológicas nessas instituições, adicionado à falta de capacitação dos professores em TIC (Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação).xxviii

Um dos principais problemas do setor educacional de Cabo Verde é a qualidade de ensino, refletida nas baixas taxas de desempenho no ensino fundamental. Na área de linguagem, 6 em cada 10 crianças demonstraram grande dificuldade ou incapacidade de interpretar as regras básicas de funcionamento da língua xxix, e na área de matemática, uma média de apenas 2,85% das crianças obteve sucesso nos principais assuntos abordados.xxx Apesar dessas estatísticas, o país ainda não implementou um sistema nacional abrangente para medir os resultados de aprendizagem em qualquer nível de educação. xxxi

Quanto ao acesso à tecnologia, embora a maioria das escolas esteja conectada à rede elétrica pública e o Plano Estratégico de Educação de 2017-2021 tenha permitido a incorporação de mais ferramentas tecnológicas e um currículo mais robusto em habilidades de TIC, apenas 17% das escolas têm acesso à internet.xxxi Isso ocorre mesmo considerando que Cabo Verde possui uma das maiores taxas de acesso na África. O problema está no custo para se conectar, um dos mais altos do mundo. O acesso à internet ainda é considerado caro para grande parte da população, especialmente para aqueles com menor renda, gerando desigualdades também nesse aspecto. xxxiii

Conclusão e Recomendações

Como conclusão, algumas recomendações tendo em mente os principais desafios do sistema educacional em Cabo Verde são oferecidas em nome da Broken Chalk.

Quanto aos custos ocultos da educação, o governo poderia reduzi-los fornecendo acesso gratuito (ou de baixo custo) a transporte, material e serviços nutricionais, com atenção especial às famílias de baixa renda e aos estudantes que vivem em áreas rurais remotas.

Sobre a cobertura educacional e a oferta universal, o governo deve agir de acordo com os objetivos traçados e continuar a estender a educação gratuita, acessível e obrigatória para os anos pré-escolares e para o ensino superior, com atenção especial às famílias de baixa renda. Mais especificamente em relação ao Ensino Superior, seria positivo gerar campanhas de incentivo para aumentar a taxa de escolarização, especialmente para os homens; juntamente com a expansão da presença de instituições de ensino superior em todos os territórios, garantindo melhor acesso à universidade para aqueles em áreas mais isoladas.

Seria desejável implementar programas nacionais para superar a desigualdade gerada pela barreira linguística. A Língua Cabo-verdiana deve estar presente em todas as etapas da educação e deve-se garantir que alunos com menor exposição ao Português não fiquem para trás. As iniciativas de educação bilíngue devem ser aprimoradas por meio de equipes multidisciplinares que incluam membros da comunidade local que compreendam as necessidades específicas de linguagem da região.


Para promover uma maior inclusão, o governo e demais autoridades deveriam considerar tornar a infraestrutura educacional, os currículos e o corpo docente mais sensíveis e adaptáveis aos estudantes com deficiência ou com necessidades especiais. Deve-se fornecer acesso adequado a edifícios, material educacional inclusivo e treinamento voltado a todos os educadores, com o objetivo de garantir o acesso e a igualdade para esses alunos.

Quando a questões de gênero, os programas e políticas educacionais devem continuar a assegurar o acesso de meninas e mulheres à educação em todos os níveis. Assim, buscar alcançar uma maior igualdade nas taxas de alfabetização, trabalhando continuamente para eliminar estereótipos de gênero e incentivando a presença de mulheres em campos de estudo tradicionalmente dominados por homens. Adicionalmente, seria positivo implementar um programa sobre sexualidade no Ensino Fundamental, para garantir a segurança e saúde dos estudantes e eliminar estereótipos prejudiciais à diversidade com base na orientação sexual.

Uma maneira eficaz de melhorar a qualidade da educação poderia ser a implementação de um sistema nacional de avaliação e análise da qualidade do ensino para garantir uma oferta adequada de conteúdo em todas as etapas educacionais e identificar deficiências na qualidade do ensino, especialmente nas áreas de linguagem e matemática no Ensino Fundamental. Juntamente com a avaliação adequada e análise do desempenho dos alunos, modos ineficazes de ensino seriam mais facilmente identificados, permitindo inovações e o alinhamento dos currículos às necessidades da sociedade cabo-verdiana, preparando melhor os alunos para o mercado de trabalho. Da mesma forma, o governo e as instituições educacionais devem continuar garantindo que todos os professores sejam qualificados para fornecer uma educação adequada ao nível que lhes é atribuído. Isso deve ser aplicado especialmente nos anos pré-escolares, nos quais a maioria dos professores não possui a devida qualificação.

Por fim, diante dos eventos recentes e em vista dos desenvolvimentos globais futuros, é essencial garantir um maior acesso a ferramentas tecnológicas para fins educacionais, tanto para escolas quanto para famílias, além de facilitar o acesso à internet. Essa democratização é crucial considerando o papel das tecnologias no mercado de trabalho global. É igualmente importante criar metodologias de educação flexíveis e adaptáveis, especialmente em um país onde a acessibilidade geográfica ao ambiente escolar é tão complexa.

*Traduzido para o português por Juliana Campos, da postagem original em Inglês*

Referências

i Global Partnership for Education. (n.d.). Cabo Verde. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.globalpartnership.org/where-we-work/cabo-verde

ii National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

iii Global Partnership for Education. (2022). Cabo Verde: Results framework (2022-2026). Retrieved from: https://www.globalpartnership.org/node/document/download?file=document/file/2022-12-GPE-results-framework-cabo-verde.pdf

iv National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

v World Bank. (2022, March 15). Fighting the pandemic down to the last mile: Lessons from Cabo Verde. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2022/03/15/fighting-pandemic-down-to-last-mile-lessons-from-cabo-verde

vi Global Partnership for Education. (n.d.). Cabo Verde. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.globalpartnership.org/where-we-work/cabo-verde

vii Lusophone covid Lusophone Network. (2021). Comparative study: The COVID-19 pandemic and the right to education in Portuguese-speaking countries. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachments/Lusophone%20Network_Comparative%20Study_The%20COVID-19%20Pandemy%20and%20the%20right%20to%20education%20in%20Portguese%20speaking%20countries_August2021_EN.pdf

viii UNESCO. (2022, October 7). Cabo Verde ratifies 1960 Convention against Discrimination in Education. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/cabo-verde-ratifies-1960-convention-against-discrimination-education

ix National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

x Bail, J. (2020, September 8). Cape Verde. Humanium. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.humanium.org/en/cape-verde/

xi National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

xii Bail, J. (2020, September 8). Cape Verde. Humanium. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.humanium.org/en/cape-verde/

xiii Patrício, M. R., & Moreno, C. (2021). Digital technologies in preschool education: a study with Cape Verdean educators. In Proceedings of the 14th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI2021) (pp. 8403-8407). IATED. ; Cabo Verde National Commission for UNESCO. (2022). National Review of the Implementation of SDG 4. Retrieved from: https://transformingeducationsummit.sdg4education2030.org/system/files/2022-09/CaboVerde-NC%20report%20.pdf

xiv National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

xv Ferreira, E. S., & Loureiro, S. M. C. (2021). Challenges of a small insular developing state: Cape Verde. Revista de Estudios e Investigación en Psicología y Educación, (1), 125-134.

