Palestine – Broken Chalk

(Hindi) Educational Challenges in Palestine

द्वारा फोिो जॉजज फर्ाांडीज सालास अर्स्पप्लैश पर शशक्षा एक मार्व अधिकार है जो सभी व्यक्तियों के शलए सलभ होर्ा चाटहएु , चाहे उर्की पररक्स्पितियाां कुछ भी हों। फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें, शशक्षा की गणवत्ता और पहु ुांच चल रहे कब्जे और उपतर्वेशीकरण, राजर्ीतिक अक्स्पिरिा और आधिजक चर्ौतियों से काफी प्रभाववि हु ुई है। यह लेख फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें शशक्षा की विजमार् क्स्पिति पर चचाज करेगा, शशक्षा की गणवत्ता और पहु ुांच पर ध्यार् क़ेंटिि करेगा। लेख उर् चर्ौतियों का भी ु पिा लगाएगा जो छात्रों और शशक्षकों का सामर्ा करिे हैं और फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें शशक्षा की गणवत्ता और पहु ुांच म़ें सिार के शलए लागु की गई कू ुछ पहलों की जाचां करिे ह।ैं फफशलस्पिीर्ी क्षेत्रों म़ें वेस्पि बकैं और गाजा पट्िी शाशमल हैं, जो भौगोशलक रूप से एक दसरे से अलग हैं। ू फफशलस्पिीर्ी राष्ट्रीय प्राधिकरण (पीएर्ए) वेस्पि बकैं म़ें शशक्षा प्रणाली के शलए क्जम्मेदार है, जबफक हमास गाजा म़ें शशक्षा प्रणाली को तर्यांत्रत्रि करिा है। वपछले 27 वर्षों म़ें, फफशलस्पिीर्ी शशक्षकों को इजरायल के कब्जे के कारण गांभीर समस्पयाओां को दर करर्ा पडा है ू – क्जसम़ें शैक्षणणक सांस्पिार्ों के लगािार बांद होर्े और पाठ्यपस्पिकों और अन्य शैक्षक्षक सामधियों पर प्रतिबांि लगार्े िक सीशमि र्हीां है। फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें ु छह से पांिह वर्षज की आय के बच्चों के शलए शशक्षा अतर्वायज और मु फ्ि है। ु 2018 म़ें यतर्सेफ र्े बिाया ू फक फफशलस्पिीर् राज्य म़ें, 95.4 प्रतिशि बच्चों को औपचाररक शशक्षा म़ें र्ामाांफकि फकया गया िा[2]। हालाांफक, फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें स्पकूल के सभी बच्चों म़ें से लगभग 25 प्रततशत िड़के और 7 प्रततशत िड़फकय ां 15 स ि की उम्र के ब द स्कू ि छोड़ देती हैं[3]। इसके अि व , 6 से 15 वर्ष की आय के बीच की ववकि ांगत ु व िे 22.5 प्रततशत िड़कों और 30 प्रततशत िड़फकयों ने कभी स्कू ि में द खिि नह ां लिय है[4]। यह बढ़ती गर बी और फिलिस्तीन पर इजर यि के कब्जे के क रण है, जजसक बच्चों के लिए उपिब्ध लशि की पहुांच और गणवत्त पर महत्वपु णष प्रभ व पड़त है।ू लशि की गणवत्त ु फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें शशक्षा की गणवत्ता चल रहे कब्जेु , उपतर्वेशीकरण और राजर्ीतिक अक्स्पिरिा से बहुि प्रभाववि हुई है। इजरायल के कब्जे के पहले 10 वर्षों के दौरार्, फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें कोई र्या स्पकूल र्हीां बर्ाया गया िा, क्जससे इस क्षेत्र म़ें शैक्षक्षक सवविाओां के ववस्पिार म़ें काफी बािा उत्पन्र् हु ुई, और इसके पररणामस्पवरूप बढ़िी आबादी के ववपरीि उपलब्ि शशक्षकों की सांख्या म़ें धगरावि आई। शैक्षक्षक सवविाओां की ु सांख्या और इस प्रकार शैक्षक्षक कमजचाररयों की कमी के कारण, कक्षाओां म़ें एक ही कक्षा म़ें 40 से 60 छात्रों के साि भीडभाड हो गई है, क्जससे शशक्षकों के शलए प्रत्येक छात्र को व्यक्तिगि ध्यार् और सहायिा प्रदार् करर्ा मक्ककल हो गया है[ु 6]। इसके पररणामस्पवरूप छात्र वपछड सकिे हैं और अपर्े साधियों के साि बर्े रहर्े के शलए सांघर्षज कर सकिे हैं। सांयति राष्ट्र शैक्षक्षकु , वैज्ञातर्क और साांस्पकृतिक सांगठर् की एक ररपोिज के अर्सार[ु 7], सांसािर्ों और सवविाओां की कमी फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें शशक्षा के सामर्े आर्े वाली मु ख्य चु र्ौतियों म़ें से एक है। कई स्पकु ूलों म़ें पाठ्यपस्पिकोंु , कांप्यिर और प्रयोगशालाओां जैसी बू तर्यादी सु वविाओां की कमी हैु , और कई शशक्षक ठीक से प्रशशक्षक्षि र्हीां हैं और आितर्क शशक्षण ववधियों और िकर्ीकों िक उर्की पहु ुांच र्हीां है। िर् की कमी और पस्पिकों और शैक्षक्षक सामधियों पर प्रतिबांि लगार्े से स्पकु ूल पस्पिकालयों म़ें छात्रों के शलए उपलब्ि ु सांसािर्ों को सीशमि फकया जािा है[8]। छात्रों के सामाक्जक और साांस्पकृतिक ववकास के शलए आवकयक कई पाठ्येिर गतिववधियों को इजरायल के अधिकाररयों द्वारा प्रतिबांधिि कर टदया गया है। सवविाओां की इस ु कमी के कारण, पवी यरुशलम म़ें लगभग आिे फफशलस्पिीर्ी बच्चों को तर्जी या अर्ौपचाररकू शैक्षणणक सांस्पिार्ों म़ें भाग लेर्े के शलए मजबर फकया जािा है।ू

फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें शशक्षा की गणवत्ता भी इस क्षेत्र म़ें राजर्ीतिक क्स्पिरिा और सु रक्षा की कमी से प्रभाववि है। ु सेव द धचल्ड्रर् (2020) की एक ररपोिज के अर्सार[ु 10]चल रहे सांघर्षज और राजर्ीतिक अक्स्पिरिा के पररणामस्पवरूप शैक्षणणक कैल़ेंडर म़ें बार-बार स्पकूल बांद हो रहे हैं और व्यविार् पैदा हो रहे हैं, क्जससे छात्र कक्षा के मल्ड्यवार् समय से चू क जािे हैं और अपर्ी पढ़ाई म़ें वपछड जािे हैं। फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें लगभग ू आिा शमशलयर् बच्चों को गणवत्तापु णज शशक्षा प्राप्ि करर्े के शलए मार्वीय सहायिा की आवकयकिा ू है[11]। गाजा पट्िी, और वेस्पि बकैं के लगािार बांद हैं – पवी यरुशलम सटहि ू – इजरायल द्वारा टहसां क हमलों के दौरार्, दैतर्क गतिववधियों और स्पवास्प्य देखभाल, पार्ी और शशक्षा जैसी आवकयक सेवाओां िक फकसी भी भौतिक पहुांच को प्रतिबांधिि करर्ा। बच्चे भी तर्यशमि रूप से टहसांा और िमकी के डर का अर्भव करिे हैं तयोंफक उन्ह़ें उच्च जोणखम वाले क्षेत्रों म़ें क्स्पिि स्पकु ूलों म़ें जार्े के शलए अतसर चौफकयों से गजरर्ा पडिा है या बक्स्पियों द्वारा आवागमर् करर्ाु पडिा है[13]। लशि की पहुांच फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें शशक्षा की पहुांच कई कारकों से प्रभाववि होिी है। तर्कि पवज म़ें फफशलस्पिीर्ी शरणाधिजयों के ू शलए सांयति राष्ट्र राहि और कायज एज़ेंसी (यु एर्आरडब्ल्ड्यू ए) (ू 2021) की एक ररपोिज के अर्सार[ु 14], पहुांच को प्रभाववि करर्े वाले मख्य कारकों म़ें से एक वेस्पि बकैंु और गाजा के बीच भौतिक अलगाव है। यह अलगाव छात्रों के शलए दो क्षत्रेों के बीच स्पिार्ाांिररि करर्ा मक्ककल बर्ािा है और इसके पररणामस्पवरूप ु छात्र शैक्षक्षक अवसरों और सांसािर्ों से चक सकिे हैं जो केवल एक क्षेू त्र म़ें उपलब्ि ह।ैं बच्चों को आमिौर पर स्पकूल जार्े के शलए लांबी दरी िय करर्ी पडिी है। शू आफि शरणािी शशववर म़ें रहर्े वाले अपर्े ु 10 वर्षीय बेिे के बारे म़ें बाि करर्े वाले एक मािा-वपिा र्े कहा फक उर्का बेिा £ 85 की माशसक लागि के

शलए स्पकूल से आर्े-जार्े म़ें हर टदर् चार घांिे त्रबिािा है, जबफक उसका दसरा बच्चा िीर् घांिे की यात्रा ू करिा है एक अलग स्पकूल[15]। जैसा फक पहले चचाज की गई िी, शशक्षा िक पहुांच पर इजरायल के कब्जे का प्रभाव भी एक महत्वपणज कारक है। रेड क्रॉस की अांिराजष्ट्रीय सशमति (आईसीआरसी) (ू 2021) की एक ररपोिज के अर्सार[ु 16], छात्रों और शशक्षकों को अतसर चौफकयों, बािाओां और अन्य बािाओां का सामर्ा करर्ा पडिा है। कुछ मामलों म़ें, सैन्य अशभयार्ों के दौरार् स्पकूलों को बांद या र्ष्ट्ि कर टदया गया है, क्जसके पररणामस्पवरूप छात्रों और शशक्षकों का ववस्पिापर् हुआ है।

रामल्ड्लाह के एक स्पकूल म़ें फफशलस्पिीर्ी लडफकयाां। – समर हज़बौर् द्वारा फोिो, UNWomen फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें आधिजक क्स्पिति भी शशक्षा की पहुांच को प्रभाववि करिी है। यतर्सेफ (ू 2018) के अर्सारु , कई पररवार शशक्षा से जडी लागिोंु , जसै े पररवहर्, स्पकूल की आपति जू और वदी को वहर् करर्े के शलए सांघर्षज करिे हैं[17]। इसके पररणामस्पवरूप बच्चे स्पकूल जार्े म़ें असमिज हो सकिे हैं या जल्ड्दी बाहर तर्कल सकिे हैं। ववत्तीय कटठर्ाइयााँ फफशलस्पिीर्ी बच्चों के स्पकूल छोडर्े के प्रािशमक कारणों म़ें से एक ह।ैं हालाांफक, फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें बच्चों को कई अन्य गांभीर मद्दों का भी सामर्ा करर्ा पडिा है जैसे फक बाल श्रम (ु 10-17 वर्षज की आय के बीच के बच्चों की कु ुल सांख्या का 3% भगिार् और अवैितर्क श्रम कायज करिे हु ुए पाए गए), कम उम्र म़ें वववाह (2018 म़ें पांजीकृि सभी वववाहों म़ें से, 20% 18 वर्षज से कम उम्र की लडफकयों के

