UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW OF CROATIA

Croatia was last reviewed in May 2020. The country received 229 recommendations, 198 of which were supported. Ten of the recommendations pertained to the Right to Education, with 9 being supported. [viii] 

Among the most prevalent topics addressed in the recommendations were the improvements in the accessibility of education for individuals with disabilities, the provision of adequate living conditions and access to education for the Roma national minority, and the enhancement of inclusivity and equal opportunities in education. [ix] 

Additionally, implementing a curriculum on age-appropriate and comprehensive sexuality education, to be provided throughout schooling, was recommended by Fiji and Iceland. [x]

The 2020 Compilation on Croatia included observations and recommendations from several international bodies regarding the country’s educational system. The most prevalent topics in the Compilation were recommendations to encourage non-traditional career paths and diversifying academic and career options for both genders, accelerating the Croatian language course application process to increase unaccompanied and separated children’s access to education, and ensuring Roma children receive quality education in their mother tongue and eradicate segregation of Roma children in the educational system. Furthermore, UNESCO reported that Croatia had developed the National Roma Inclusion Strategy (2013-2020), which prioritized education to increase Roma children’s inclusion and educational quality to the national average. [xi]

The 2020 Summary of Stakeholders’ submissions on Croatia included recommendations from stakeholders, such as: ensuring effective and non-discriminatory access to education for asylum-seeking children; addressing the limited access to education for people with disabilities; improving the quality of sexual education and decreasing the influence of the Catholic Church on educational policies; eliminating segregation of Roma children in the educational system; and removing discriminatory content from textbooks and addressing discrimination against minorities in schools. [xii] 

Croatia’s 2020 National report for the UN-UPR highlights the country’s efforts in addressing many of these challenges. Firstly, the Anti-Discrimination Act and the CPA prohibit all forms of discrimination, with national documents reinforcing protection against discrimination. Furthermore, education is provided for 29,868 students with developmental disabilities in regular and special primary and secondary schools. The National Strategy for the Equalisation of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (2017-2020) promotes universal design principles, enhances access to public services and transportation, and trains education professionals to work effectively with individuals with disabilities. [xiii]

Additionally, education in the language and script of national minorities is guaranteed by the Constitution, the Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities (CARNM), and the Act on Education in Languages and Scripts of National Minorities. Equal access to education for Roma children is ensured, with an annual allocation of over HRK 10 million for Roma education. [xiv]

Finally, unaccompanied children have the right to education under the same conditions as Croatian nationals, supported by the protocol on the Treatment of Unaccompanied Children (2018). [xv] 

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References

[viii] “UPR Info.” 2022. UPR Info. 2022. https://upr-info-database.uwazi.io/library/?q=. 

[ix] “UPR Info.” 2022. UPR Info. 2022. 

[x] “UPR Info.” 2022. UPR Info. 2022. 

[xi] Human Rights Council and Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2020. “Compilation on Croatia.” Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g20/063/46/pdf/g2006346.pdf. 

[xii] Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, and Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2020. “Summary of Stakeholders’ Submissions on Croatia.” Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g20/053/56/pdf/g2005356.pdf.  

[xiii] United Nations. 2020. “National Report Submitted in Accordance With Paragraph 5 of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 16/21.” A/HRC/WG.6/36/HRV/1. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g20/050/17/pdf/g2005017.pdf. 

[xiv] United Nations. 2020. “National Report Submitted in Accordance With Paragraph 5 of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 16/21. 

[xv] United Nations. 2020. “National Report Submitted in Accordance With Paragraph 5 of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 16/21. 

 

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UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW OF BULGARIA

Out of the 23 recommendations concerning the right to education, four specifically addressed the school dropout rates. Including the recommendations made by Japan, Cyprus, the Holy See, and Austria, which focus on reducing dropout rates and ensuring inclusive, equitable access to education, specifically those outlined in 134.133, 134.134, 134.135, and 134.199.

The UPR Midterm report indicates that Bulgaria has implemented recommendations to reduce school dropout rates by establishing a Mechanism for joint work among institutions. This initiative formed 1,222 teams nationwide to identify at-risk children and address the causes of dropout. Consequently, 1,324 previously unenrolled children were enrolled in schools during the 2022/2023 academic year. [vi]

Furthermore, seven recommendations focused on the Roma children’s right to education, including recommendations 134.132, 134.159, 134.190, 134.195, 134.202, 134.204, and 134.207, made by Nepal, the USA, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Croatia, France, and Iran. These recommendations emphasize protecting Roma children’s right to education by addressing discrimination, increasing preschool attendance, reducing dropout rates, and ensuring equal access to quality education and social services.