xvi Resende-Santos, J. (2021). Education for development in Africa: Rethinking higher education in Cabo Verde. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 10(1), 22-38. doi: 10.14425/jice.2021.10.1.22

xvii Bermingham, N., DePalma, R., & Oca, L. (2022). The “Access Paradox” in Bilingual Education in Cabo Verde. Modern Languages Open, 1 ; Bail, J. (2020, September 8). Cape Verde. Humanium. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.humanium.org/en/cape-verde/

xviii National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

xix UNICEF Cabo Verde. (2022). Country Office Annual Report 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/media/136711/file/Cabo-Verde-2022-COAR.pdf

xx Bail, J. (2020, September 8). Cape Verde. Humanium. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.humanium.org/en/cape-verde/

xxi National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

xxii Ibid

xxiii Bail, J. (2020, September 8). Cape Verde. Humanium. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.humanium.org/en/cape-verde/

xxiv UNICEF. (2021). Joint independent common country programme evaluation: The Republic of Cabo Verde. UNICEF Evaluation Office. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/evaluation/joint-independent-common-country-programme-evaluation-republic-cabo-verde

xxv University World News. (2022, November 27). Cabo Verde introduces new higher education strategy. Retrieved from: https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20221127193233449

xxvi Resende-Santos, J. (2021). Education for development in Africa: Rethinking higher education in Cabo Verde. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 10(1), 22-38. doi: 10.14425/jice.2021.10.1.22

xxvii Global Partnership for Education. (2022). Cabo Verde: Results framework (2022-2026). Retrieved from: https://www.globalpartnership.org/node/document/download?file=document/file/2022-12-GPE-results-framework-cabo-verde.pdf ; Cabo Verde National Commission for UNESCO. (2022). National Review of the Implementation of SDG 4. Retrieved from: https://transformingeducationsummit.sdg4education2030.org/system/files/2022-09/CaboVerde-NC%20report%20.pdf ; UNICEF Cabo Verde. (2022). Country Office Annual Report 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/media/136711/file/Cabo-Verde-2022-COAR.pdf

xxviii Patrício, M. R., & Moreno, C. (2021). Digital technologies in preschool education: a study with Cape Verdean educators. In Proceedings of the 14th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI2021) (pp. 8403-8407). IATED.

xxix National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

xxx UNICEF. (2021). Joint independent common country programme evaluation: The Republic of Cabo Verde. UNICEF Evaluation Office. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/evaluation/joint-independent-common-country-programme-evaluation-republic-cabo-verde

xxxi Resende-Santos, J. (2021). Education for development in Africa: Rethinking higher education in Cabo Verde. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 10(1), 22-38. doi: 10.14425/jice.2021.10.1.22 ; Global Partnership for Education. (n.d.). Cabo Verde. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.globalpartnership.org/where-we-work/cabo-verde

xxxii National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf ; Cabo Verde National Commission for UNESCO. (2022). National Review of the Implementation of SDG 4. Retrieved from: https://transformingeducationsummit.sdg4education2030.org/system/files/2022-09/CaboVerde-NC%20report%20.pdf

xxxiii Lusophone Network. (2021). Comparative study: The COVID-19 pandemic and the right to education in Portuguese-speaking countries. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachments/Lusophone%20Network_Comparative%20Study_The%20COVID-19%20Pandemy%20and%20the%20right%20to%20education%20in%20Portguese%20speaking%20countries_August2021_EN.pdf

Educational Challenges in Cape Verde: Navigating the Problems of a Developing Educational System

Written by Joan Vilalta Flo

Cape Verde is a country located 500 kilometers away from the coast of Senegal, Africa. It is an archipelago of ten islands, most of which are inhabited, with most of the population concentrating in the capital Praia. The official language is Portuguese, given that it is a former Portuguese colony that obtained its independence in 1975, many speak Cape-Verdean Creole as their main language. It is a country placed in a challenging geographical setting: its fragmented territory makes the provision of services complicated, it is an area prone to draught and there are few natural resources to benefit from. However, Cape Verde has been praised worldwide for its salient political stability and poverty reduction strategies, which has also enabled improvements in service provision, including that of education.

Children line up in a school in Cape Verde. Photo by Duncan CV in Wikimedia Commons.

The most recent improvements in Cape Verdean education have been made thanks to the 2017-2021 Strategic Education Plan, aiming at accomplishing the 4th SDG of Quality Education, and focused on the following pillars: (i) universal access to pre-primary education for all children aged 4 to 5 years, including those with special needs; (ii) better articulation of pre-primary education with basic education so that all students receive two years of pre-primary education; and (iii) equal access to free universal education up to Grade 8 through the implementation of social action plans for schools, targeting priority groups and providing special education for all.i

Hence, Cape Verde has progressively improved access to primary and secondary education. The schooling rate scored 92.4% in 2021, and the literacy rate reached a 88.5% in 2019, with most over 15-years-old knowing how to read and write.ii Government expenditure on education shifted from 23.3% of the total budget in 2020 to 24.09% in 2021.iii In terms of infrastructure, 97.6% of elementary and secondary schools in Cape Verde have access to water, and 89% are connected to the public electricity grid.The 2017-2021 Strategic Education Plan allowed for the implementation of education enhancement programs such as Education of Excellence, to which some 93.2 million US$ were allocated in 2020; while 6.4 million US$ were allocated to scholarships.iv

The Covid-19 pandemic caused much struggle to the tourism-centered economy of Cape Verde. However, the country was quite timely and effective in managing the crisis and providing vaccination to most of the population.v In the area of education, it also acted promptly. In 2020, Cape Verde received a grant of 750.000$ from the GPE (Global Partnership in Education) which substantially contributed to teacher training in distance teaching, provision of learning material, as well as TV access to remote areas, and sufficient sanitary facilities.vi After the closure of schools, the Ministry of education implemented the “Learning and Studying at Home” program, which enhanced lesson delivery through radio, television and the use of tablets, in view of the fact that 30% to 40% of the families did not have access to such technology. The program also allowed for the extension of the digital television coverage area and improved signal quality.vii Despite all of this, it should be noted that there is currently no evidence of the existence of a comprehensive strategy to adapt to the post-Covid19 context in Cape Verde.