िे), और कारावास (2019 म़ें, इजरायल की जेलों म़ें 18 वर्षज से कम उम्र के बच्चों को टहरासि म़ें लेर्े के

889 मामले सामर्े आए[18]।

इसके अलावा, शशक्षा िक पहुांच लडफकयों और ववकलाांग बच्चों के शलए ववशेर्ष रूप से चर्ौिीपु णज है। हालाांफक ू हाल के वर्षों म़ें कुछ प्रगति हुई है, साांस्पकृतिक और सामाक्जक बािाएां कई लडफकयों को स्पकूल जार्े से रोकिी हैं। यतर्सेफ के अर्ू सारु , फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें प्रािशमक शशक्षा म़ें लडफकयों के शलए शद्ि र्ामाांकर् दर ु

96% है, जबफक लडकों के शलए 98% है[19]। इसका एक उदाहरण जल्ड्दी वववाह है जैसा फक ऊपर प्रकाश डाला गया है। 2018 म़ें ररपोिज फकए गए 20% वववाहों के ववपरीि, 18 वर्षज से कम उम्र की लडफकयाां शाशमल िीां, और इर्म़ें से केवल 1% वववाहों म़ें 18 वर्षज से कम आय के लडके शाशमल िे। यह लडकों और पु रुर्षों ु की िलर्ा म़ें मटहलाओां और लडफकयों की शशक्षा को टदए गए महत्व की कमी को दशाजिा हैु , जो माध्यशमक और उच्च शशक्षा प्राप्ि करर्े के शलए प्रमख उम्र म़ें शादी करर्े और पररवार शु रू करर्े के शलए सामाक्जक ु और पाररवाररक दबाव का सामर्ा कर रहे होंग।े इसके अलावा, ववकलाांग बच्चों को शशक्षा प्राप्ि करर्े म़ें

कई बािाओां का सामर्ा करर्ा पडिा है, क्जसम़ें ववशेर्ष सवविाओां और प्रशशक्षक्षि शशक्षकों की कमी भी ु शाशमल है। लशि की गणवत्त और पहु ुांच में सध र के प्रय सु फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें शशक्षा की गणवत्ता और पहु ुांच म़ें सिार के प्रयासों र्े शैक्षक्षक सांसािर्ों िक पहु ुांच बढ़ार्े और पररवारों पर ववत्तीय बोझ को कम करर्े पर ध्यार् क़ेंटिि फकया है। फफशलस्पिीर्ी शशक्षा और उच्च शशक्षा मांत्रालय की एक ररपोिज के अर्सार[ु 20], सरकार र्े मफ्ि शशक्षा प्रदार् करर्े और छात्रवु वत्त और ववत्तीय ृ सहायिा िक पहुांच बढ़ार्े के उद्देकय से र्ीतियों को लाग फकया है। गैर सरकारी सांगठर्ों और अांिराजष्ट्रीय ू सांगठर्ों र्े भी र्ए स्पकूलों के ववकास और मौजदा स्पकू ूलों के र्वीर्ीकरण के साि-साि शशक्षकों के शलए शशक्षण सामिी और प्रशशक्षण प्रदार् करर्े के शलए सहायिा प्रदार् की है। यद्यवप सामाक्जक और राजर्ीतिक मद्दों से तर्पिर्े के शलए अभी भी एक लांबा रास्पिा िय करर्ा है जो फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें बच्चों के ु शलए शशक्षा िक पहुांच म़ें बािा डाल रहे हैं और उर्की सरक्षा को खिरा हैु , कम से कम आधिजक सांघर्षों का समािार् खोजर्े के शलए कदम उठाए जा रहे हैं।

अांि म़ें, फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें शशक्षा की गणवत्ता और पहु ुांच चल रहे सांघर्षज, राजर्ीतिक अक्स्पिरिा और आधिजक चर्ौतियों से काफी प्रभाववि है। फफशलस्पिीर्ी छात्रों और शशक्षकों को कई चु र्ौतियों का सामर्ा करर्ा पडिा ु है जो उन्ह़ें प्राप्ि होर्े वाली शशक्षा की गणवत्ता को ु प्रभाववि करिे हैं, क्जसम़ें सांसािर्ों और सवविाओां की ु कमी, उच्च छात्र-से-शशक्षक अर्पािु , बार-बार स्पकूल बांद होर्ा और शैक्षणणक जीवर् म़ें व्यविार् और उर्की शारीररक सरक्षा के शलए सामान्य खिरा शाशमल है। यद्यवप आधिजक मु द्दों से तर्पिर्े और शैक्षणणक ु सांस्पिार्ों के शलए उधचि बतर्यादी ढाांचे के ववकास के प्रयास फकए जा रहे हैंु , लेफकर् फफशलस्पिीर् के चल रहे उपतर्वेशीकरण से सांबांधिि सरक्षा खिरा और मु द्दे इस क्षेत्र म़ें स्पिायी राजर्ीतिक क्स्पिरिा की उपलक्ब्ि ु िक बर्े रह़ेंगे।

ग्रांथ सची:ू

अब-ूदहोउु , आई (1996)। कब्जे और फफशलस्पिीर्ी राष्ट्रीय प्राधिकरण के िहि फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें स्पकूल। फफशलस्पिीर्-इज़राइल जर्जल ऑफ पॉशलटितस, इकोर्ॉशमतस एांड कल्ड्चर, 3 (1)। उपलब्ि

है: https://pij.org/articles/566/schools-in-palestine-under-the-occupation-and-thepalestinian-national-authority

रेड क्रॉस की अांिराजष्ट्रीय सशमति। (2021). ICRC वावर्षजक ररपोिज 2021. यहाां उपलब्ि है: https://library.icrc.org/library/docs/DOC/icrc-annual-report-2021-2.pdf
शशक्षा और उच्च शशक्षा मांत्रालय। शशक्षा क्षेत्र रणर्ीतिक योजर्ा 2017-2022। उपलब्ि

है: https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ressources/palestine_educati on_sector_strategic_plan_2017-2022.pdf

ओसीएचए। अधिकृि फफशलस्पिीर्ी क्षेत्र: मार्वीय आवकयकिाओां का अवलोकर् 2018, र्वांबर 2017।

उपलब्ि है: https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/occupiedpalestinian-territory-humanitarian-needs-overview-2

फफशलस्पिीर्ी क़ेंिीय साांक्ख्यकी ब्यरो। (ू 2020). फफशलस्पिीर्. उपलब्ि

है: https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_childDay2020E.pd f

बच्चों को बचाओ। खिरा हमारी वास्पिववकिा है: कब्जे वाले फफशलस्पिीर्ी क्षेत्र के वेस्पि बकैं म़ें सांघर्षज और शशक्षा पर कब्जे का प्रभाव। से शलया

गया: https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/danger-our-realityimpact-conflict-and-occupation-education-west-bank-occupied-palestinian/

शेरवडु , एच (2010)। पूवी यरुशलम म़ें फफशलस्पिीर्ी बच्चों को कक्षाओां की कमी का सामर्ा करर्ा पड रहा है। यहाां उपलब्ि

है: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/24/palestinians-east-jerusalemeducation।

यर्ेस्पको। (ू 2020). फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें शशक्षा. https://en.unesco.org/countries/palestine/education से शलया गया
यूतर्सेफ़। फफशलस्पिीर् राज्य: स्पकूल से बाहर के बच्चे। उपलब्ि है: https://www.unicef.org/mena/reports/state-palestine-out-school-children
यएर्आरडब्ल्ड्यू ए। (ू 2021). वावर्षजक पररचालर् ररपोिज 2021. से शलया गया: https://www.unrwa.org/resources/about-unrwa/annual-operational-report2021

अब-ू दहोउु , आई (1996)। कब्जे और फफशलस्पिीर्ी राष्ट्रीय प्राधिकरण के िहि फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें स्पकूल। फफशलस्पिीर्-इज़राइल जर्जल ऑफ पॉशलटितस, इकोर्ॉशमतस एांड कल्ड्चर, 3 (1)। पर उपलब्ि: https://pij.org/articles/566/schools-in-palestine-under-the-occupation-and-the-palestiniannational-authority
यूतर्सेफ़। फफशलस्पिीर् राज्य: स्पकूल से बाहर के बच्चे। पर उपलब्ि: https://www.unicef.org/mena/reports/state-palestine-out-school-childre_n [3] देखर्ा फुिर्ोि 2.
फुिर्ोि 2 देख़ें।
फुिर्ोि 1 देख़ें
फुिर्ोि 1 देख़ें
यर्ेस्पको। (ू 2020). फफशलस्पिीर् म़ें शशक्षा. से उपलब्ि है https://www.unesco.org/en/countries/ps [8] फुिर्ोि 1 देख़ें
शेरवडु , एच (2010)। पूवी यरुशलम म़ें फफशलस्पिीर्ी बच्चों को कक्षाओां की कमी का सामर्ा करर्ा पड रहा है। पर

उपलब्ि: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/24/palestinians-east-jerusalem-education.

बच्चों को बचाओ। खिरा हमारी वास्पिववकिा है: कब्जे वाले फफशलस्पिीर्ी क्षेत्र के वेस्पि बैंक म़ें सांघर्षज और शशक्षा पर कब्जे का प्रभाव। से शलया

गया: https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/danger-our-reality-impact-conflict-and-occupation-education-west-bankoccupied-palestinian/

ओसीएचए। अधिकृि फफशलस्पिीर्ी क्षेत्र: मार्वीय आवकयकिाओां का अवलोकर् 2018, र्वांबर 2017। पर

उपलब्ि: https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/occupied-palestinian-territory-humanitarian-needs-overview-2

फुिर्ोि 2 देख़ें
फुिर्ोि 2 देख़ें
यएर्आरडब्ल्ड्यू ए। (ू 2021). वावर्षजक पररचालर् ररपोिज 2021. से शलया गया: https://www.unrwa.org/resources/about-unrwa/annualoperational-report-2021
फुिर्ोि 9 देख़ें
रेड क्रॉस की अांिराजष्ट्रीय सशमति। (2021). ICRC वावर्षजक ररपोिज 2021. पर उपलब्ि: https://library.icrc.org/library/docs/DOC/icrc-annual-report-

2021-2.pdf

फुिर्ोि 2 देख़ें
फफशलस्पिीर्ी क़ेंिीय साांक्ख्यकी ब्यूरो। (2020). फफशलस्पिीर्. पर

उपलब्ि: https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_childDay2020E.pdf [19] फुिर्ोि 2 देख़ें

[20] शशक्षा और उच्च शशक्षा मांत्रालय। शशक्षा क्षेत्र रणर्ीतिक योजर्ा 2017-2022। पर

उपलब्ि: https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ressources/palestine_education_sector_strategic_plan_2017-2022.pdf

Hindi Palestine

Rumeysa Ozturk is among the 300 students to be deported for her advocacy for Gaza

By Lucia Grand & Edoardo Turco

Rümeysa Öztürk, a 30-year-old Turkish doctoral student at Tufts University, was abruptly detained on March 25, 2025, by plainclothes officers from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) while walking to join friends for a Ramadan iftar dinner in Somerville, Massachusetts. The unsettling incident was captured on video and rapidly spread through mainstream media, sparking significant public concern. The footage revealed masked agents intercepting Öztürk, handcuffing her, and escorting her into an unmarked vehicle.