The UPR Midterm report indicates that Bulgaria has made significant progress in implementing recommendations to improve educational opportunities for Roma children. This effort is part of the National Strategy for Equality, Inclusion, and Participation of the Roma (2021–2030). Key initiatives include targeted programs designed to increase access to education for Roma children, campaigns aimed at reducing stereotypes, and investments in educational infrastructure.

Five of the recommendations concerning the right to education were regarding people with disabilities, including 134.215, 134.219, 134.220, 134.212, and 134.183 from Japan, Ethiopia, Greece, Mexico, and Laos, which focus on ensuring that children and young people with disabilities have access to inclusive education.

The UPR Midterm report highlights that efforts to improve access to education for children with disabilities are ongoing. Current measures include legislative reforms, enhanced teacher training, and initiatives aimed at making mainstream schools more accessible. Bulgaria is also focused on data collection to monitor progress.

Bulgaria’s national report states that the Ministry of Education and Science recorded a 40% reduction in dropout rates due to the Mechanism for Inter-institutional Work on Enrolment and Inclusion. [vii]

The Mechanism for Inter-institutional Work on Enrolment and Inclusion coordinates efforts across various institutions to identify, support, and reintegrate students at risk of dropping out. By engaging with social services, schools, and child protection agencies, it addresses issues such as poor attendance and provides targeted support to vulnerable families. [viii]

 

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References

[vi] Republic of Bulgaria and United Nations Human Rights Council, “INTERIM REPORT on the Implementation of the Recommendations Received During the Third Universal Periodic Review.” 

[vii] Government of Bulgaria. National Report Submitted in Accordance with Paragraph 5 of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 16/21: Bulgaria. United Nations Human Rights Council, May 2020. https://upr-info.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-05/national_report_bulgaria_english.pdf. 

[viii] UNICEF Bulgaria. “Poor Educational Outcomes, Dropping Out of School, Increasing Incidences of Violence and Harassment among Bulgarian Adolescents.” UNICEF Bulgaria, November 20, 2020. https://www.unicef.org/bulgaria/en/press-releases/poor-educational-outcomes-dropping-out-school-increasing-incidences-violence-and. 

 

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UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW OF BELARUS

Belarus was last reviewed in May 2020. The country received 284 recommendations, of which 143 were supported and 141 noted. Regarding the Right to Education, 11 recommendations were made, all of which were supported by the state. [vi]

Among the topics of remarks were to continue efforts to ensure equal access to education, including primary one, which is free of charge, to strengthen the rights of people with disabilities, to improve school attendance among Roma children, and to verify that the rights of women and children are protected.[vii] 

The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination expressed concern over the significant percentage of Roma children not attending school, despite the country’s high literacy rate. The Human Rights Committee recommended that Belarus strengthen its efforts to guarantee equal access to education and adequate standards for all children in the country. [viii] 

The Committee on the Rights of the Child and UNESCO encouraged Belarus to continue strengthening its policies for people with disabilities to ensure inclusive education and integration for everyone, particularly in higher education. [ix]

Following these recommendations, Belarus implemented a 5-year education modernization project, aiming to improve the teaching and learning environment and the information on labor market relevance of higher education. This plan aimed to improve learning conditions for children with disabilities and foster a more inclusive environment. [x] 

The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women raised concerns about certain state institutions of higher education, including the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which impose higher admission score requirements for female students and limit the number of women who can be admitted to the institution. [xi]

Belarus introduced policies emphasizing equal access to education for both genders, with a focus on increasing women’s participation in higher education. There is an increasing trend of women enrolling in tertiary and secondary education compared to men, constituting 56% of all students. [xii]

 

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References

[vi] UPR Library. “Recommendations Received by Belarus,” 2020. https://upr-info-database.uwazi.io/en/library/?q=(allAggregations:!f,filters:(cycle:(values:!(%27567eec7b-d5ab-4c36-a712-57c38fae9124%27)),state_under_review:(and:!t,values:!(gdnfyzks07w))),from:0,includeUnpublished:!f,limit:30,order:desc,searchTerm:%27belarus%20%27,sort:_score,treatAs:number,types:!(%275d8ce04361cde0408222e9a8%27),unpublished:!f)  

[vii] United Nations Human Rights Council. Compilation on Belarus: Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. A/HRC/WG.6/36/BLR/2. Geneva: United Nations General Assembly, 27 February 2020. 