It is worth mentioning that a significant development in Cape Verdean education is the recent ratification of the Convention Against Discrimination in Education by Cape Verde on the 5th of October 2022, which has entered into force on the 5th of January 2023. Although its effective application is yet to be seen, this action alone has fully implemented several recommendations made in the last United Nations Universal Periodic Review session.viii

Despite the previously mentioned developments in the Cape Verdean educational sector, several situations of inequality, discrimination, lack of educational infrastructure and quality education in education have been reported up to this point. These are the problems that the archipelago will need to face and solve in the years to come, and the following sections will outline the main areas that need to be targeted.

Inequalities in Education

Cape Verde currently faces a challenge regarding the hidden costs of education. Although Primary Education and Secondary Education (up to 8th grade) is free and mandatory,ix,there is a range of extra costs, including transportation, meals, or certain school material, that is significant for low-income families. This represents an inequality in access to quality education for poor families.x Moreover, secondary Education and Higher Education (university) remain subject to fees (although authorities have stated the intention to make education free from 9th to 12th grade),xi allowing for inequality based on the economic level of each family. This also intersects with the existing inequality between families who live in rural areas and families that live in urban spaces,xii where the former have less access due to general lower economic capacity, and lack of technology and internet connectivity due to its high cost (especially relevant during Covid-19).xiii

As regards Higher Education, although there have been great efforts to supply it widely, it must be noted that the schooling rate for the 2019-2020 period is of 23.5%, 37 points lower than that of secondary school, indicating an obstacle in its access.xiv One of the difficulties in this area is the geographical setting of Cape Verde; being an archipelago the mission of providing accessible higher education to all areas is deeply complex and has not been achieved. There are only Higher Education institutions in the islands of Santiago and São Vicente.xv This, together with the fact that Higher Education is not free, generates little incentive for students who live in remote areas and possess a low economic level to enter Higher Education.xvi

There is also inequality around language. While for most of the Cape Verdean population the first language is Cape Verdean Language (CVL), Portuguese is still the only official language as well as the schooling language. This continues to produce evident inequalities for students who have limited exposure to Portuguese, namely those who live in rural areas and remote locations, usually from low-income families too. Such students will have a learning disadvantage and increased difficulty when learning. Although some bilingual education programs have been reportedly launched, the implementation of such initiatives is insufficient, weak and lacks political and economic backup. This inequality is also representative of a disconnection between the formal education systems and society; policies directed at filling this gap will inevitably also contribute to identity building and social cohesion.xvii

Finally, despite the political will expressed in the Education Strategic Plan 2017–2021 to improve access and quality of education to disabled students (17,5% of the population have at least 1 handicap),xviii and increased staff capacitation aided by UNICEF,xix it has been reported that practical implementation of inclusive strategies for such students has been deficient. Many disabled people do not attend education and do not receive the necessary benefits in order to do so, and the infrastructures and educational technologies have not adapted to them for the most part.xx

Photo by Elizabeth Lizzie on Pexels.

Gender and Sexuality in Education

With respect to gender parity, good results have been achieved in preschool and primary education: the parity index scored 0.98 and 0.93 respectively, both cases showing a slightly higher male representation. However, the challenge remains in secondary and higher education levels where female representation is significantly and increasingly higher, the parity index scores 1.2 for secondary education and 1.5 for higher education. Incentives to attract males in those sectors is necessary to ensure equality.xxi And while there is a significantly higher female presence in secondary and higher education, the literacy rate for men in currently almost 10% higher than for women, which displays an access inequality for women too.xxii

Despite significant improvement through the introduction of a gender module in the secondary education curriculum, the curricula reportedly still contain discriminatory stereotypes towards women, which is also reflected in the fact that women are poorly represented in the fields of study typically dominated by men, such as in the technological field.xxiii Moreover, although gender matters are beginning to be present in the curricula, education on sexuality is deficient. It has been acknowledged as important for the development and safety of students by the government, and a Sexual Guidance in Schools guide has been developed with the aid of UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), but due to limited political will and the sensitivity of the topic, very few students have benefited from such education. A comprehensive module on sexuality education is yet to be implemented effectively.xxiv

It should be noted that the figure regarding minorities based on sexual orientation or gender identification in Cape Verde could not be found; and similarly, no mechanisms of protection of such minorities or education on the matter could be found. Despite it being a potentially sensitive topic that is now invisible to the sector, advances on this area could be positive to ensure that all students are free and enjoy equal treatment by peers and staff.

Deficiencies in Education

Firstly, there need to be improvements not only in the provision of Higher Education but also in the quality of it. Higher Education in Cape Verde is a relatively new sector emerged in the span of the last 20 years. Considering that it is still at its infancy, the sector lacks quality: although the newly formed Higher Education Regulatory Agency (Agência Reguladora do Ensino Superior – ARES) is beginning to conduct evaluations and checks in order to improve performance,xxv the sector still needs to build a comprehensive system of teaching quality evaluation, mechanisms to better align tertiary education content to the national goals and needs, and ensure access to educational material and technologies, as well as connectivity.xxvi

Secondly, although around 76% of children currently have access to preschool education, there are regional differences with areas that display even lower percentages. Early Childhood education and Preschool was formally one of the foci of the 2017-2021 Education Strategic Plan, but in practice it has been largely neglected. There still is a lack of adequate legal mechanisms to ensure universal preschool mandatory and free access, the preschool budget is around 0.3% of the state budget, and there is a lack of professional qualification of preschool teachers (only 30% have the necessary qualification).xxvii Moreover, technological access and tools have been notably missing in preschools, together with a lack of teacher training in ICT.xxviii

Thirdly, one of the most significant problems in Cape Verde’s education sector is the quality of the education, reflected in low performance rates in primary school. In the area of language, 6 out of every 10 children demonstrated great difficulty or inability to interpret the basic rules of functioning of languagexxix, and in the area of mathematics an average of only 2.85% of children were able to successfully deal with the main areas of study.xxx Furthermore, Cape Verde still does not have to this date a comprehensive national system to measure learning outcomes at any level of education.xxxi

Regarding technological access, it should be noted that although most schools are connected to the public electricity grid, and that the 2017-2021 Strategic Education Plan has allowed for the incorporation of more technological tools and a stronger curriculum on ICT skills, only the 17% of schools have access to internet.xxxii This is even though Cabo Verde has one of the highest rates of internet access in Africa. The cost of internet is the problem, as it is among the highest is the world; it is still too high for many to obtain, especially for those with lower income, generating a situation of inequality as well.xxxiii

Conclusion and Recommendations

By way of conclusion, some recommendations highlighting the main challenges of the educational system in Cape Verde will be offered on behalf of Broken Chalk.