Öztürk had moved to the United States under an F-1 student visa, after previously earning a master’s degree from Columbia University and serving as a research assistant at Boston University. The day before her arrest, without any prior notification, DHS had revoked her visa based on allegations of her supporting Hamas, a political and militant organization in Gaza designated by the U.S. government as a foreign terrorist group. Despite these serious allegations, no tangible evidence has been provided to substantiate claims of Öztürk’s involvement in criminal activities or direct support of Hamas. Consequently, she has not been formally charged with any crime.

The allegations seem to stem primarily from an opinion piece co-authored by Öztürk and 32 other Tufts students, published in The Tufts Daily. In this article, the authors criticized Israel’s human-rights abuses in Gaza following the Hamas attacks against Israeli civilians on October 7, 2024, and urged the university to divest from companies linked to these practices. Although the piece did not contain explicit support for Hamas, Öztürk’s personal details were subsequently posted on “Canary Mission,” a controversial pro-Israel website that publicizes personal information about pro-Palestinian advocates, labeling them as antisemitic.

Immediately following her detention, Öztürk was moved from Massachusetts to an immigration detention facility in Louisiana, approximately 2,400 kilometers away from her residence. This relocation directly violated a judicial order requiring a 48-hour notice before moving detainees out of state, hindering her constitutional right to access legal counsel. Her lawyers and civil rights advocates have condemned the transfer, emphasizing that it obstructed her basic rights and due process protections. In response, U.S. government officials under the second Trump administration cited the Immigration and Nationality Act, stating it provides the State Department broad authority to deport non-citizens deemed adversarial to the nation’s foreign policy and national security interests. U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio publicly supported this interpretation, stating explicitly that visa and green-card holders could be deported for “virtually any reason.”

Öztürk’s detention reflects broader shifts in immigration enforcement under President Trump’s second term, which have seen intensified scrutiny of international students and residents expressing pro-Palestinian sentiments. Administration officials use extensive social media surveillance to flag individuals perceived as security risks, conflating nonviolent activism and political criticism of Israel with support for terrorism. Critics argue this practice dangerously blurs the distinction between legitimate free speech and violent extremism. Moreover, universities might lose government approval to enroll international students if they are perceived as lenient towards what authorities label extremist views, generating a climate of fear and self-censorship among scholars and administrators.

Furthermore, Trump’s January 2025 executive order pledging to combat antisemitism on campuses has heightened fears that any pro-Palestinian advocacy could provoke visa revocations and deportations. Multiple international students from prestigious universities, including Ivy League institutions, have similarly faced sudden visa cancellations after voicing support for Palestinian rights. Civil rights groups have widely criticized these measures as politically motivated and repressive, undermining democratic values of free speech and debate, and fueling a politics of fear intended to intimidate potential critics.

Currently, Öztürk remains detained in Louisiana, with her legal proceedings transferred from Massachusetts to Vermont. A federal judge in Vermont has temporarily halted her deportation, though her ultimate legal fate remains uncertain. The Turkish government is actively engaging in diplomatic efforts to secure her release and provide consular assistance.

The case of Rümeysa Öztürk raises profound concerns over freedom of expression, immigrant rights, and the increasingly politicized application of immigration laws. Amid deepening diplomatic ties between the U.S. and Israel under the Trump administration, her situation underscores a disturbing trend: human rights and personal freedoms risk becoming secondary to geopolitical alliances and political rhetoric, jeopardizing the fundamental principles of democracy and academic freedom.

Featured Photo by niu niu on Unsplash

Protecting Deceased Individuals and Their Remains

Presented by Alexia Kapsampeli

International humanitarian law has established important principles about dead and missing in armed conflict. These principles protecting dead persons are based on fundamental human values.
The requirements that the dead be treated with respect and dignity existed long before there were any attempts to identify and codify the legislation.¹ In Homer’s Iliad, horror and concern about the dead becoming “prey to dogs and vultures” exist.² According to the Greek Heroic Age standards, when Homer wrote the Iliad, “it is recognised custom for the victor after stripping his dead enemy to throw the body to the dogs and vultures”.³ Similarly, in the Classical period, Sophocles’ Antigone discusses the treatment of Polynice’s dead body. ⁴ As the first Professor of Anthropology at the University of Oxford, Edward B. Tylor, emphasised in his book “Primitive Culture, ii”: “In classic antiquity… it was the most sacred of duties to give the body its funeral rites”.⁵

The government of Israel claims that the Geneva Conventions do not apply to the occupied Palestinian territories. However, human rights law is still applied even in an armed conflict, as a part of international humanitarian law, according to the International Court of Justice and the United Nations Human Rights Committee 19. As for Hamas, it is not a party to the international conventions, but the customary rules of international humanitarian law apply to all parties in an armed conflict. On the other hand, Israel’s actions in the Occupied Palestinian Territories are limited by international humanitarian law and by the customary rules of human rights law.

In a July 2020 report, the United Nations rapporteur on human rights, Michael Lynk, of withholding bodies of killed Palestinians. According to the report, “UN Secretary Ban Ki-Moon observed in 2016 that the withholding of bodies amounts to collective punishment and is also inconsistent with Israel’s obligations as an occupying power under the Fourth Geneva Convention”. It is said collective punishment is a tool of control and domination that is antithetical to the modern rule of law and prohibited by all legal systems across the globe.¹³

18A-Input_for_report_on_protection_of_dead_persons

Download the PDF here.

Featured Image “Jerusalem, located on a plateau in the Judean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, is one of the oldest cities in the world. ” by Northern Adventures on Flickr.

¹ Last Rights The Dead, the Missing and the Bereaved at Europe’s International Borders 2 Proposal for a Statement of the International legal obligations of States May 2017 https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Migration/36_42/TheLastRightsProject.pdf Last accessed on January 17, 2024
² Hrvoje Cvijanović “Death and the City: Political corpses and the specters of Antigone” University of Zagreb, 2019, https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/336271 Last accessed on January 19, 2024
³ Basset Samuel Elliot “Achilles’ Treatment of Hector’s Body” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, p 41-65, 1933
⁴ Hrvoje Cvijanović “Death and the City: Political corpses and the specters of Antigone” University of Zagreb, 2019, https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/336271 Last accessed on January 19, 2024
⁵ Frank Tarbell “Greek Ideas as to the Effect of Burial on the Future of the Soul” Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) Vol 15, pp (36-45) https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935798?seq=1 Last accessed on January 19, 2024

¹³ Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session44/Documents/A_HRC_44_60.pdf, 2020, Last accessed on January 21, 2024

humanitarian law Israel Palestine un call inputs UN Human Rights Council war

The Gaza Conflict Dilemma: Academic Freedom and the Complex Tapestry of Free Speech in American Universities

By Samantha Orozco

In recent days, Harvard’s President, Claudine Gay, resigned amidst an antisemitism scandal. Contrary to expectations, her resignation was not prompted by allegations of antisemitism at the renowned institution but by accusations of plagiarism. While such accusations warrant the resignation and removal of an academic in such a pivotal role, it is crucial not to overlook the controversy surrounding her decision to step down and the pressure exerted by members of the US Congress and Harvard’s Jewish Community.

Gay, alongside other esteemed university presidents such as Liz Maguill of the University of Pennsylvania (who also resigned) and Sally Kornbluth of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, faced scrutiny following allegations of antisemitism and potential endorsement of university authorities. This situation preceded a hearing initiated by the US Congress Republican Party to investigate “their actions to curb and penalize antisemitism in their respective universities.” [1]

Claudine Gay, president of Harvard University taken by Ken Cedeno, Reuters

The inquiries and pressure directed at these university presidents are just the tip of the iceberg in the attempt to stifle freedom of speech in American universities. For instance, Columbia University prohibited participation in demonstrations supporting either Palestine or Israel. While this initially suppressed the two main student groups, the resolution backfired as students organized protests and formed over 40 student groups to continue expressing support for their causes.[2] Another example is the decision by Ron DeSantis, Governor of the State of Florida, to declare all pro-Palestinian groups in state universities illegal and compel their closure.[3]

The situation unfolding in American universities and the congressional approach to the matter threatens academic freedom and the right to freedom of speech. This is exacerbated by the fact that this precedent could set an example nationwide, where a pro-Palestinian liberation movement emerges without the intention of promoting hate speech but instead creating discomfort for those with differing views. On the other hand, the concern lies in the unequal treatment of hate speech incidents, mainly when directed against Palestinian or Muslim students.

“Anti-zionism is Antisemitism”?

The initial misstep in defining the boundaries of tolerance for expressions of support for the Palestinian movement occurred with the congressional resolution that equates anti-Zionism with antisemitism. [3] This sets a dangerous precedent, as many anti-Zionist movements advocate for a ceasefire in Gaza or criticize Israel’s military actions without promoting hatred or discrimination against Jews. Since October 7, several pro-Israel motions have been endorsed by Congress, reflecting widespread support for Israel among most US legislators during its offensive in Gaza, resulting in the tragic deaths of over 16,000 Palestinians.[4]

The conflation of anti-Zionism with antisemitism definitions has led to the interpretation of any form of support for Palestinians as acts of antisemitism. University presidents faced questioning on this matter, often relying on context to address inquiries. Their responses were often hesitant, not firmly stating whether certain behaviours are antisemitic or not, emphasizing the importance of context. In an environment where pro-Palestinian expressions are perceived as universally antisemitic, nuanced responses are challenging to provide, leading to the coerced cessation of pro-Palestine protests by university students.

Determining whether specific expressions may be considered antisemitic requires a case-by-case analysis, potentially placing such behaviours outside the protection scope of the right to freedom of speech. Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) asserts that everyone is entitled to freedom of speech, making expressions of support for Palestinians a fundamental exercise of this right. Striking a balance between freedom of speech and the prevention of hate speech is essential, though international human rights law lacks a formal definition of “hate speech.” Instead, most United Nations instruments refer to “incitement to discrimination, hostility, or violence.”[5]

Limitations on freedom of speech under international law aim to reconcile two fundamental principles. On one hand, the principle of equality and non-discrimination ensures the equal enjoyment of human rights, protection under the law, and dignity without discrimination. On the other hand, the right to freedom of opinion and expression safeguards the right to hold opinions without interference and to express, seek, receive, and impart information and ideas across all mediums and without borders. [6] Advocating for the implementation of drastic measures that quash any expression of support for Palestinians is a misguided approach in the pursuit of a shared objective, which ideally should be peace and the safeguarding of human dignity, irrespective of individual perspectives on the Gaza conflict.

American citizens pro-Palestinian protest in front of Israel Consulate – by Hossam el-Hamalawy on Flickr

The challenge for academy and university students

An intriguing aspect to ponder is the state of academia when contentious issues arise, potentially jeopardizing even professional positions. Will contributions to the analysis of the Conflict in Gaza, particularly from academics at renowned American universities, be tainted and stifled by the fear of being branded as antisemitic?

