Thailand Divided: Inequality and Poverty
The urban-rural divide in terms of education and life opportunities is stark in Thailand. Anand Panyarachun, the former Prime Minister of Thailand, stated that the country’s education system is steeped with an “inequality of opportunity”; that those who were given opportunities to move forward in life were often from favourable socio-economic backgrounds.i
Thailand has the highest income inequality rate in East Asia and the Pacific region.ii According to The Economist in 2017: Thailand’s social divide is interlinked with its poor rating in education, with one-third of 15-year-olds in the country having been “functionally illiterate”.iii It was argued that the country focused too much on establishing small schools in villages, with almost half of them having less than 120 students and only one teacher per class. With the over-expansion of education at the cost of efficient and quality teachers, students rated in the bottom quarter of 70 countries in terms of maths, reading and science.
In 2023, a United Nations Development Programme Report found that, compared to other ASEAN countries, Thailand has made the most progress in eradicating poverty.iv However, individuals who may live above the monetary poverty line may yet suffer from poor health, education and/or a lack of good standards of living. Thailand worked to reduce poverty from 58 percent in 1990 to 6.8 percent in 2020.v However, 79 percent of the poor people are from rural zones and work mainly in agriculture, and from 2016 onwards poverty increased in Thailand to reach over 3 percent in rural areas compared to urban ones. By 2020, the rural poor outnumbered the urban poor by 2.3 million. As rural households have an average monthly income of around 68 percent of those in urban households, they also face low education standards and opportunities. Indeed, UNICEF reports that the current levels of child grants received by the poor, which is 600 baht per month, is not adequate to meet their needs.vi
Thailand Compared to Indonesia – A Personal Perspective
In an interview with a current bachelor’s student studying in Singapore, the interviewee talked about their experiences in the Indonesian school system, where they studied for most of their life. In Samarinda City, a rural area, the interviewee noted that the quality of teaching was below average. Their school lacked facilities and specialized teachers, an issue which did not repeat itself when they moved to Jakarta to complete high school. There, the attention from the government was greater: “There is…quite a huge gap in equality I would say between the regions in Indonesia…”
Due to the social inequalities in Thailand, more highly skilled youths are choosing to leave the nation to find better job opportunities elsewhere. In an opinion piece for Pacific Forum, Assavanadda claimed that some of the “push factors” for emigrants include dissatisfactions with the current socio-political order, weak welfare benefits, and economic downturn post-pandemic.vii Indeed, in a seminar about the future of Thai society, Former PM Panyarachun claimed that social inequality has pushed youths out of the country as they are failing to see a future for themselves if they stay.viii
This might be true for more well-off individuals, but the reality for children from poor families remains disappointing: as richer parents send their kids to private schools in major cities like Bangkok and Pattaya to prepare them for overseas opportunities, less well-off families must contend with possibly barring their children from educational opportunities. As noted by Panyarachun, Thailand’s education is “beset” with an inequality in terms of the opportunities those from different classes are offered.ix
Children Barred from Education: The Government Must Do More
In a 2024 report by the Equitable Education Fund, it was estimated that 1.02 million children either dropped out of education or chose to stay home because of poverty; currently, 3 million students are at risk of withgoing education due to extreme poverty.x In a House of Representatives debate on the fiscal budget for 2025, MP Paramee Waichongcharoen from the Move Forward Party raised the issue of not enough attention being paid to the “dire needs” for extra funding that millions of students require to stay in education.xi
MP Waichongcharoen said that the government was giving organizations aimed at removing educational disparities less funding than is required for efficient functioning. Although the Student Loan Fund (SLF) asked for 19 million baht in subsidies during the 2024 fiscal year, the government gave them only 800 million baht. A study by UNICEF and the Thailand Development Research Institute also revealed that over 34 percent of poor children fail to receive the monthly allowance that is promised to them under the Child Support Grant scheme.xii However, if Thailand were to spend 0.1 percent of their GDP on extra spending for the Child Support Grant, an action which is supported by 81 percent of Thais, over 1 million children under the age of 6 would benefit from the scheme in terms of health and nutrition.
Recommendations
Based on the challenges that have permeated the Thai social and educational system, some recommendations can be made to alleviate the social inequality and poverty faced by citizens.
- Quality over quantity: (government) schools should focus more on employing qualified teachers to educate students in small village schools, instead of setting up more institutions and having only one teacher conduct educational activities.
- Prioritise poverty reduction: more attention needs to be paid to the millions of students who are at risk of dropping out of education due to poverty. The government should spend more on funding the Child Support Grant scheme, given that over one-third of children in poverty fail to receive the benefits that are owed to them, and four-fifth of Thais support increasing support for the scheme.
- Motivate Thais to stay: the government should aim to strengthen Thailand’s social equality to motivate graduates to stay and work in the country rather than finding better opportunities elsewhere. In turn, the government will need to improve political discontentment and economic growth to provide firm grounds for better social equity.
End notes
i. nationthailand. (2024, May 25). Anand flags serious inequalities in Thailand’s education system. Nationthailand; null. https://www.nationthailand.com/news/general/40038310Modern Diplomacy. (2022). Rural Thailand Faces the Largest Poverty Challenges with High Income Inequality.
ii Modern Diplomacy. https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/10/21/rural-thailand-faces-the-largest-poverty-challenges-with-high-income-inequality/
iii. The Economist. (2017). Poor schools are at the heart of Thailand’s political malaise. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/01/19/poor-schools-are-at-the-heart-of-thailands-political-malaise?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18151738051&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwpbi4BhByEiwAMC8JnRd4s5naAnZ0qR7nxxFZRybdjEnS4R2jAVwV7mVdqAmXo-ViB7X7GRoCsF0QAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds
iv UNDP. (2023). Thailand is among 25 Countries that Halved Multidimensional Poverty Within 15 Years | United Nations Development Programme. UNDP. https://www.undp.org/thailand/press-releases/thailand-among-25-countries-halved-multidimensional-poverty-within-15-years
v Modern Diplomacy. (2022). Rural Thailand Faces the Largest Poverty Challenges with High Income Inequality. Modern Diplomacy. https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/10/21/rural-thailand-faces-the-largest-poverty-challenges-with-high-income-inequality/
iv UNICEF. (2024). A new study finds 34 per cent of poor children in Thailand are excluded from the Child Support Grant. Unicef.org. https://www.unicef.org/thailand/press-releases/new-study-finds-34-cent-poor-children-thailand-are-excluded-child-support-grant
vii. Assavanadda, A. J. M. (2024). Explore Pacific Forum’s Insightful Indo-Pacific Analysis. Pacific Forum. https://pacforum.org/publications/yl-blog-65-thailands-brain-drain-challenge-trends-and-implications/
viii. nationthailand. (2024, May 25). Anand flags serious inequalities in Thailand’s education system. Nationthailand; null. https://www.nationthailand.com/news/general/40038310
ix. nationthailand. (2024, May 25). Anand flags serious inequalities in Thailand’s education system. Nationthailand; null. https://www.nationthailand.com/news/general/40038310
x. Sattaburuth, A. (2024). Student poverty “falling on deaf ears.” Bangkok Post. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2814730/student-poverty-falling-on-deaf-ears
xi. Sattaburuth, A. (2024). Student poverty “falling on deaf ears.” Bangkok Post. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2814730/student-poverty-falling-on-deaf-ears
xii. UNICEF. (2024). A new study finds 34 per cent of poor children in Thailand are excluded from the Child Support Grant. Unicef.org. https://www.unicef.org/thailand/press-releases/new-study-finds-34-cent-poor-children-thailand-are-excluded-child-support-grant