As regards the hidden costs of education, the government should try to reduce them by providing free (or low-cost) access to transportation, material, and nutritional services with special attention to low-income families and students who live in remote rural areas which might increase the economic cost of education.

Regarding educational coverage and universal provision, the government should act in accordance with their own stated intentions, and continue to extend free, accessible, and mandatory education to the preschool years and to higher education, with special attention to poor families. More specifically regarding Higher Education, it could be positive to generate incentive campaigns to increase the schooling rate, particularly for males; together with expanding the presence of higher education institutions to all territories or better ensuring affordable access to university from remote places.

It would be desirable to implement comprehensive national programs to overcome the inequality around language. Cabo Verdean Language should be significantly more present in all stages of education; particular attention should be paid to students with lower exposure to Portuguese to ensure they do not fall behind, and bilingual education initiatives should be enhanced through multidisciplinary teams that include local community members that understand the specific language needs of the area.

To promote greater inclusion, the government and educational entities should consider making education infrastructure, curricula, and staff more sensitive and adaptable to disabled or special needs students. Proper access to buildings, inclusive educational material and a comprehensive disability-oriented training module for all educators should be provided to ensure the access and equality of such students.

Also as regards inclusivity and equality, educational programs and policies should continue to ensure girls and women’s access to education at all levels to achieve greater equality in literacy rates, to continue to work towards the elimination of gender stereotypes and to incentivize the presence of women in male dominated study fields. Additionally, it could be positive to implement a comprehensive educational program in secondary school regarding sexuality to guarantee the safety and health of students and to eliminate diversity-damaging stereotypes on the basis of sexual orientation.

An effective way to improve the quality of education could be to implement a comprehensive national system of evaluation and assessment of teaching quality to ensure an adequate provision of content at all educational stages and to identify deficiencies in teaching quality, particularly in the area of language and mathematics in primary school. Together with proper evaluation and analysis of student performance, this could overcome ineffective modes of teaching that result in low performance, allow for educational innovation, and better align curricula to the needs and goals of Cape Verde’s society, better preparing students to face the labor market. Similarly, the government and educational institutions should continue ensuring that all teachers are qualified to provide adequate education to the level they are assigned to. This should be particularly applied to the preschool levels, where most teachers do not have the proper qualification, which could hinder the development of students.

Lastly, in view of recent events and in view of the future global developments, it is essential to ensure greater access to technological tools for educational purposes both for schools and families, as well as facilitating internet access. Again, this seems especially important considering the introduction of technologies in the global labor market, and it is also important to provide flexible and adaptable modes of education, particularly in a country where geographical accessibility to education might be complicated.

References

i Global Partnership for Education. (n.d.). Cabo Verde. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.globalpartnership.org/where-we-work/cabo-verde

ii National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

iii Global Partnership for Education. (2022). Cabo Verde: Results framework (2022-2026). Retrieved from: https://www.globalpartnership.org/node/document/download?file=document/file/2022-12-GPE-results-framework-cabo-verde.pdf

iv National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

v World Bank. (2022, March 15). Fighting the pandemic down to the last mile: Lessons from Cabo Verde. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2022/03/15/fighting-pandemic-down-to-last-mile-lessons-from-cabo-verde

vi Global Partnership for Education. (n.d.). Cabo Verde. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.globalpartnership.org/where-we-work/cabo-verde

vii Lusophone covid Lusophone Network. (2021). Comparative study: The COVID-19 pandemic and the right to education in Portuguese-speaking countries. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachments/Lusophone%20Network_Comparative%20Study_The%20COVID-19%20Pandemy%20and%20the%20right%20to%20education%20in%20Portguese%20speaking%20countries_August2021_EN.pdf

viii UNESCO. (2022, October 7). Cabo Verde ratifies 1960 Convention against Discrimination in Education. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/cabo-verde-ratifies-1960-convention-against-discrimination-education

ix National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

x Bail, J. (2020, September 8). Cape Verde. Humanium. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.humanium.org/en/cape-verde/

xi National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

xii Bail, J. (2020, September 8). Cape Verde. Humanium. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.humanium.org/en/cape-verde/

xiii Patrício, M. R., & Moreno, C. (2021). Digital technologies in preschool education: a study with Cape Verdean educators. In Proceedings of the 14th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI2021) (pp. 8403-8407). IATED. ; Cabo Verde National Commission for UNESCO. (2022). National Review of the Implementation of SDG 4. Retrieved from: https://transformingeducationsummit.sdg4education2030.org/system/files/2022-09/CaboVerde-NC%20report%20.pdf

xiv National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

xv Ferreira, E. S., & Loureiro, S. M. C. (2021). Challenges of a small insular developing state: Cape Verde. Revista de Estudios e Investigación en Psicología y Educación, (1), 125-134.

xvi Resende-Santos, J. (2021). Education for development in Africa: Rethinking higher education in Cabo Verde. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 10(1), 22-38. doi: 10.14425/jice.2021.10.1.22

xvii Bermingham, N., DePalma, R., & Oca, L. (2022). The “Access Paradox” in Bilingual Education in Cabo Verde. Modern Languages Open, 1 ; Bail, J. (2020, September 8). Cape Verde. Humanium. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.humanium.org/en/cape-verde/

xviii National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

xix UNICEF Cabo Verde. (2022). Country Office Annual Report 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/media/136711/file/Cabo-Verde-2022-COAR.pdf

xx Bail, J. (2020, September 8). Cape Verde. Humanium. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.humanium.org/en/cape-verde/

xxi National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

xxii Ibid

xxiii Bail, J. (2020, September 8). Cape Verde. Humanium. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.humanium.org/en/cape-verde/

xxiv UNICEF. (2021). Joint independent common country programme evaluation: The Republic of Cabo Verde. UNICEF Evaluation Office. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/evaluation/joint-independent-common-country-programme-evaluation-republic-cabo-verde

xxv University World News. (2022, November 27). Cabo Verde introduces new higher education strategy. Retrieved from: https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20221127193233449

xxvi Resende-Santos, J. (2021). Education for development in Africa: Rethinking higher education in Cabo Verde. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 10(1), 22-38. doi: 10.14425/jice.2021.10.1.22

xxvii Global Partnership for Education. (2022). Cabo Verde: Results framework (2022-2026). Retrieved from: https://www.globalpartnership.org/node/document/download?file=document/file/2022-12-GPE-results-framework-cabo-verde.pdf ; Cabo Verde National Commission for UNESCO. (2022). National Review of the Implementation of SDG 4. Retrieved from: https://transformingeducationsummit.sdg4education2030.org/system/files/2022-09/CaboVerde-NC%20report%20.pdf ; UNICEF Cabo Verde. (2022). Country Office Annual Report 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/media/136711/file/Cabo-Verde-2022-COAR.pdf

xxviii Patrício, M. R., & Moreno, C. (2021). Digital technologies in preschool education: a study with Cape Verdean educators. In Proceedings of the 14th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI2021) (pp. 8403-8407). IATED.