While advocating for the punishment of hate speech, incitement to Violence, or genocide against any involved groups in the conflict is commendable, the challenge lies in striking a balance that preserves academic freedom. This concept, rooted in medieval European universities,[6] encompasses the freedom of teachers and students to engage in teaching, studying, and research without undue interference or constraints from law, institutional regulations, or public pressures. Its fundamental tenets include teachers’ freedom to explore subjects of intellectual concern, present findings without censorship, and teach in a professionally appropriate manner.

Students can study relevant subjects, form conclusions independently, and express their opinions. Advocates argue that the justification for academic freedom is not solely for the comfort of educators and students but for societal benefits.[7] A society thrives when the educational process fosters knowledge advancement, and such progress is best achieved when inquiry remains free from state, institutional, or special-interest group restraints. In that sense, more than trying to suppress opinions, universities should promote healthy discussions among different perspectives and encourage students to participate in other academic spaces.

Ironically, being a college president may be one of the least desirable positions in American universities. The removal of a university president should ideally result from internal deliberations among board members and academic personnel, not from political pressures emanating from the Capitol. Universities must remain immune to political coercion, and authorities should distinguish between this and exercising freedom of speech and promoting academic freedom. At the moment, actions appear to favour a specific narrative, undermining the potential for diverse and healthy approaches and discussions in a nation where no voices should be silenced.

Notes:

[1]Blinder, Alan & Others for The New York Times. (12 December 2023) Universities Face Congressional Inquiry and Angry Donors Over Handling of Antisemitism. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/07/us/university-of-pennsylvania-mit-harvard-antisemitism.html

[2]Stack, Liam, for The New York Times. (November 2023) Columbia Closes Campus as Israel-Hamas protests erupts. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/nyregion/columbia-university-israel-hamas-protests.html

[3]Hay, Andrew for Reuters. Florida´s De Santis bans Pro-Palestinian Student Group. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/floridas-desantis-bans-pro-palestinian-student-group-2023-10-25/

[4]Mohamed, Edna, and others for Al Jazeera. Israel-Hamas war updates: More than 16,200 dead in Gaza from Israeli Attacks. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/5/israel-hamas-war-live-israeli-attacks-on-southern-gaza-reach-new-depths

[5]United Nations Human Rights Commission, Hate speech and incitement to hatred or Violence. Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-religion-or-belief/hate-speech-and-incitement-hatred-or-violence#:~:text=As%20a%20matter%20of%20principle,peaceful%2C%20inclusive%20and%20just%20societies.; The International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1965, prohibits “propaganda” and “dissemination of ideas” about racial superiority and The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (art. 4).1948, The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court was adopted in 1998 (art. 25).

[6]Simpson, R. M. (2020). The relation between academic freedom and free speech. Ethics, 130(3), 287-319.

[7]Hinchey, P. H. (2010). Finding freedom in the classroom: A practical introduction to critical theory (Vol. 24). Peter Lang; Barrow, C. W. (2017). Realpolitik in the American University: Charles A. Beard and the problem of academic repression. In Neoliberalizing the University: Implications for American Democracy (pp. 26-46). Routledge.

academy antisemitism Claudine Gay Columbia University current issues Free Speech Harvard Israel Jewish Community Liz Maguill M. Elizabeth Magill Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Palestine Palestine Israel Ron DeSantis Sally Kornbluth University of Pennsylvania US Congress

World Children’s Day 2023

In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls contends that political institutions should prioritise the rights of the most vulnerable in society. World Children’s Day, first established in 1954, affirms that priority. It affirms children’s rights to engage in discourses which influence their communities. It allows parents, teachers, community leaders, and young adults to consider what they can do to improve the lives of young(er) people around them. In this way, World Children’s Day is an excellent moment for reflecting upon the state of children worldwide–and for taking action to change it. In this press release, Broken Chalk reports on human rights abuses against children in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ukraine, and the Occupied Palestinian Territories.

The Democratic Republic of Congo

As of June 2023, 2,420 children had been killed, maimed, abducted and sexually violated in The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (Save The Children, 2023). These atrocities emerged from the ongoing political conflict between M23, the government, and paramilitary groups. The collapse of government infrastructure makes Congo’s population–which has a median age of 16–extremely vulnerable to abduction, induction into military groups, sexual violence, and death. The prevalence of ‘street children’, as locals call them, throughout Congo captures a central dimension of human rights violations against children in Congo.

Street Children

Rape and sexual violence are standard methods of warfare employed by Congolese paramilitary groups. The victims often face immense shame from their communities (Humanium, 2020). In many cases, these rapes result in unwanted pregnancies. To distance themselves from these traumatic events–and social shame– women will often abandon their children. As a result, these abandoned children are forced to live on the streets/forests with other orphans (Humanium, 2020). Once in these groups, they are confronted with a new social hierarchy: competition with older (sexually exploitative/exploited) children, gangs, and insurgent groups. In addition to these grave circumstances, they are often used for cheap child labour (Humanium, 2020). Children are ‘saved’ from the chaos of the streets by armed groups, where they are trained as soldiers. In turn, the children are taught to reproduce the cycle of violence and exploitation which constrained them.

Child Soldiers

According to Relief Web (2023), “The DRC had the highest number of child abductions globally”, sometimes as young as five years old. In 2023, 730 children were kidnapped from their homes (Save The Children, 2023). Furthermore, 1,600 children have been recruited by armed groups (France24, 2023). Child soldiers are subject to a tragic nexus of sexual and physical abuse. The infamous practice of holding children as “fetish keepers” is particularly appalling. Confident children are recruited because they believe they possess magic powers (Humanium, 2020). The recruits undergo a ceremonial abdominal cut. Those who survive this trial are put on the front lines of combat due to their apparent powers (Save The Children, 2023).

A report by the International Peace Support Training Center (IPSTC) found that over 90% of child soldiers had witnessed extreme violence and murder (IPSTC, 2013, p.8). Furthermore, approximately ⅓ of child soldiers have experienced sexual abuse, while almost 80% have been maimed (IPSTC, 2013, p.8). In the wake of these facts, the government has committed to preventing child recruitment into military forces (United Nations, 2017). For example, in 2013, 30,000 child soldiers were freed from the armed forces (ICC, 2013, p.2). Nevertheless, re-recruitment into these forces remains a serious issue.

Education

The DRC has committed to securing free primary education for its citizens, allowing over 4.5 million children to attend school (U.S. Agency for International Development, n.d.). So far, it has produced a literacy rate of 80 % (89.5% males and 70.8% females) (Central Intelligence Agency, 2023). In 2015, the IRC, Global TIES for Children, and the DRC government jointly pursued four goals: (1) teacher training, (2) community mobilisation, (3) vocational training, and (4) professional development (rescue, 2015). By 2016, students’ reading, geometry, and numeracy scores had increased (New York University & International Rescue Committee, 2015). However, poverty and warfare continue to strain the DRC’s education system.

The DRC’s commitment to free primary education eventually collapsed because of insufficient funding. The program depended on parents’ income, which could not support teachers’ salaries (usaid.gov). In turn, military conflict has forced millions of children to flee their homes–and schools.

Ukraine

On February 24th 2022, Russia started its invasion of Ukraine. Since then, over 3,000 schools have been destroyed, 7 million children have been displaced, 9,701 civilians have been killed, and 17,748 have been injured (United Nations, 2023). Russia’s relentless airstrikes and on-ground military operations constitute numerous human rights violations. According to a report published by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry in Ukraine, these violations include “unlawful attacks with explosive weapons…torture, sexual and gender-based violence, and transfers and deportations of children” (IICIU, 2023). Children in Ukraine face a unique set of human rights violations of the Convention on The Rights of The Child (CRC).

Education

The Ukrainian constitution affirms that “everyone has the right to education” (Human et al., 2023, p.58). Ukraine further recognises education as a human right, providing that “…international humanitarian law envisages [that]:… the right of children to receive an education shall be guaranteed” (Human et al., 2023, p.58). However, Russian forces have eroded (at best) and wholly decimated (at worst) Ukraine’s educational infrastructure.

There are reports of Russian military forces using schools as military infrastructure. In “Tanks on The Playground”, Human Rights Watch found that the Russian troops had commandeered a school in Izium. Eventually, a fire-fight between the Russian and Ukrainian military caused a fire which burned it down. There have also been reports of Russian forces stealing supplies from and hanging swastika insignias within schools. Online education has also been attempted–even though Russian attacks on power generators have severely restricted internet access. Nevertheless, the Ukrainian Ministry of Education reports that +95% of students were enrolled in schools (Human et al., 2023b).

Trafficking

The mass displacement of Ukrainian children has also increased the prevalence of human trafficking. Traffickers take advantage of and foment chaos at the borders, where children become separated from family members and are ultimately abducted (Siegfried, 2022). Traffickers include private and public bodies. The Yale School of Public Health found that Russian forces were abducting children and sending them to re-education camps (Viswanathan, 2023). Putin claims these transfers were conducted legally and saved their lives (Dickinson, 2023). Ukrainian officials have identified close to 20,000 victims, spread across Russia’s 40 camps, located from Crimea to Siberia.

Palestine – Education amidst suffering, fear and occupation

The recent events unfolding in Palestine have brought everything to a halt. Since the beginning of the occupation, Palestinian citizens have experienced numerous forms of suffering at the hands of Israeli authorities. Nevertheless, the current conflict has not only aggravated the fear and pain of Palestinian men and women but also prevented the proper development of future Palestinian generations.

Education represents a significant element of Palestinian society. According to UNICEF, 95.4% of Palestinian children have been enrolled in primary education. However, the statistics fail to tackle an ongoing challenge: school access. While the enrollment percentage presents a chance for a bright future for Palestinian children, the reality on the ground seems different. Vulnerable categories such as adolescent children with disabilities are more likely to drop out of school, with 22.5% of boys and 30% of girls with disabilities aged 6-15 never even enrolling in schools (UNICEF, 2018).

Moreover, due to the ongoing tensions in the Palestinian territories, half a million children are in dire need of humanitarian assistance to access quality education. The volatile environment and repetitive violent episodes of escalation around the West Bank and Gaza Strip, alongside restrictions imposed by Israeli authorities, pose further threats and challenges to the protection of children’s rights within the Palestinian Territories. Furthermore, the violations of children’s rights in Palestine not only sabotage the ability of children to learn and develop their potential but also enhance mental health issues, with fear, distress and intimidation impacting their everyday lives (OCHA, 2017).

