Introduction

St. Lucia is a small island located in the eastern Caribbean, just on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean. St. Lucia’s population of 167,591 is composed of 4 primary ethnic groups: Black/African descent (85.3%), mixed (10.9%), East Indian (2.2%), and other (1.6%).ⁱ The economy is upheld by three pillars: services (i.e., tourism) (82.8%), industry (14.2%), and agriculture (i.e., exports of bananas, cassava, coconuts, and other fruits/vegetables) (2.9%).ⁱⁱ

The right to education is protected by Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), which holds that “Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all based on merit”.ⁱⁱⁱ

The St. Lucian Ministry of Education (MOE) affirmed these commitments in the Education Act of 1999 (revised 2001), Section 14, The Right to Education, which holds that “subject to available resources, all persons are entitled to receive an educational programme appropriate to their needs”.^iv Furthermore, education is compulsory from ages 5-15.^v

In addition, St. Lucia’s educational goals are reflected by the national Education for All (EFA) report. These goals include: “ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, children in difficult circumstances and ethnic minorities, have access to and complete free and compulsory primary education of good quality; ensuring that the learning needs of all young people and adults are met through equitable access to appropriate learning and life-skills programs”.^vi However, St. Lucia continues to struggle with lack of funding/teacher training, and hair discrimination in academic settings. In this article, I will analyse these issues in the St. Lucian context, and outline recommendations.

Corporal Punishment

Corporal punishment stems from St. Lucia’s history of colonialism and slavery.^vii St. Lucia was colonised by the English between 1605-1638, who exterminated the indigenous Arawak and Kalinago Caribs from the island. The island was quickly populated with an enslaved population of people from African descent. Slave owners would beat and torture these enslaved people to discourage revolts. Children were subject to beatings from both slave owners and elders (often as a means of ensuring they would not upset slave owners, and thus put themselves in danger). These power dynamics solidified corporal punishment as a cultural institution.

Furthermore, the British colonial and penal codes legalised it at home and in school.^viii Section 50 of the Education Act 1999, permitted corporal punishment:

“(1) In the enforcement of discipline in public schools, assisted schools and private educational institutions, degrading or injurious punishment shall not be administered. (2) Corporal punishment may be administered where no other punishment is considered suitable or effective, and only by the principal, deputy principal or any teacher appointed by the Chief Education Officer”.^ix

However, these practices have been adjusted. The Child Justice Act of 2018 and the CHILD (care, protection and adoption) Act of 2018 both reformed the state of corporal punishment in schools. Furthermore, in January 2019, an Order on the “suspension and ultimate abolition of corporal punishment in schools” was presented in the Cabinet.^x It reformed section 50 of the Education Act 1999 by making CP illegal from 1 May 2019. Nyaley Lewis, an educator in St. Lucia, discusses her experiences with corporal punishment as a student and a teacher.

Ms. Lewis recalls that in infant and primary school, students would receive “a certain number of lashes”, often with a ruler, as a punishment. However, she recalls that children often “couldn’t tell what they had done wrong”. The violence she experienced still sits with her to this day. “I remember one time when I had been bullied…I had acted in self-defence…” as a result, the teacher had forced her (and the bully) to “kneel down in front of the class” and called them “wild animals”. She still remembers the teacher who did this, and “feels like [she] was done wrong”.

However, in practice, St. Lucia has made significant strides in eradicating corporal punishment in schools. Ms. Lewis informed Broken Chalk that “You’re not allowed to do it…nobody really does it anymore”. Instead, as one of the youngest teachers at her school, she aims to make her students feel comfortable in class. Ms. Lewis’ experiences align with the amendments made to Section 50 of the Education Act of 1999.

The Order on the suspension and abolition of corporal punishment affirms Article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which maintains that “States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child…”.^xi

The order also enforces Article 28 (2) of the CRC: “States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that school discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child’s human dignity and in conformity with the present Convention”.^xii These motions reflect progress with respect to corporal punishment in the Saint Lucian education system.

Funding & Teaching

In 2022, the St. Lucian government spent approximately 4.6% of its $2.5 billion GDP on education.^xiii However, funding for impact research into the education system is often lacking.^xiv This results in a disconnect between policy makers and the needs of students/teachers. SUMMA, an educational research institute, reports that this disconnect hinders St. Lucia’s education system.^xv Research into policy impacts could create more effective education policies.

In addition, teachers require more training, support, and incentives from the government.^xvi Professional development –such as, addressing gender gaps, and pedagogical training– remains a persistent issue. However, educators often feel unable to adapt to “multiple intelligences in the classroom”.^xvii This results in achievement disparities between students and career stagnation for teachers.

Funding is central to this issue. Professional evaluations are necessary for teachers to receive benefits and promotions.^xviii The certification process–i.e., qualifications which demarcate a secondary education teacher from a graduate teacher–remains underfunded.^xix Teachers are therefore limited in their abilities to cater to different students’ needs. In addition, lack of teachers involved in school curricula and assessments reduce educators’ agency over the material being taught.^xx Funding the systems which allow teachers to improve may allow them to help students grow as learners. Interestingly, the percentage of trained primary school teachers in St. Lucia has been relatively stable since 2008.