xxix National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf

xxx UNICEF. (2021). Joint independent common country programme evaluation: The Republic of Cabo Verde. UNICEF Evaluation Office. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/evaluation/joint-independent-common-country-programme-evaluation-republic-cabo-verde

xxxi Resende-Santos, J. (2021). Education for development in Africa: Rethinking higher education in Cabo Verde. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 10(1), 22-38. doi: 10.14425/jice.2021.10.1.22 ; Global Partnership for Education. (n.d.). Cabo Verde. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.globalpartnership.org/where-we-work/cabo-verde

xxxii National Directorate of Planning. (June 2021). Cabo Verde Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282392021_VNR_Report_Cabo_Verde.pdf ; Cabo Verde National Commission for UNESCO. (2022). National Review of the Implementation of SDG 4. Retrieved from: https://transformingeducationsummit.sdg4education2030.org/system/files/2022-09/CaboVerde-NC%20report%20.pdf

xxxiii Lusophone Network. (2021). Comparative study: The COVID-19 pandemic and the right to education in Portuguese-speaking countries. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from: https://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachments/Lusophone%20Network_Comparative%20Study_The%20COVID-19%20Pandemy%20and%20the%20right%20to%20education%20in%20Portguese%20speaking%20countries_August2021_EN.pdf

Educational challenges in Perú: Battling against intersectional discrimination

Written by Joan Vilalta Flo

Education is a fundamental human right. As dictated by the ICESCR and CESCR, everyone is entitled to non-discriminatory, quality, culturally sensitive, affordable, and accessible education. According to the Human Rights Measurement Initiative, in 2019 Perú showed fairly good results when it came to using its income to ensure the fulfillment of people’s right to education. From a low-and-middle-income assessment standard, it achieved 89.3% of the benchmark set for the global ranking, and 90.5% of its income-adjusted benchmark[i]. Indeed, there have been considerable improvements in the Peruvian education system throughout the years, such as an increase in the education budget (a 50% between 2012 and 2017) and overall greater accessibility and provision of education to the bulk of society[ii].

Nevertheless, numerous recent sources indicate, through a more nuanced view, that several obstacles still hamper accessible and quality education in Perú, especially for certain vulnerable populations, which in some cases are discriminated simultaneously at multiple levels. The following paragraphs will outline some of the current challenges that Perú faces when ensuring human rights in education.

Segregation

According to a recent in-depth study that uses data from the Peruvian Ministry of Education, the uneven distribution of students in Peruvian schools depending on socioeconomic level, but also residence location or performance is a great challenge that is barely attended. Having extremely homogenous populations in educational centers, with certain centers accumulating those with similar socioeconomic advantages, negatively affects social cohesion, the quality of education, the exchange of social capital and the access to equal opportunities.

An example of this can be found in the expansion of private education centers. Originating in the widespread prestige of private education among Peruvians since the 90’s, the popularity and demand for private centers has increased steeply. Registration to basic education centers went from 14% in 1997 to 28.4% in 2020[iii]. While the Peruvian state pushed for universal education by providing public centers, it allowed the expansion of privatization, placing little regulation upon the sector. This has coincided with an increase of segregation in education, there currently is an uneven distribution of the student population among educational centers.

Peruvian private school youths. Photo by Sepres.

Rural public schools hold a disproportionately great number of low-income students, followed by urban public centers, then low-cost private centers and finally high-cost private centers, which are mainly composed by high-income students and barely contain socioeconomically disadvantaged students. Within the private circuit, the performance of students also increases with the cost of the school, pointing to the idea that individuals get only the education they can pay for.[iv] It should be noted that student performance in the increasingly popular low-cost private centers is sometimes similar or even lower than in standardized public schools, while they sometimes lack appropriate material and teacher capacitation. This indicates that the prestige of private education is sometimes uncalled for.[v]

Another example of segregation in education is displayed by the COAR or High-Performance Centers, secondary education centers that “reward talent”. Such public institutions accumulate students with outstanding results and are sometimes framed as inclusive, since they provide the opportunity to obtain “better quality” education those who cannot afford private schools. But it is precisely in the fact that the state guarantees a better quality of education in those centers that they become problematic, since the state fails its own responsibility to ensure the same educational quality to all its citizens. The 25 existing COAR only contain around 6.700 students in total and their student investment is 12.5 times higher compared to the rest of public schools, undermining the principles of equity and equal access to opportunities.[vi] Separating high-performance students from their original schools also curtails the possibility of peer-to-peer learning and improvement for the rest of students.

Moreover, while the access to a COAR seems to be solely determined by an individual’s “merit”, it must be considered that minority and vulnerable populations (such as individuals from rural and indigenous areas, whose mother tongue is not Spanish and whose parents have a low educational level) are significantly less likely to be enrolled or accepted in a COAR. It can be argued that “talent” is, in the end, only easily recognized and displayed in contexts of advantage; it is necessary to promote inclusive educational systems that provide equal opportunities for all.

COAR students in a meeting. Photo by ANDINA.

Legal Matters

Since May 2022 there has been a controversial law in place that can deeply affect education in human and civil rights, curtailing the quality of education: the Law No. 31498. This law essentially allocates greater power to parent’s associations to overwatch the curriculum of primary and secondary school levels, including veto power. The law contemplates that a moral criterion can be applied when overwatching (or vetoing) the curriculum’s content.

Parent’s association meeting. Photo by ANDINA.