While statistics bring an unparalleled contribution to the situation on the ground, they nevertheless fail to tackle the experiences of Palestinian children and citizens. In a recent article published by Al Jazeera, Ruwaida Amer, a science teacher at a local school in Gaza, describes the war’s impact on her everyday life. “For me, it is an almost maternal relationship between me and my students, and it extends beyond schoolwork”, she recalls. Since the government announced the suspension of the 2023-2024 school year, she has been unable to meet her students. She thoughtfully describes how her teaching career developed into something more than a teacher-student relationship. “They have this knack for making me laugh even when I am annoyed at their naughtiness – I cannot keep a straight face”, she fondly remembers. However, with the brink of the Israeli offensive within the territories of Palestine, the situation has changed. Now, all the beautiful experiences that she had with them are but mere memories. “I miss their morning sleepiness. I miss their naughtiness. I miss hearing them shout “Miss!” when I greet them. I want this war to stop so I can go back to getting to know them.” (Amer et al., 2023)

References

Central Intelligence Agency. (2023). Congo, Democratic Republic of the – The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/#people-and-society

Dickinson, P. D. (2023, July 27). Russia’s mass abduction of Ukrainian children may qualify as genocide. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/russias-mass-abduction-of-ukrainian-children-may-qualify-as-genocide/

Education | Democratic Republic of the Congo | U.S. Agency for International Development. U.S. Agency For International Development. (n.d.-b). Education | Democratic Republic of the Congo | U.S. Agency for International Development. https://www.usaid.gov/democratic-republic-congo/education#:~:text=Free%20primary%20education%20is%20becoming,of%20teachers%20tended%20to%20decrease.

France24. (2023, September 8). Violence makes eastern DR Congo “worst place” for children :

UN. France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230908-violence-makes-eastern-dr-congo-worst-place-for-children-un

Human Rights Watch. (2023). “Tanks on the Playground” Attacks on Schools and Military Use of Schools in Ukraine.

Human Rights Watch. (2023b, November 9). Ukraine: War’s Toll on Schools, Children’s Future. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/09/ukraine-wars-toll-schools-childrens-future#:~:text=Russia%27s%20full%2Dscale%20invasion%20of,are%20attacks%20on%20their%20future

Independent International Commission of Inquiry in Ukraine. (2023). Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/coiukraine/A_HRC_52_62_AUV_EN.pdf

IPSTC. (2013). Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. International Criminal Court.

New York University & International Rescue Committee. (2015). Opportunities for Equitable Access to Quality Basic Education (OPEQ): Final Report on the Impact of the OPEQ Intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo. https://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/document/642/ed-opportunitiesforequitableaccesstoqualitybasiceducation.pdf

Opportunities for Equitable Access to Quality Basic Education (OPEQ): Final report on the impact of the OPEQ intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo. (2015). rescue.org.https://www.rescue.org/report/opportunities-equitable-access-quality-basic-education-opeq-final-report-impact-opeq

Prashad, J. P. (2020, May 19). Children of the Democratic Republic of the Congo – Humanium. Humanium. https://www.humanium.org/en/democratic-republic-congo/

Save The Children. (2023, June 27). DRC remains the epicentre of a child suffering in war as the country tops the world list of grave violations against children – the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ReliefWeb.

Siegried, K. S. (2022, April 13). Ukraine crisis creates new trafficking risks. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/ukraine-crisis-creates-new-trafficking-risks

United Nations. (2023, September 24). Ukraine: Civilian Casualty Update 24 September 2023. ohchr.org. https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2023/09/ukraine-civilian-casualty-update-24-september-2023#:~:text=From%2024%20February%202022%2C%20which,9%2C701%20killed%20and%2017%2C748%20injured.

United Nations. (2017). Grave Violations. childrenandarmedconflict.un.org. https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/where-we-work/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/

N/D. “State of Palestine: Out-of-school children”. UNICEF. 2018. Date of access: 18.11.2023 https://www.unicef.org/mena/reports/state-palestine-out-school-children

N/D. “Occupied Palestinian Territory: Humanitarian Needs Overview 2018, November 2017”. OCHA. 2017. Date of access: 18.11.2023 https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/occupied-palestinian-territory-humanitarian-needs-overview-2

Amer. Ruwaida. “In this relentless war, oh, how I miss my students”. Al Jazeera. 2023. Date of access: 18.11.2023

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/12/in-this-relentless-war-oh-how-i-miss-my-students

Viswanathan, G. V. (2023, February 22). YSPH research reveals relocation and re-education of Ukrainian children – Yale Daily News. Yale Daily News. https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/02/22/ysph-research-reveals-relocation-and-re-education-of-ukrainian-children/

current issues Democratic Republic of Congo Occupied Palestinian Territories Palestine Ukarine World Children's Day

Pressemitteilung: Barrieren durchbrechen. Aufruf von Broken Chalk zum sofortigen Waffenstillstand und zur Selbstbestimmung am diesjährigen Internationalen Tag der Solidarität mit den Menschen in Palästina

An diesem historischen 29. November, dem 76. Jahrestag des UN-Teilungsplans in Palästina, muss die Welt sich mit dem palästinensischen Volk solidarisieren und sein grundlegendes Recht auf Widerstand gegen die Besatzung und auf Selbstbestimmung anerkennen. An diesem erschütternden Internationalen Tag der Solidarität mit den Menschen aus Palästina erhebt Broken Chalk nicht nur seine Stimme, sondern setzt sich besonders für die Vereinigung des palästinensischen Volkes in einem souveränen Gebiet und für eine harmonische Lösung des seit 75 Jahren andauernden israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikts ein. Heute im Jahr 1947 verabschiedeten die UN den Teilungsplan, der die Vision eines jüdischen und eines palästinensischen Staates mit Jerusalem als internationaler Zone, “corpus separatum”, entwarf. Dieser historische Beschluss legte den Grundstein für eine Zwei-Staaten-Lösung, die auf den Grundsätzen der Gleichberechtigung und Selbstbestimmung gemäß Artikel 1 (2) der UN-Charta beruht.^¹

Angesichts der jüngsten Ereignisse schließt sich Broken Chalk der Aussage von UN-Generalsekretär Antonio Guterres an. Guterres betonte, dass die Angriffe der Hamas vom 7. Oktober “nicht in einem Vakuum stattgefunden haben”, sondern mit dem 75-jährigen Kampf um Selbstbestimmung und dem Widerstand gegen die israelische Besatzung verwoben sind..^² Seit dem jüngsten Angriff der Hamas am 7. Oktober 2023 wurden im Gazastreifen über 12.000 Zivilisten getötet, darunter mehr als 5000 Kinder.^³ Der Gazastreifen ist zu einem Kinderfriedhof geworden”, so UN-Generalsekretär Guterres^⁴

Broken Chalk sieht besondere Relevanz in der Förderung des politischen Dialogs zwischen den beiden Parteien, um eine dauerhafte Lösung für den israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikt zu finden. Wir sehen die Dringlichkeit einer Zwei-Staaten-Lösung, und sind überzeugt, dass der Weg zu echter Selbstbestimmung für Palästinenser von seinen Grundsätzen aufgerollt werden muss. Nur durch vollständige Unabhängigkeit ist es der palästinensischen Zivilgesellschafft möglich, einen eigenen Staat, frei von äußerlichen Zwängen durch Israel oder die internationale Gemeinschaft, aufzubauen und zu entwickeln.

An diesem Tag, dem 29. November, ist es unerlässlich, weiter die Dringlichkeit einer Zweistaatenlösung in den Vordergrund zu stellen, wie auch ein Umfeld zu fördern, das sowohl Palästinensern als auch Israelis Unabhängigkeit und Souveränität zuspricht. Eine Wiedervereinigung der im Westjordanland und im Gazastreifen lebenden Palästinenser muss als dauerhafte Lösung im Rahmen der politischen Verpflichtungen Israels und des kollektiven Bewusstseins der internationalen Gemeinschaft anerkannt werden. Die bestehende Spaltung der Palästinenser in diesen beiden Gebieten behindert die Verwirklichung des palästinensischen Selbstbestimmungsrechts. Außerdem bestehen weiterhin Probleme mit illegalen Siedlungen im Westjordanland und der offensichtlich stagnierenden internationalen Autorität Palästinas (PA).

Broken Chalk erkennt das legitime Recht Israels an, sich gegen eine terroristische Organisation zu verteidigen, die sich die Zerschlagung des jüdischen Staates auf die Fahnen geschrieben hat. Allerdings unterstreicht Broken Chalk gleichzeitig die Wichtigkeit der Einhaltung des Völkerrecht, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der Wahrung der Verhältnismäßigkeit bei der Reaktion auf Sicherheitsbedrohungen liegt^⁵ Bei der Verurteilung des verwerflichen Angriffs der Hamas, ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung, die Diskrepanz in Israels Vorgehen hervorzuheben. Die Palästinenser im Gazastreifen erleben eine kollektive Bestrafung für die Aktionen der Hamas, was Fragen nach der Verhältnismäßigkeit der israelischen Reaktion aufwirft. Die von den israelischen Streitkräften angewandten Methoden scheinen nicht mit den angestrebten Zielen übereinzustimmen. Dies wird besonders durch das alarmierende Ungleichgewicht zwischen den Opferzahlen deutlich – für jeden verlorenen israelischen Zivilisten, starben in Verhältnis 10 Palästinenser.^⁶ In diesem komplexen Umfeld setzt sich Broken Chalk für ein maßvolles und verhältnismäßiges Vorgehen ein, das die Grundsätze des Völkerrechts respektiert und die Rechte und das Leben aller von dem Konflikt Betroffenen schützt.

Die jüngsten Angriffe haben den Aussichten auf eine Zwei-Staaten-Lösung einen schweren Schlag versetzt. Berichten zufolge droht den Palästinensern im Gazastreifen inmitten der laufenden Verhandlungen die Vertreibung in den ägyptischen Sinai.^⁷ Es ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, die Herausforderungen, mit denen der Gazastreifen konfrontiert ist, öffentlich zu machen. Dabei behindern Einschränkungen der territorialen, wirtschaftlichen- und Grenzkontrolle die Auslebung der Autonomie. Broken Chalk verurteilt die gemeldete Umsiedlung von Palästinensern in den südlichen Gazastreifen und fordert alle beteiligten Parteien aus, der Wahrung der Menschenrechte und des Völkerrechts Vorrang einzuräumen.^⁸

Im Einklang mit der Mission von Broken Chalk, Bildung allgemein zugänglich zu machen, verurteilen wir den katastrophalen Angriff auf die al-Fakhoora-Schule, die vom UNRWA betrieben wird, stark. ^⁹ Der Angriff auf Bildungseinrichtungen untergräbt das Grundrecht auf Bildung für alle und beeinträchtigt die Aussichten auf eine bessere Zukunft für die Palästinenser. Kinder sind die Zukunft unserer Welt und die internationale Gemeinschaft muss alles Notwendige tun, um Angriffe auf Flüchtlingslager und Schulen zu verhindern und den weiteren Verlust von Menschenleben unschuldiger Männer, Frauen und Kinder zu stoppen. Wir rufen dazu auf, gemeinsam mit anderen NGOs eine Spendenkampagne als Soforthilfe für die Betroffenen in Gaza zu starten.

Während wir an diesem bedeutenden Tag in Solidarität mit den Palästinensern zusammenstehen, ruft Broken Chalk die internationale Gemeinschaft auf, ihr Engagement für eine gerechte und dauerhafte Lösung zu erneuern, die die Rechte und Bestrebungen sowohl der Palästinenser als auch der Israelis respektiert. Wir fordern einen sofortigen Waffenstillstand und eine Überarbeitung des UN-Teilungsplans, in dem beide Seiten das Recht auf Selbstbestimmung anerkennen.

Broken Chalk teilt dies mit gebührendem Respekt mit.