[viii] United Nations Human Rights Council. Compilation on Belarus: Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. A/HRC/WG.6/36/BLR/2. Geneva: United Nations General Assembly, 27 February 2020.  

[ix] United Nations Human Rights Council. Compilation on Belarus: Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. A/HRC/WG.6/36/BLR/2. Geneva: United Nations General Assembly, 27 February 2020.  

[x] World Bank. Belarus Higher Education Modernization Project: Combined Project Information Documents / Integrated Safeguards Datasheet (PID/ISDS). Appraisal Stage, October 14, 2019. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.  

[xi] United Nations Human Rights Council. Compilation on Belarus: Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. A/HRC/WG.6/36/BLR/2. Geneva: United Nations General Assembly, 27 February 2020.  

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UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW OF ANDORRA

Broken Chalk has compiled the report that follows. This is to be a stakeholder contribution to the Fourth Cycle of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) for Andorra. This report will focus on education in Andorra, as Broken Chalk aims to combat human rights violations within the educational sector.  

In the third Universal Periodic Review (UPR) cycle, Andorra received 126 recommendations, 60 of which were supported. Three of the recommendations were regarding education. Andorra has supported all three recommendations, demonstrating its determination and commitment to increasing access to high-quality education. It is worth noting that Andorra’s support for three recommendations in the third cycle represents an improvement over the second cycle, where it supported only two and mentioned the third. [vi]

The recommendations included providing full access to various educational fields, as well as social care and healthcare, for children, adolescents, and people with disabilities. Moreover, the recommendations also advocate for equal participation of girls and women in STEM fields and providing women at risk of trafficking an opportunity to pursue their studies and participate in reintegration programs. [vii]

Andorra’s national report for UN-UPR highlights their decision to prioritize children and education by enacting the Qualified Act No. 14/2019. The act was set to safeguard children’s rights and promote their well-being through creating a safe environment and addressing any potential risks that might impact their healthy development. Moreover, the act mandates the development of a national plan for children and adolescents within two years of its enactment. Andorra has made significant strides in enhancing education and youth development. Developing a national strategy that guarantees access to free, high-quality public education within any of the country’s three education systems. [viii]

Andorra started promoting development skills that foster values such as inclusivity, justice, respect and tolerance. The University of Andorra and the Ministry of Education have collaborated to modernize the teacher training programs and added a new master’s degree program for teachers. New modules were created in collaboration with the Council of Europe through long-distance learning. Prevention workshops were set up in schools to address various societal issues. [ix]

In response to the recommendation regarding the rights of people with disabilities, Act No. 27/2017 was enacted. Allowing persons with disabilities to benefit from various social and health services in education, employment and leisure. [x]

 

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References

[vi] United Nations. (2020). Report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing. Retrieved from https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g20/041/36/pdf/g2004136.pdf 

[vii] UPR Library. Recommendations Received by Andorra (2021). https://upr-info-database.uwazi.io/library/?q=(allAggregations:!f,filters:(cycle:(values:!(%27567eec7b-d5ab-4c36-a712-57c38fae9124%27)),issues:(values:!(%27660e6cc6-8624-4858-9cfd-ae4051da1241%27)),state_under_review:(values:!(pf2ypge88kr))),from:0,includeUnpublished:!f,limit:30,order:desc,sort:creationDate,treatAs:number,types:!(%275d8ce04361cde0408222e9a8%27),unpublished:!f)  

  [viii] National report submitted by paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21. Human Rights Council. United Nations General Assembly, May 2020. http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/HRC/WG.6/36/AND/1&Lang=E  

[ix] European Commission / EACEA / Eurydice, 2024. The European Higher Education Area in 2024: Bologna Process Implementation Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 

[x] Council of Europe. (2024). Andorra – Observatory on History Teaching in Europe. Retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/observatory-history-teaching/andorra 

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