While supporters of this law claim that it can enhance the quality of the educational material, organizations such as Human Rights Watch claim that this law puts quality and independent education to risk by subjugating the expertise of teachers and the Ministry of Education to parent’s views and opinions. They acknowledge that it is important to involve the parents in the educational process, but they note that this law has, in practice, translated into the reduction or veto of education in gender and sexuality matters.[vii] Such education is crucial to promote equality, social justice, and human rights, especially considering the high teen pregnancy rates and increased sexual violence rates in Perú.[viii] In fact, one of the recommendations by the 2018 UPR highlighted the need of an integral sexual education to inform women and girls about sexual health and reproductive rights.[ix] In short, this law potentially challenges the quality of education in human rights, justice and freedom of expression while hampering the development of critical thinking skills.

Also, as regards legal improvements, it should be noted that, as noted in the 2018 UPR recommendations, fully equipping disabled people with full juridical capacity and recognition in the Civil Code could guarantee their access to adapted, inclusive, quality education, which is something that hasn’t been fully achieved yet.[x]

The Digital Gap

The Covid-19 pandemic hit the Peruvian educational system hard: in 2021, a total of 124.533 students stopped attending the classes. Although the government of Perú acted fast and implemented various policies to continue providing education for all students (including the provision of technological material to families with little resources and connectivity, and equipping teachers with capacities to adapt to virtual education)[xi], the crisis underscored a salient problem in Peruvian education: the so-called Digital Gap.

Children from a rural area using technological devices. Photo by Servindi.

Numerous studies conducted during and after the pandemic highlighted that rural, usually indigenous families (which are also often the ones with lowest income) have got less access to technological material, sometimes lack internet connection and, by extension, attain less digital literacy than those located in urban areas under better socioeconomical conditions.[xii] The lack of technological accessibility and knowledge is a widespread problem in South America and the Caribbean, where as much as 55% of the population is affected.[xiii] This gap represents a situation of inequality in education access and quality between urban, wealthier populations and poorer rural communities, and it has implications far beyond the Covid-19 pandemic in a future where digital access is increasingly essential for professional development[xiv]. Less than 10% of the Peruvian population that did not finish primary education has access to internet[xv], highlighting that the inequality also affects those with a lower educational level, making the inequality somewhat cyclical. It should also be considered that ensuring the obtention of technology is not enough: the technological item itself needs to be accessible to students with special needs, which reportedly was the most overlooked collective during the pandemic.

Illiteracy, School Dropout and Absenteeism

According to the National Statistics Institute, around 5.6% of the population over 15 years old in Perú do not know how to read and write.[xvi] Literacy is key to reduce poverty and build democratic and fair societies with respect for social equality and human rights. While steady improvements have been made in this area in Perú, the illiteracy rate remains high, especially among, again, vulnerable collectives and minorities. Most illiterate individuals live in contexts of extreme poverty located in rural areas (in which illiteracy is 4 times greater than in urban areas), are indigenous, and their mother tongue is Quichua, Aimara or another regional language.[xvii] The gender component, which will be elaborated on further on this article, also plays into illiteracy: 8.3% of Peruvian women are illiterate, compared to 2.9% of men.[xviii]

Women from a rural area attending a literacy class. Photo by Diario Correo.

The number of workers between 14 and 18 years old has reportedly increased by 485.000 in 2021.[xix] Many young individuals who live in non-urban areas in poor economic conditions, often must assume work duties to survive, which makes their school attendance irregular and negatively impacts their performance.[xx] This is especially true for girls, who are often assigned to do the bulk of domestic work by their families, or who are affected by teenage pregnancy and sometimes forced into marriage.[xxi] This represents an obstacle to alphabetization and obtention of quality education, as well as a school dropout problem: the dropout rate in Perú is of 6.3%. For the reasons mentioned above, the rate for women is of 10.2% while for men it is of 8.4%.[xxii]

The challenge here is obvious: there needs to be greater efforts to increase literacy, particularly in poverty and rural contexts, including tending to the cultural and language needs of indigenous communities by enacting more flexible and inclusive education systems.[xxiii] Gender sensitive policies to ensure the education of girls and women must also be developed, while fighting patriarchal gender roles that undermine their rights.

A child working in agriculture. Photo available in RCR.

Sexual Violence in Education

In 2018, 34.6% of the Peruvian teenagers between the ages of 12 and 17 had reportedly been victims of sexual abuse either at home or at school.[xxiv] Needless to say, these experiences deeply harm children at various levels and profoundly violate their human rights, including their right to quality education. This figure is alarming enough to highlight the importance of preventing such violence in education through implementing strong reporting and detection mechanisms, applying multisectoral prevention plans against child victimization, providing education in sexual and gender matters, raising awareness as well as building a stronger and more accessible justice system.[xxv]

Discrimination

As it can be picked up from the sections above, there is a level of discrimination towards certain (vulnerable) populations in Peruvian education, expressed through situations of inequity, inequality of opportunities and access to education, and differential provision of quality education.

Discrimination by gender is one of the most pressing matters. As explained earlier, Peruvian women and girls experience inequality in access and permanence in primary, secondary, and tertiary education due to socially enforced sexist gender roles that disregard their right to quality education.[xxvi] The inequality worsens in the case of women who live in rural areas; a limited education limits their professional possibilities, driving them towards jobs that do not require professionalization, provide low incomes and poor working conditions.[xxvii] Moreover, although the legislation includes a gender lens in education since 2003, implementation of a curriculum on gender issues has been very slow, mainly due to the opposition of religious groups.[xxviii] Hence, education in Perú still enforces sexist stereotypes that perpetuate gender inequalities.

Children from rural areas attending class. Photo by Educacción Perú.

Inequality is experienced by rural populations as well, visible through the previously mentioned education access difficulties, lower quality education due to lower resource allocation in rural educational centers, lack of technological facilities, and socioeconomical constrains. Indeed, the discrimination of these individuals intersects with the discrimination of lower socioeconomic status individuals, whose conditions makes it hard to attain educational continuity and good performance. Only 1 in 10 poor youths access university, while 5 in 10 rich youths do.[xxix]

Also intersecting with the discrimination towards rural populations, there is a longstanding discrimination against indigenous peoples. Evidence of this is displayed, for example, by the fact that they are vastly underrepresented in tertiary education. Students whose mother tongue is Spanish are more than twice as likely to register in tertiary education (34.4%) than those whose mother tongue is an indigenous one (14.1%).[xxx]

Disabled students also suffer a longstanding situation of inequality that, although formally condemned by the state and legally acknowledged, in practice results in the continued segregation of disabled students and a deficient Basic Education assistance rate of 52%.[xxxi]

Disabled children attending school. Photo by Perú 21.