Gezeichnet,

Broken Chalk

Übersetzt von Luzi Maj Leonhardt aus dem Originalbeitrag auf Englisch

References

1 https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/purposes-and-principles-un-chapter-i-un-charter#rel1

2 https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-united-nations-antonio-guterres-hamas-attack-vacuum-comments/

3 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/18/israeli-air-strikes-kill-28-palestinians-in-southern-gaza#:~:text=Since October 7, more than,to about 2.3 million people.

4 https://www.dci-palestine.org/4237_palestinian_children_killed_as_gaza_becomes_graveyard_for_children

5 https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/proportionality/

6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jsJYHuGPms

7 https://www.timesofisrael.com/intelligence-ministry-concept-paper-proposes-transferring-gazans-to-egypts-sinai/

8 https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/08/world/palestinians-fleeing-south-gaza-city-unbearable-situation/index.html

9 https://www.wionews.com/world/at-least-50-killed-in-israeli-airstrikes-on-al-fakhoora-school-in-gazas-jabalia-refugee-camp-660179

Ceasefire Internationalen Tag der Solidarität mit den Menschen in Palästina Israel Palestine Palestinian children Pressemitteilung

Comunicat de presă: Depășind Bariere. Apelul Broken Chalk pentru Încetarea Imediată a Focului și Autodeterminare în Ziua Internațională de Solidaritate cu Poporul Palestinian din acest an

29 noiembrie 2023

Cu ocazia acestei zile istorice de 29 noiembrie, care marchează 76 de ani de la planul de partiție al ONU, este vital să stăm uniți în solidaritate cu poporul palestinian, recunoscându-le dreptul inerent de a rezista ocupației și de a obține autodeterminarea. În această zi sfâșietoare a solidarității cu poporul palestinian, Broken Chalk nu doar își amplifică vocea, ci susține cu pasiune unirea poporului palestinian sub un teritoriu suveran și o rezoluție armonioasă a conflictului israeliano-palestinian care persistă de 75 de ani. În această zi în 1947, ONU a adoptat planul de partiție, conturând o viziune pentru un stat evreu și un stat palestinian, cu Ierusalimul ca zonă internațională “corpus separatum”. Această decizie istorică a pus bazele unei soluții ce prevedea două state, bazată pe principiile drepturilor egale și autodeterminării, conform Cartei ONU în Articolul 1 (2).^¹

În urma evenimentelor recente, Broken Chalk este în aliniament cu afirmația Secretarului General al ONU, Antonio Guterres, că atacurile din 7 octombrie ale Hamas “nu au avut loc într-un vid” și sunt interconectate cu lupta de 75 de ani pentru autodeterminare și rezistența la ocupația israeliană.^² Din momentul atacului recent al Hamas la 7 octombrie 2023, au fost uciși peste 12.000 de civili în Fâșia Gaza, dintre care peste 5000 sunt copii.^³ “Gaza a devenit un cimitir pentru copii”, spune Guterres, Secretarul General al ONU.^⁴

Broken Chalk subliniază importanța promovării dialogului politic bipartit în căutarea unei soluții de durată la conflictul israeliano-palestinian. Recunoscând urgența unei soluții cu două state, subliniem că drumul către o autodeterminare autentică pentru palestinieni trebuie să înceapă la nivelul de bază. Este imperativ ca societatea civilă să primească autonomie completă pentru a-și contura și modela propriile state, libere de impozițiile externe. Contemplând aspirațiile pe termen lung pentru autodeterminarea palestiniană, devine clar că un pas esențial este recunoașterea faptului că palestinienii au capacitatea de a construi independent un model pentru propriul lor stat, liber de constrângerile externe impuse de Israel sau comunitatea internațională.

În această zi, 29 noiembrie, este imperativ să reafirmăm nevoia imediată de a respecta angajamentul față de o soluție cu două state, promovând un mediu în care atât palestinienii, cât și israelienii prosperă cu o autonomie și suveranitate neîngrădite. Reuniunea palestinienilor din ambele teritorii, Cisiordania și Gaza, trebuie să depășească simpla considerație; ea cere recunoașterea ca soluție durabilă încorporată în angajamentele politice ale Israelului și conștiința colectivă a comunității internaționale. Diviziunea existentă dintre palestinieni în cele două teritorii nu doar împiedică realizarea autodeterminării palestiniene, ci perpetuează și provocările create de așezările ilegale din Cisiordania și stagnarea aparentă a Autorității Palestiniene (AP).

În timp ce recunoaște dreptul legitim al Israelului de a se apăra împotriva unei organizații teroriste complet dedicate desființării statului evreu, Broken Chalk subliniază importanța maximă a respectării neclintite a dreptului internațional, cu accent deosebit pe menținerea proporționalității în răspunsul la amenințările la adresa securității.^⁵ În condamnarea atacului universal deplorabil al Hamas, este crucial să evidențiem discrepanța în abordarea Israelului. Palestinienii din Gaza trăiesc o pedeapsă colectivă pentru acțiunile Hamas, ridicând întrebări despre proporționalitatea răspunsului Israelului. Metodele utilizate de Forțele de Apărare Israeliene par a fi incongruente cu obiectivele vizate, deoarece raportul alarmant de victime dezvăluie un dezechilibru evident – pentru fiecare civil israelian pierdut, 10 palestinieni au plătit un preț devastator.^⁶ Pentru a naviga acest peisaj complex, Broken Chalk susține o abordare măsurată și proporțională, care respectă principiile dreptului internațional în timp ce protejează drepturile și viețile tuturor celor afectați de conflict

Atacurile recente au adus o lovitură semnificativă perspectivei unei soluții cu două state, cu rapoarte care sugerează că palestinienii din Gaza se confruntă cu relocarea în Sinai, Egipt, în cadrul negocierilor în desfășurare.^⁷ Este crucial să aducem în atenție provocările cu care se confruntă Gaza, unde controlul limitat asupra teritoriului, frontierelor și economiei împiedică exercitarea unei autonomii depline. Broken Chalk condamnă relocarea raportată a palestinienilor în sudul Gazei și îndeamnă toate părțile implicate să acorde prioritate menținerii drepturilor omului și dreptului internațional.^⁸

În aliniament cu misiunea Broken Chalk de a face educația universală, considerăm atacul catastrofal asupra școlii al-Fakhoora, operată de UNRWA, extrem de deplorabil. ^⁹ Vizarea instituțiilor educaționale subminează dreptul fundamental la educație pentru toți și împiedică perspectiva unui viitor mai luminos pentru palestinieni. Deoarece copiii reprezintă viitorul lumii noastre, comunitatea internațională trebuie să facă tot ce este necesar pentru a preveni atacurile asupra taberelor de refugiați și școlilor și pentru a preveni pierderea ulterioară a vieții oamenilor nevinovați, bărbați, femei și copii. Cerem o colaborare viitoare cu alte ONG-uri pentru a organiza o campanie de strângere de fonduri ca ajutor de urgență pentru cei afectați în Gaza.

Pe măsură ce stăm împreună în solidaritate cu palestinienii în această zi semnificativă, Broken Chalk îndeamnă comunitatea internațională să-și reînnoiască angajamentul față de o rezoluție dreaptă și durabilă care respectă drepturile și aspirațiile atât ale palestinienilor, cât și ale israelienilor. Cerem o încetare imediată a focului și o revizuire a planului de partiție al ONU în care ambele părți să susțină dreptul la autodeterminare.

Broken Chalk adresează acest comunicat publicului cu respect.

Semnat,

Broken Chalk

Tradus de Ioana-Sorina Alexa, sursa [LINK]

References

1 https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/purposes-and-principles-un-chapter-i-un-charter#rel1

2 https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-united-nations-antonio-guterres-hamas-attack-vacuum-comments/

3 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/18/israeli-air-strikes-kill-28-palestinians-in-southern-gaza#:~:text=Since October 7, more than,to about 2.3 million people.

4 https://www.dci-palestine.org/4237_palestinian_children_killed_as_gaza_becomes_graveyard_for_children

5 https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/proportionality/

6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jsJYHuGPms

7 https://www.timesofisrael.com/intelligence-ministry-concept-paper-proposes-transferring-gazans-to-egypts-sinai/

8 https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/08/world/palestinians-fleeing-south-gaza-city-unbearable-situation/index.html

9 https://www.wionews.com/world/at-least-50-killed-in-israeli-airstrikes-on-al-fakhoora-school-in-gazas-jabalia-refugee-camp-660179

Ajutor umanitar Autodeterminare Ceasefire Conflict Israel-Gaza Criză umanitară Drept internațional Educație Gaza Încetarea focului Israel Mediere internațională Palestine Palestinian children Raport ONU Solidaritate

Thông cáo báo chí: Phá vỡ rào cản – Broken Chalk kêu gọi ngừng bắn ngay lập tức và trao quyền tự quyết cho người dân Palestine nhân ngày Quốc Tế Đoàn Kết

Ngày 29 tháng 11 năm 2023

Khi nhìn lại ngày 29 tháng 11 lịch sử này, đánh dấu 76 năm kế hoạch phân chia của Liên Hợp Quốc, thế giới phải đồng lòng với người dân Palestine và công nhận quyền vốn có của họ trong việc chống lại sự chiếm đóng và đạt được quyền tự quyết. Nhân ngày Quốc Tế Đoàn Kết cho người dân Palestine, Broken Chalk không chỉ lên tiếng kêu gọi mà còn nhiệt tình ủng hộ sự thống nhất của Palestine dưới một lãnh thổ có chủ quyền và một giải pháp hài hoà cho cuộc xung đột kéo dài 75 năm qua giữa Israel và Palestine. Vào ngày này năm 1947, Liên Hợp Quốc đã thông qua kế hoạch phân vùng Palestine, vạch ra tầm nhìn về một nhà nước Do Thái và nhà nước Palestine, với Jerusalem là khu vực quốc tế “phân tách”. Quyết định lịch sử này đặt nền móng cho sự hoà giải giữa hai nước trên nguyên tắc bình đẳng và tự quyết theo Hiến chương Liên Hợp Quốc điều 1 khoản 2.^¹

Trong bối cảnh những sự kiện gần đây, Broken Chalk nhấn mạnh sự khẳng định của Tổng Thư ký Liên Hợp Quốc Antonio Guterres rằng các vụ tấn công vào ngày 7 tháng 10 vùa qua của Hamas “không phải vụ việc ngẫu nhiên” mà gắn liền với cuộc đấu tranh kéo dài trong 75 năm cho quyền tự quyết và sự chống đối chiếm đóng của Israel.^² Kể từ những cuộc tấn công của Hamas, hơn 12,000 thường dân đã thiệt mạng ở Dải Gaza, trong đó có hơn 5,000 trẻ em.^³ “Gaza đã trở thành mồ chôn cho trẻ em”, một phát ngôn của Tổng Thư ký Liên Hợp Quốc.^⁴

Broken Chalk khẳng định tầm quan trọng của việc thúc đẩy đối thoại chính trị song phương trong việc theo đuổi một giải pháp lâu dài cho cuộc xung đột Israel-Palestine. Nhận thức được tính cấp thiết của vấn đề, chúng tôi nhấn mạnh rằng con đường dẫn đến quyền tự quyết thực sự cho người Palestine phải bắt đầu từ cấp cơ sở, từ tầm quan trọng của xã hội dân sự được ban hành toàn quyền về việc hình thành quốc gia mà không bị áp đặt từ bên ngoài. Khi suy ngẫm về khát vọng lâu dài về quyền tự quyết của người dân Palestine, chúng ta thấy rõ rằng bước tiến then chốt là sự thừa nhận về năng lực và mong muốn của người dân nơi đây trong việc xây dựng một mô hình quốc gia độc lập, không bị hạn chế từ Israel hay cộng đồng quốc tế áp đặt.