From 2008 to 2019, approximately 89-91% of primary teachers have been trained.^xxi In contrast, only 74% of secondary teachers were trained in 2019.^xxii These figures demonstrate steady improvement from previous years. However, due to a lack of available data, it is unclear if those trends have continued through the pandemic into 2023. The lack of information partially affirms SUMMA’s indication that the government is not investing enough in impact analysis.

Hair Discrimination

Although 85% of the St. Lucian population is Black, children with afro hair are systematically discriminated against in schools. Teachers discourage children from wearing locks, braids, or even large natural afros.^xxiii However, these policies do not apply to children with non-curly hair (i.e., white/Indian/some mixed-race students). In practice, students are forced to shave their heads and restrict their self-expression, which contradicts the UN Charter on the Right of the Child.

Article 13 of The Convention of The Rights of The Child enshrines children’s right to freedom of expression.^xxiv In turn, the Education Act of 1999–St. Lucia’s primary document governing education–maintains that students must adhere to standards “approved by the Chief Education Officer or the principal as the case may be, with respect to: (i) cleanliness and tidiness of the person”.^xxv These standards must be revised to accommodate Black hair.

For example, in 2022, a Black student was banned from class due to the length of his hair.^xxvi The student’s parents have since brought the issue to court, which ruled that the student be allowed to attend classes. However, it ignited a conversation surrounding discriminatory grooming policies in St. Lucia. Shawn Edward, the Minister of Education, emphasised that “this is 2022, some of the policies–some of the rules–which would have informed decisions at the school level 10 or 15 years

ago need to be revised”.^xxvii

Ms. Lewis has also observed these dynamics as a student and in her own classroom. As a student, she enjoyed exploring her identity through her hair. However, she—like many other Black students—was not allowed to wear her afro. Teachers and students are still discouraged from wearing their natural hair. Ms. Lewis, nevertheless, actively tries to wear her afro while teaching. The politics surrounding grooming standards are also gendered. Ms. Lewis notes that “Girls are still not allowed to wear an afro”. The issue, as Mr. Edward alluded to above, is rooted in generational values. The older generation of teachers grew up with standards of cleanliness defined by British colonialists which emphasised maintaining authority.

Recommendations

The St. Lucian education system has three core limitations: funding, training teachers, and hair discrimination. St. Lucia’s budget must allocate resources towards (1) impact research and (2) training teachers. Impact research will help the government evaluate the efficacy of different policies. This can increase responsiveness to the needs of students and teachers. St. Lucia’s financial constraints mean that principals must carefully prioritise their resources. Students must be at the centre, but teacher training, which will support students, should follow. Second, training teachers is integral to career development and supporting the needs of different learners. This could mitigate the learning deficit between boys and girls, and students with learning disabilities. Third, the government must apply pressure on principals who discriminate against Black hair styles. New parameters of ‘acceptability’ need to be adopted. In doing so, students with different hairstyles can be secure in their right to self-expression in school.

Each of these issues have already been addressed either through laws or civil society. However, the division between these spheres has resulted in miscommunication between social interests and governmental proposals. A greater effort to solve problems, revise policies, and evaluate impact, is necessary on both sides.

By Benjamin Koponen

(Instagram account: benkoponen)

(LinkedIn: Benjamin Koponen)

Photo by Jean-Marc Astesana on flickr

References

Bailey, C. B., Robinson, T. R., & Coore-Desai, C. C. D. (2014). Corporal Punishment in the Caribbean: Attitudes and Practices. In Social and Economic Studies (Vol. 63, Issue 3/4, pp. 207–233). https://www.jstor.org/stable/44732891

Chitolie-Joseph, E. C. J., Ministry of Education, & Corporate Planning Unit. (20145). Education for All National Review Report: Saint Lucia. Saint Lucia Ministry of Education. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000230028.

Convention on the rights of the child (1989) Treaty no. 27531. United Nations Treaty Series, 1577. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/crc.pdf.

Education Act, 1999 (No. 41 of 1999), Part 2. Division 1. www.natlex.ilo.org.

Good Morning St. Lucia. (2022, September 28). Nigel Edwin Speaks on Hair Discrimination at Schools In Saint Lucia [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVXuaBLAPmQ&t=1s

Knight, V., Marshall, J., Depradine, K., & Moody-Marshall, R. (2021). Country review. Challenges and opportunities in the education system of Saint Lucia. Serie Working Papers SUMMA. N° 15. Published by SUMMA. Santiago de Chile. (Link does not work. Please copy and paste citation in your browser to find the source).

Saint Lucia – The World Factbook. (2023). https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-lucia

Stuart, J. (2022, September 6). Father suing St Mary’s College for denying son entry due to hair. Loop News. Https://stlucia.loopnews.com/content/father-suing-st-marys-college-denying-son-entry-due-hair

The Central Statistical Office of Saint Lucia. (2021). Percentage of Trained Teachers in Secondary Schools, 1992/1993 to 2018/2019 [Dataset]. The Central Statistical Office of Saint Lucia. https://stats.gov.lc/subjects/society/education/percentage-of-trained-teachers-in-secondary-schools-1992-1993-to-2018-2019/

United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights | United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights#:~:text=Article%2026,on%20the%20basis%20of%20merit.

World Bank Open Data. (2022). World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=LC