Yet another level of discrimination in education can be seen against Venezuelan migrant children. Venezuelan migration to Perú for sociopolitical and economic reasons has been a rising phenomenon over the last years. Unfortunately, prejudices against them and structural disadvantages has placed them in a position of vulnerability; and Venezuelan children have not been exempted from it: 42% of Venezuelan children in Perú still have not accessed formal education.[xxxii] More palpable forms of discrimination towards Venezuelan children such as xenophobic bullying have also been reported.  Physical or psychological violence in the context of education has been the result of xenophobia against Venezuelans, sometimes intersecting with other forms of discrimination, such as gender-based prejudices, which have contributed to the hyper-sexualization of Venezuelan girls.[xxxiii]

All in all, it seems necessary to promote inclusive educational schemes in which centers, educators, students, and families take conscience of the existing inequalities and work together to overcome them. The state needs to properly equip institutions and professionals in order to implement policies that shape a system that truly grants universal access to the same opportunities and quality contents while ensuring a positive and safe environment for all individuals.[xxxiv]

 

[i] Human Rights Tracker (n.d.)

[ii] UN, Human Rights Council (2018)

[iii] Ames (2021)

[iv] Ames (2021)

[v] Aquino (2018)

[vi] Ames (2021)

[vii] Cabrera (2023)

[viii] UN Perú (2022)

[ix] UN, Human Rights Council (2018)

[x] UN, Human Rights Council (2018)

[xi] Tarazona (2021), Fundacion Weise (2021)

[xii] Ortega Murga et al. (2021), Acho Ramirez et al. (2021)

[xiii] Tarazona (2021)

[xiv] Ortega Murga et al. (2021), Fundacion Weise (2021), Acho Ramirez et al. (2021)

[xv] Tarazona (2021)

[xvi] INEI (2018)

[xvii] Plan International Perú (2022), CARE (2023), INEI (2018)

[xviii] INEI (2018)

[xix] CARE (2023)

[xx] Plan International Perú (2022), CARE (2023), Becerra Paico (2022)

[xxi] Plan International Perú (2022), Becerra Paico (2022)

[xxii] CARE (2023)

[xxiii] Castillo-Acobo et al. (2022)

[xxiv] UNICEF (2018)

[xxv] UN Perú (2022)

[xxvi] Rojas (2022), Becerra Paico (2022)

[xxvii] Santa María et al. (2020), Cuenca and Urrutia (2019)

[xxviii] Rojas (2022)

[xxix] Cuenca and Urrutia (2019)

[xxx] Ames (2021)

[xxxi] Ames (2021)

[xxxii] Navas Zaraza and Morin Cabrera (2021)

[xxxiii] Navas Zaraza and Morin Cabrera (2021)

[xxxiv] Castillo-Acobo et al. (2022)

 

REFERENCES

Acho Ramírez, S., Diaz Espinoza, M., Criollo Hidalgo, V., & García Camacho, O. E. (2021). La realidad de la educación inclusiva en el Perú y los retos desde la virtualidad. In EduSol, 21(77), 153-168.

Ames, P (2021). Educación,¿la mejor herencia o el mejor negocio?: La segregación educativa en el Perú y los desafíos para la formación ciudadana. In Revista Peruana de Investigación Educativa, 13(15).

Aquino, B. (2018, March 16). Costos y segmentación de la educación privada – Educación al Futuro. Educación Al Futuro. Retrieved from: https://educacionalfuturo.com/articulos/costos-y-segmentacion-de-la-educacion-privada/#:~:text=En%20cuanto%20a%20las%20pensiones,pensiones%20superiores%20a%20S%2F%201000.

Becerra Paico, B. D. (2022). Políticas públicas en educación: Discriminación por género en el sistema educativo, caso Centro Poblado Saltur del distrito de Zaña, provincia de Chiclayo en la región Lambayeque, 2018-2019. Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Facultad de Ciencias Histórico Sociales y Educación.

Cabrera, C. G. (2023, January 24). Perú amenaza la educación sobre derechos humanos. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from:  https://www.hrw.org/es/news/2023/01/24/peru-amenaza-la-educacion-sobre-derechos-humanos

CARE (2023, February 7). 5 Cifras Alarmantes de la Educación en el Perú. CARE Perú. Retrieved from: https://care.org.pe/5-cifras-alarmantes-de-la-educacion-en-el-peru/#:~:text=El%20Per%C3%BA%20tiene%20una%20tasa,a%C3%B1os%20no%20la%20ha%20culminado.

Castillo-Acobo, R., Quispe, H., Arias-Gonzáles, J., & Amaro, C. (2022). Consideraciones de los docentes sobre las barreras de la educación inclusiva. Revista De Filosofía, 39.

Cuenca, R., & Urrutia, C. E. (2019). Explorando las brechas de desigualdad educativa en el Perú. In Revista mexicana de investigación educativa, 24(81), 431-461.

Fundación Weise (2021, June 17). ¿Cómo superar los retos de la desigualdad educativa en Perú? Fundación Wiese. Retrieved from: https://www.fundacionwiese.org/blog/es/desafios-de-la-educacion-no-presencial-en-el-peru-como-superar-los-retos-de-la-desigualdad-educativa-en-peru/

Human Rights Tracker (n. d.) Right to education – Human Rights Tracker. Retrieved from:https://rightstracker.org/en/metric/education?pb=best&dir=desc®ion=americas

INEI (2018). Capítulo 6: Tasa de analfabetismo. In Perú: Indicadores de Educación por Departamentos, 2008-2018 (pp. 131–140).

Navas Zaraza, A., & Morin Cabrera, N. (2021). Documento de orientaciones para la prevención de la discriminación y el acoso escolar xenofóbico en las instituciones educativas. In repositorio.minedu.gob.pe.

Ortega Murga, O. J., Quispe Ávalos, A. M., Consuelo Navarro, B., & Tello Sifuentes, Y. (2021). La educación virtual en época de pandemia: Los más desfavorecidos en el Perú. In Horizontes Revista de Investigación en Ciencias de la Educación, 5(21), 109-122.

Plan International Perú (2022, June 22). Brecha de educación en el Perú: esta es la población más afectada. Plan International. Retrieved from: https://www.planinternational.org.pe/blog/brecha-de-educaci%C3%B3n-en-el-per%C3%BA-esta-es-la-poblaci%C3%B3n-m%C3%A1s-afectada

Rojas, E. S. A. (2022). La equidad de género en la educación peruana. In Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 608-619.

Santa María, B. C., Nizama, J. L. R., Santa María, I. C., & Ramírez, G. S. (2020). Educación y recursos económicos en mujeres del campo en Perú. In Revista de ciencias sociales, 26(2), 81-93.