Vào ngày hôm nay, ngày 29 tháng 11, chúng ta cần phải khẳng định mạnh mẽ nhu cầu trước mắt phải duy trì cam kết về giải pháp song phương, thúc đẩy một môi trường nơi cả người dân Palestine và Israel đều phát triển với quyền tự trị và chủ quyền không bị kìm hãm. Việc đoàn tụ của những người Palestine cư trú ở cả Bờ Tây và Gaza phải vượt ra ngoài sự xem xét đơn thuần; nó đòi hỏi sự công nhận như một giải pháp lâu dài gắn liền với các cam kết chính sách của Israel và trong lương tâm tập thể của cộng đồng quốc tế. Sự chia cắt hiện tại của người Palestine ở giữa hai vùng lãnh thổ này không chỉ cản trở việc thực hiện quyền tự quyết của họ mà còn kéo dài những thách thức do việc xây dựng các khu định cư bất hợp pháp ở Bờ Tây và sự trì trệ đáng quan ngại của Chính quyền Palestine.

Trong khi công nhận quyền hợp pháp của Israel trong việc tự vệ trước một tổ chức khủng bố đã cam kết phá huỷ hoàn toàn quốc gia Do Thái, Broken Clalk muốn nhấn mạnh sự quan trọng hàng đầu của việc tuân thủ kiên định luật pháp quốc tế, với sự tập trung đặc biệt cho việc duy trì cân đối trong phản ứng đối với các mối đe doạ an ninh.^⁵ Khi lên án các cuộc tấn công tồi tệ của Hamas, điều quan trọng là phải nêu bật sự khách biệt trong cách tiếp cận của Israel. Người dân Palestine ở Gaza đang phải hứng chịu sự trừng phạt tập thể vì hành động của Hamas, đặt ra các câu hỏi về tính cân đối của phản ứng từ Israel. Các phương pháp mà Lực lượng Phòng vệ Israel sử dụng dường như không phù hợp với các mục tiêu đã đề ra khi mà tỷ lệ thương vong đáng báo động cho thấy sự mất cân bằng rõ rệt – cứ mỗi thường dân Israel thiệt mạng thì có 10 người Palestine phải trả giá một cách đau đớn.^⁶ Trong khi chúng ta điều hướng qua bối cảnh phức tạp này, Broken Chalk ủng hộ cách tiếp cận có chừng mực và cân đối, tôn trọng các nguyên tắc của luật pháp quốc tế đồng thời bảo vệ quyền và cuộc sống của tất cả những người bị ảnh hưởng bởi cuộc xung đột.

Những cuộc tấn công gần đây đã giáng đòn nặng nề vào triển vọng về giải pháp giữa hai nhà nước, với các báo cáo cho thấy người Palestine ở Gaza phải đối mặt với việc di dời vào Sinai – Ai Cập, trong quá trình đàm phán đang diễn ra.^⁷ Điều quan trọng lúc này là phải làm sáng tỏ những thách thức mà Gaza phải đối mặt, nơi sự kiểm soát hạn chế đối với lãnh thổ, biên giới và nền kinh tế đều làm trở ngại cho khả năng thực hiện quyền tự chủ hoàn toàn của họ. Broken Chalk lên án việc di cư của người Palestine đến Nam Gaza theo các báo cáo và kêu gọi tất cả các bên liên quan ưu tiên bảo vệ quyền con người và luật pháp quốc tế.^⁸

Đi cùng với nhiệm vụ của Broken Chalk là làm cho giáo dục trở nên phổ cập, chúng tôi cho rằng cuộc tấn công kinh hoàng vào trường al-Fakhoora, do UNRWA quản lý, là cực kỳ đáng lên án. ^⁹ Việc nhắm mục tiêu vào các cơ sở giáo dục làm suy yếu quyền cơ bản về giáo dục cho tất cả mọi người và cản trở triển vọng về một tương lai tươi sáng hơn cho người dân Palestine. Vì trẻ em là tương lai của thế giới chúng ta, cộng đồng quốc tế phải làm mọi cách để ngăn chặn các vụ tấn công vào các trại tị nạn và trường học, và để ngăn chặn thêm sự thiệt mạng của những người đàn ông, phụ nữ và trẻ em vô tội. Chúng tôi kêu gọi sự hợp tác trong tương lai giữa các tổ chức phi chính phủ để tổ chức chiến dịch quyên góp như một sự cứu giúp khẩn cấp cho những người bị ảnh hưởng ở Gaza.

Khi chúng ta cùng đoàn kết với người dân Palestine trong ngày quan trọng này, Broken Chalk kêu gọi cộng đồng quốc tế đổi mới cam kết về một giải pháp công bằng và lâu dài, tôn trọng các quyền và nguyện vọng của cả người Palestine và Israel. Chúng tôi kêu gọi ngừng bắn ngay lập tức và sửa đổi kế hoạch phân vùng của Liên Hợp Quốc, trong đó cả hai bên tuân theo quyền tự quyết của mình.

Broken Chalk trân trọng thông cáo.

Ký tên,

Broken Chalk

Dịch bởi Thao Pham từ trang tin: [LINK]

References

1 https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/purposes-and-principles-un-chapter-i-un-charter#rel1

2 https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-united-nations-antonio-guterres-hamas-attack-vacuum-comments/

3 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/18/israeli-air-strikes-kill-28-palestinians-in-southern-gaza#:~:text=Since October 7, more than,to about 2.3 million people.

4 https://www.dci-palestine.org/4237_palestinian_children_killed_as_gaza_becomes_graveyard_for_children

5 https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/proportionality/

6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jsJYHuGPms

7 https://www.timesofisrael.com/intelligence-ministry-concept-paper-proposes-transferring-gazans-to-egypts-sinai/

8 https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/08/world/palestinians-fleeing-south-gaza-city-unbearable-situation/index.html

9 https://www.wionews.com/world/at-least-50-killed-in-israeli-airstrikes-on-al-fakhoora-school-in-gazas-jabalia-refugee-camp-660179

Ceasefire Israel Israel và Palestine Ngày Quốc tế Đoàn kết của người dân Palestine ngừng bắn Palestine Palestinian children thông cáo báo chí

Comunicato Stampa: Superiamo le barriere. Broken Chalk lancia un appello per il cessate il fuoco immediato e per l’autodeterminazione in occasione della Giornata Internazionale della Solidarietà con il popolo palestinese

29 Novembre 2023

Mentre riflettiamo su questo storico 29 novembre, che segna 76 anni dal piano di spartizione dell’ONU, il mondo deve restare unito in solidarietà con il popolo palestinese, riconoscendo il loro intrinseco diritto di resistere all’occupazione e di raggiungere l’autodeterminazione. In occasione della Giornata Internazionale della Solidarietà con il popolo palestinese, quest’ anno più che mai segnata dal dolore, Broken Chalk esorta e sostiene fortemente l’unione del popolo palestinese in uno stato sovrano e la risoluzione pacifica del conflitto israelo-palestinese, che dura da più di 75 anni. Il 29 novembre 1947, le Nazioni Unite adottarono il piano di ripartizione, realizzando l’idea di uno stato ebraico e uno stato palestinese, con Gerusalemme costituita zona internazionale “corpus separatum.” Questa decisione pose le basi per la cosiddetta soluzione dei due stati, che si basa sui principi dell’ uguaglianza di diritti e dell’ autodeterminazione, così come sanciti dall’ Articolo 1(2) della Carta delle Nazioni Unite.^¹

Alla luce dei recenti avvenimenti, Broken Chalk condivide la posizione del Segretario Generale delle Nazioni Unite, Antonio Guterres, secondo cui gli attacchi del 7 ottobre da parte di Hamas “non sono un fatto isolato” ma sono inseriti nella lotta per l’autodeterminazione che dura da 75 anni e nella resistenza all’ occupazione israeliana.^²Dall’ attacco di Hamas del 7 ottobre 2023, si contano più di 12 000 vittime civili nella Striscia di Gaza, di cui più di 5 000 sono bambini.^³ “Gaza è diventata un cimitero per bambini”, afferma il Segretario Generale delle Nazioni Unite Guterres^⁴

Broken Chalk ribadisce l’importanza di promuovere un dialogo politico bipartitico per giungere ad una soluzione duratura del conflitto israelo-palestinese. Nel riconoscere la necessità della soluzione dei due stati, sottolineiamo che il cammino verso un’autentica autodeterminazione per i palestinesi deve essere avviato dalla gente comune. Bisogna garantire piena autonomia alla società civile affinché possa dar vita e forma al proprio stato, senza imposizioni provenienti dall’esterno. Considerando le lunghe aspirazioni all’autodeterminazione palestinese, è evidente che un passo essenziale in avanti risiede nel riconoscere ai Palestinesi il diritto di costruire un modello di stato in modo indipendente, liberi da pressioni esterne imposte da Israele o dalla comunità internazionale.

In questo giorno, il 29 novembre, è imperativo ribadire con passione l’urgente necessità di mantenere l’impegno per una soluzione favorendo la coesistenza di due stati, promuovendo un ambiente in cui sia i Palestinesi che gli Israeliani prosperino con un’autonomia e sovranità incondizionate. L’unione tra i palestinesi della Cisgiordania e della Striscia di Gaza non dovrebbe essere solamente considerata, ma deve essere riconosciuta come una soluzione duratura negli impegni programmatici di Israele e nella coscienza collettiva della comunità internazionale. La divisione esistente tra i palestinesi di questi due territori non solo ostacola la realizzazione dell’autodeterminazione palestinese, ma perpetua anche le sfide poste dagli insediamenti illegittimi in Cisgiordania e l’evidente stagnazione dell’Autorità Nazionale Palestinese (ANP).

Riconoscendo il diritto alla legittima difesa di Israele nei confronti di un’organizzazione terroristica totalmente intenzionata a smantellare lo stato ebraico, Broken Chalk evidenzia l’estrema importanza del costante rispetto del diritto internazionale, specialmente della proporzionalità nel rispondere alle minacce alla sicurezza^⁵ ICondannando gli attacchi deplorevoli di Hamas, è cruciale sottolineare la discrepanza nell’ approccio di Israele. I metodi impiegati dalle Forze di Difesa Israeliane sembrano incoerenti con gli obiettivi prefissati, poiché l’allarmante rapporto di vittime rivela uno squilibrio evidente: per ogni civile israeliano perso, 10 palestinesi pagano con la propria vita^⁶ Mentre navighiamo in questo complesso scenario, Broken Chalk supporta un approccio misurato e proporzionato, che rispetti i principi del diritto internazionale e che, allo stesso tempo, salvaguardi i diritti e le vite di tutti coloro interessati dal conflitto.

I recenti attacchi hanno inflitto un colpo significativo alle prospettive di una soluzione tra i due stati e delle inchieste indicano il trasferimento di palestinesi da Gaza verso il Sinai e l’ Egitto, durante le trattative.^⁷ È essenziale fare luce sulle sfide che Gaza si ritrova ad affrontare, dove il limitato controllo sul proprio territorio, sui confini e sull’economia ostacola la sua capacità di esercitare piena autonomia. Broken Chalk condanna il trasferimento dei palestinesi nella zona sud della Striscia di Gaza e chiede a tutte le parti coinvolte di dare priorità al rispetto dei diritti umani e del diritto internazionale.^⁸

Colpire le istituzioni scolastiche mina il diritto fondamentale e universale all’istruzione e ostacola le possibilità di un futuro radioso per i cittadini palestinesi. Dal momento che i bambini sono il futuro del nostro mondo, la comunità internazionale deve fare tutto il necessario per prevenire attacchi ai campi profughi e alle scuole, per prevenire l’ulteriore perdita di vite innocenti di uomini, donne e bambini. Ci auguriamo una collaborazione con altre ONG per avviare una raccolta fondi così da fornire pronto aiuto a tutti coloro che ne avessero bisogno a Gaza.

Nel dimostrare la nostra solidarietà ai cittadini palestinesi nella giornata di oggi, Broken Chalk chiede alla comunità internazionale di rinnovare il proprio impegno per una risoluzione imparziale e duratura che rispetti i diritti e le aspirazioni sia dei cittadini palestinesi che israeliani. Chiediamo un cessate il fuoco immediato e una revisione del piano di separazione delle Nazioni Unite, in cui entrambe le parti possano sostenere il loro diritto all’autodeterminazione.

Comunicato con il dovuto rispetto da Broken Chalk.

Firmato,

Broken Chalk

Tradotto in italiano da Eliana Riggi e Anna Moneta dal post originale in inglese.

References

1 https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/purposes-and-principles-un-chapter-i-un-charter#rel1

2 https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-united-nations-antonio-guterres-hamas-attack-vacuum-comments/

3 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/18/israeli-air-strikes-kill-28-palestinians-in-southern-gaza#:~:text=Since October 7, more than,to about 2.3 million people.

4 https://www.dci-palestine.org/4237_palestinian_children_killed_as_gaza_becomes_graveyard_for_children

5 https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/proportionality/

6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jsJYHuGPms

7 https://www.timesofisrael.com/intelligence-ministry-concept-paper-proposes-transferring-gazans-to-egypts-sinai/

8 https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/08/world/palestinians-fleeing-south-gaza-city-unbearable-situation/index.html

9 https://www.wionews.com/world/at-least-50-killed-in-israeli-airstrikes-on-al-fakhoora-school-in-gazas-jabalia-refugee-camp-660179

attacco di Hamas Ceasefire cessate il fuoco Comunicato stampa diritti umani diritto internazionale Giornata Internazionale della Solidarietà con il popolo palestinese Israel Israeliani Palestine Palestinesi Palestinian children Striscia di Gaza

Persbericht: Barrières doorbreken: Broken Chalk’s oproep voor een onmiddellijk staakt-het-vuren en zelfbeschikking op de Internationale Dag van Solidariteit voor Palestijnen van dit jaar.

Op deze historische 29 november, 76 jaar na het VN-verdelingsplan, moet de wereld zich verenigen in solidariteit met het Palestijnse volk, en daarbij hun inherente recht op verzet tegen bezetting en zelfbeschikking erkennen. Op deze hartverscheurende Internationale Dag van Solidariteit voor de Palestijnen laat Broken Chalk niet alleen haar stem horen, maar pleit ze ook hartstochtelijk voor de vereniging van het Palestijnse volk onder één soeverein gebied en voor een harmonieuze oplossing van het al 75 jaar durende Israëlisch-palestijnse conflict. Op deze dag in 1947 nam de VN het verdelingsplan aan, waarin een visie werd geschetst voor een Joodse staat en een Palestijnse staat, met Jeruzalem als een international zone “corpus separatum.” Deze historische beslissing legde de basis voor de tweestatenoplossing gebaseerd op de principes van gelijke rechten en zelfbeschikking volgens artikel 1(2) van het VN-Handvest.^¹

Naar de aanleiding van recente gebeurtenissen herhaalt Broken Chalk de verklaring van VN-secretaris-generaal Antonio Guterres dat de aanvallen van Hamas op 7 oktober “niet in een vacuüm plaatsvonden” en verweven zijn met de 75-jarige strijd voor zelfbeschikking en verzet tegen de Israëlische bezetting.^² Sinds de recente aanval van Hamas op 7 oktober 2023 zijn er meer dan 12.000 burgers gedood in de Gazastrook, waarvan meer dan 5000 kinderen.^³ “Gaza is een kerkhof voor kinderen geworden”, zegt secretaris-generaal Guterres van de VN.^⁴

Broken Chalk benadrukt het belang van het stimuleren van een politieke tweepartijdige dialoog in het streven naar een blijvende oplossing voor het Israëlisch-Palestijnse conflict. Met erkenning van de urgentie van een tweestatenoplossing benadrukken we dat de weg naar echte zelfbeschikking voor Palestijnen moet beginnen bij de basis. Het is noodzakelijk dat de burgermaatschappij volledige autonomie krijgt om haar eigen staten vorm te geven, vrij van externe opleggingen. Terwijl we nadenken over de lange termijn aspiraties voor Palestijnse zelfbeschikking, wordt het duidelijk dat een cruciale stap voorwaarts de erkenning is dat Palestijnen de mogelijkheid hebben om onafhankelijk een model voor hun eigen staat op te bouwen, vrij van externe beperkingen opgelegd door Israël of de internationale gemeenschap.

Op deze dag, 29 november, is het noodzakelijk om opnieuw hartstochtelijk te wijzen op de onmiddellijke noodzaak om vast te houden aan het streven naar een tweestatenoplossing, die een omgeving bevordert waarin zowel Palestijnen als Israëliërs leven met onbeperkte autonomie en soevereiniteit. Een hereniging van Palestijnen die zowel op de Westelijke Jordaanoever als in Gaza wonen, moet verder gaan dan slechts een overweging; het eist om erkenning als een blijvende oplossing verankerd in Isreaëls beleidsverplichtingen en het collectieve geweten van de international gemeenschap. De bestaande verdeeldheid onder de Palestijnen in deze twee gebieden belemmert niet alleen de realisatie van Palestijnse zelfbeschikking, maar handhaaft ook de uitdagingen door onwettige nederzettingen op de Westelijke Jordaanoever en de schijnbare stagnatie van de Palestijnse Autoriteit (PA).

Met erkenning van het legitieme recht van Israël om zich tegen een terroristische organisatie die volledig is toegewijd aan het ontmantelen van de Joodse staat, benadrukt Broken Chalk het uiterste beland van onwrikbare naleving van het internationaal recht, met een specifieke aandacht voor het handhaven van proportionaliteit in reactie op veiligheidsdreigingen.^⁵ Bij het veroordelen van de universeel verwerpelijke aanval door Hamas, is het cruciaal om de ongelijkheid in de aanpak van Israël te benadrukken. De Palestijnen in Gaza worden collectief gestraft voor de acties van Hamas, wat vragen oproept over de proportionaliteit van de reactie van Israël. De methoden die door de Israëlische strijdkrachten worden gebruikt, lijken niet in overeenstemming te zijn met de doelstellingen, aangezien het alarmerende ratio van slachtoffers een schrijnend onevenwicht laat zien – voor elke Israëlische burger die verloren gaat, hebben 10 Palestijnen een verwoestende prijs betaald^⁶ Terwijl we door dit complexe landschap navigeren, pleit Broken Chalk voor een weloverwogen en proportionele aanpak die de principes van het internationaal recht respecteert en tegelijkertijd de rechten en levens van iedereen die door het conflict getroffen, beschermt.

De recente aanvallen hebben de vooruitzichten op een tweestatenoplossing een flinke klap toegebracht. Volgens berichten dreigen de Palestijnen in Gaza te worden verplaatst naar de Sinaï in Egypte, ondanks de lopende onderhandelingen.^⁷ Het is cruciaal om licht te werpen op de uitdagingen waar Gaza voor staat, waar beperkte controle over het grondgebied, de grenzen en de economie het vermogen om volledige autonomie uit te oefenen belemmeren. Broken Chalk veroordeelt de gerapporteerde verplaatsing van Palestijnen naar Zuid-Gaza en dringt er bij alle betrokken partijen op aan om prioriteit te geven aan het behoud van mensenrechten en internationaal recht.^⁸

In lijn met Broken Chalk’s missie om onderwijs universeel te maken, vinden we de catastrofale aanval op de al-Fakhoora school, die wordt bestuurd door de UNRWA (Verenigde Naties voor Hulpverlening aan Palestijnse Vluchtelingen in het Nabije Oosten), uiterst betreurenswaardig ^⁹ Targeting educational institutions undermines the fundamental right to education for all and hampers the prospects for a brighter future for Palestinians. As children are the future of our world, the international community must do whatever is necessary to prevent attacks on refugee camps and schools and to prevent the further loss of life of innocent men, women, and children. We call for a prospective collaboration with other NGOs to make a fundraising campaign as an emergency aid for those affected in Gaza.

Het aanvallen van onderwijsinstellingen ondermijnt het fundamentele recht op onderwijs voor iedereen en belemmert de vooruitzichten op een betere toekomst voor Palestijnen. Omdat kinderen de toekomst van onze wereld zijn, moet de internationale gemeenschap alles doen wat nodig is om aanvallen op vluchtelingenkampen en scholen te voorkomen en om verder verlies van onschuldige mannen, vrouwen, en kinderen te voorkomen. We roepen op tot een toekomstige samenwerking met andere NGO’s om een inzamelingsactie op te zetten als noodhulp voor de getroffenen in Gaza.

Broken Chalk roept de internationale gemeenschap op om zich opnieuw in te zetten voor een rechtvaardige en duurzame oplossing die de rechten en aspiraties van zowel Palestijnen als Israëliërs. We roepen op tot een onmiddellijk staakt-het-vuren en een herziening van het VN-verdelingsplan waarin beide partijen het recht op zelfbeschikking handhaven.

Broken Chalk maakt dit met gepast respect bekend aan het publiek

Getekend,

Broken Chalk

Translated by Fenna Eelkema from original post in English

Referenties

1 https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/purposes-and-principles-un-chapter-i-un-charter#rel1

2 https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-united-nations-antonio-guterres-hamas-attack-vacuum-comments/

3 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/18/israeli-air-strikes-kill-28-palestinians-in-southern-gaza#:~:text=Since October 7, more than,to about 2.3 million people.

4 https://www.dci-palestine.org/4237_palestinian_children_killed_as_gaza_becomes_graveyard_for_children

5 https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/proportionality/

6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jsJYHuGPms

7 https://www.timesofisrael.com/intelligence-ministry-concept-paper-proposes-transferring-gazans-to-egypts-sinai/

8 https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/08/world/palestinians-fleeing-south-gaza-city-unbearable-situation/index.html

9 https://www.wionews.com/world/at-least-50-killed-in-israeli-airstrikes-on-al-fakhoora-school-in-gazas-jabalia-refugee-camp-660179

Ceasefire Internationale Dag van Solidariteit voor Palestijnen Israel Israëliërs Palestijnen Palestine Palestinian children staakt-het-vuren

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