Tarazona, C. N. (2021). Tensiones respecto a la brecha digital en la educación peruana. In Revista peruana de investigación e innovación educativa, 1(2), e21039-e21039.

UN, Human Rights Council (2018, March 28). Informe del Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Examen Periódico Universal. Examen Periódico Universal. United Nations, A/HRC/37/8.

UN Perú (2022, April 21). Ante los casos de abuso sexual contra niñas, niños y adolescentes. UN Perú. Retrieved from: https://peru.un.org/es/178888-ante-los-casos-de-abuso-sexual-contra-ni%C3%B1as-ni%C3%B1os-y-adolescentes

UNICEF (2018, July 18). UNICEF pide tolerancia cero y acciones urgentes frente al abuso sexual de niños, niñas y adolescentes en las escuelas. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/peru/comunicados-prensa/unicef-pide-tolerancia-cero-y-acciones-urgentes-frente-al-abuso-sexual-de-ninos

EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES IN PORTUGAL: challenges of mitigating socio-economic inequalities

Written by Agnes Amaral

Introduction

At the end of the 1990s, the educational discussion in Portugal was about the need of a school for all people which involved moving towards a more intercultural education. This made bilingual schools a famous model that has grown in the country for the past years. For the 21st century, the discussions involved the direction of children’s education within a social policy and developing beyond the school space. For example, guarantee assistance offered from 11 months of age, put education as a priority in everyone’s life, and adopt a paradigm of lifelong education. In addition, there were actions to prevent early school leaving. The conference held in 2007 by Portugal’s Department of Education[1] was relevant in highlighting these and other challenges of the period. The government priority has become a more smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth in education. To achieve social security, such as guaranteeing jobs. Creating a redirection toward student-centered learning, to make them able to meet the challenges of competitiveness and the use of new technologies. Although there has been an increase in the ranking of elementary school attendance and literacy from 2021 to 2022 Global Gender Gap Report, inequality in access to education is still a reality. Since in Portugal, the socio-economic background of students has a significant impact on their academic opportunities.

woman in black long sleeve shirt holding white face mask

Photo by Kelly Sikkema on Unsplash

Covid aftermath:

Due to COVID there has been an increase in anxious and vulnerable students due to non-face-to-face teaching causing less social interaction among students. The National Council of Education (CNE) reports that 23% of students may not have participated regularly in school activities during distance learning. This mainly affected students who already had less financial or social resources. One of the problems faced was the lack of access to digital platforms and the mediums to access these.

Asylum seekers:

There are some educational requirements imposed by the Government of Portugal that complicate the participation of asylum seekers into education. It is necessary to develop pedagogical activities for the specific needs of these students. It is possible to observe the difference in results for those students with a less privileged background, such as immigrants.[1] The language barrier is also considered a challenge in these situations. There is data showing that foreign students repeat courses in primary and secondary school more often than their peers[2].

According to the DGEEC (2020) report, School Profile of Roma Communities 2018/2019, retention and dropout rates are higher among Roma students than for the general population (15.6% in primary education and 12.6% in secondary vs 3.7% and 12.9% for the whole student population).[3]

Higher education:

According to OECD, Portugal has one of the lowest percentages of 25–64-year-olds with at least a higher education completed. This number becomes even smaller when there is a comparison between genders. While in the natural sciences the number of female undergraduates has increased, in the fields of business, management, and law where the number remains low.[4]

Unemployment and educational attainment:

Compared to other countries, Portugal has a high unemployment rate for those with a bachelor’s degree[5]. The proportion of adults who have been unemployed for at least a year among all unemployed adults with below upper secondary education is relatively high.[6] They face less opportunities due to the lack of labor market to contract qualified people. However, the government tries to improve this reality with programs like Qualifica,[7] which has the main objective of improving the qualification levels of adults, contributing to the progression of the population’s qualifications and improving the employability of individuals. But this is not yet the reality in the country, which seeks to reach the European Union’s employability target (60%) by 2030.

Conclusion

We can conclude that Portugal has many results in its favor. For instance, it has shown an increase of students in university education which is supported by the Adult Impulse Program and the Young Impulse STEAM program, which demonstrates effectiveness in actions.[8] Nevertheless, the economic and social background of the students is still an issue that directly impacts their opportunities of accessing to higher education. However, as mentioned before, the government has taken efforts to mitigate these inequalities specifically in higher education such as the initiative to sign a tripartite agreement to support students in technological areas in 2021[9] and in early childhood education. Another initiative was to create a care plan which plans to expand access to education for all children from the age of 3, with mandatory schooling. The increase in the number of teachers in this area can be considered an efficient factor for the evolution of the project. Nevertheless, there are still some regions that receive more support than others[10] which Portugal needs to address in order to mitigate a clearer fracture in the educational dynamic of the country.

Cover photo – https://pixabay.com/photos/school-draw-drawing-education-1974369/

[1] Leite, C. (n.d.). DESAFIOS QUE SE COLOCAM À ESCOLA EM PORTUGAL [Review of DESAFIOS QUE SE COLOCAM À ESCOLA EM PORTUGAL]. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/132320/2/444121.pdf

[1] Carreirinho, I. (2021). Country Report: Portugal (ECRE, Ed.) [Review of Country Report: Portugal]. European Council on Refugees and Exiles. https://asylumineurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/AIDA-PT_2021update.pdf

[2] Education and Training Monitor 2022. (n.d.). Op.europa.eu. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/en/country-reports/portugal.html

[3] Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência. (n.d.). Direção-Geral de Estatísticas Da Educação E Ciência. Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://www.dgeec.mec.pt/np4/97/

[4] Education GPS – Portugal – Overview of the education system (EAG 2019). (n.d.). Gpseducation.oecd.org. https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=PRT&treshold=10&topic=EO

[5] Education GPS – Portugal – Overview of the education system (EAG 2019). (n.d.). Gpseducation.oecd.org. https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=PRT&treshold=10&topic=EO

[6] Education GPS – Portugal – Overview of the education system (EAG 2019). (n.d.). Gpseducation.oecd.org. https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=PRT&treshold=10&topic=EO

[7] +eficaz. (n.d.). Portal Qualifica. Www.qualifica.gov.pt. Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://www.qualifica.gov.pt/#/

[8] Education and Training Monitor 2022. (n.d.). Op.europa.eu. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/en/country-reports/portugal.html

[9] ESTEL – Escola Profissional de Tecnologia e Eletrónica – Vídeos – E-volui. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://e-volui.pt/estel-videos/?dc=VideoEstel112

[10] Education and Training Monitor 2022. (n.d.). Op.europa.eu. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/en/country-reports/portugal.html