Educational Challenges In Indonesia (Hindi)

Educational Challenges In Indonesia (Hindi)

एक टिप्पणी छोड़ें

इंडोनेशिया में शैक्षिक चुनौतियाँ
लेखिका: लेटिसिया कॉक्स

इंडोनेशिया की एक-तिहाई आबादी बच्चे हैं – लगभग 85 मिलियन, जो किसी भी देश में चौथी सबसे बड़ी संख्या है।
शिक्षा मानवता को जानकारी, ज्ञान, कौशल और नैतिकता प्रदान करती है ताकि हम समाज, परिवारों और राष्ट्र के प्रति अपने कर्तव्यों को जान सकें, समझ सकें और उनका सम्मान कर सकें, और हमें आगे बढ़ने में मदद करती है।
शिक्षा जीवन जीने का एक तरीका है, जिसमें व्यक्ति ज्ञान प्राप्त कर सकता है और दूसरों के साथ इसे साझा कर सकता है। “शिक्षा व्यक्तिगत विकास का महान साधन है। यह शिक्षा के माध्यम से ही है कि एक किसान की बेटी डॉक्टर बन सकती है, एक खदान श्रमिक का बेटा खदान का प्रमुख बन सकता है, और खेत में काम करने वाले श्रमिक का बच्चा एक महान राष्ट्र का राष्ट्रपति बन सकता है,” पूर्व दक्षिण अफ्रीकी राष्ट्रपति नेल्सन मंडेला ने कहा था।

इंडोनेशिया में, दुनिया के अधिकांश हिस्सों की तरह, बच्चों को बारह साल की अनिवार्य शिक्षा प्राप्त करनी होती है, जिसमें प्राथमिक (कक्षा 1–6), जूनियर माध्यमिक (कक्षा 7–9), सीनियर माध्यमिक (कक्षा 10–12) और उच्च शिक्षा शामिल हैं।
युवा राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा मंत्रालय (Kemdiknas) द्वारा संचालित गैर-सांप्रदायिक सरकारी स्कूलों या धार्मिक (इस्लामिक, ईसाई, कैथोलिक और बौद्ध) निजी या अर्ध-निजी स्कूलों के बीच चयन कर सकते हैं, जिन्हें धार्मिक मामलों के मंत्रालय द्वारा प्रबंधित और वित्तपोषित किया जाता है।

कोविड-19 महामारी के दो साल बाद भी, इंडोनेशिया और दुनिया भर के छात्र और शिक्षक एक बड़े शिक्षा संकट से जूझ रहे हैं। जून 2022 की एक रिपोर्ट, जिसे यूनिसेफ, यूनेस्को, विश्व बैंक और अन्य संगठनों द्वारा जारी किया गया, यह बताती है कि वैश्विक स्तर पर अनुमानित 70 प्रतिशत 10 साल के बच्चे एक साधारण लिखित पाठ को समझने में असमर्थ हैं, जबकि महामारी से पहले यह संख्या 57 प्रतिशत थी।

अनस्प्लैश पर एड अस द्वारा फोटो

 

कोविड-19 के बाद का प्रभाव

इंडोनेशिया में शिक्षा का स्तर पहले से ही पाठ्यक्रम की अपेक्षाओं से कम था, और इसमें लिंग, क्षेत्र, विकलांगता और अन्य हाशिए पर आने वाले वर्गों के बीच भारी असमानताएँ थीं। अधिकांश छात्रों का प्रदर्शन उनकी कक्षा के स्तर से दो ग्रेड कम था। उदाहरण के लिए, कक्षा 5 के छात्र औसतन कक्षा 3 के स्तर पर पढ़ रहे थे।

क्षेत्र में किए गए शोध और सर्वेक्षणों के अनुसार, इसका एक कारण यह था कि शिक्षण गतिविधियों से पहले स्पष्ट शैक्षिक लक्ष्यों की अनुपस्थिति थी, जिसके कारण छात्रों और शिक्षकों को यह पता नहीं था कि ‘लक्ष्य’ क्या होने चाहिए। इस वजह से शैक्षिक प्रक्रिया में उनके पास कोई स्पष्ट दृष्टिकोण नहीं था। देश के कुछ क्षेत्रों में यह भी पाया गया कि प्रारंभिक कक्षाओं के छात्रों में पढ़ने की अक्षमता का प्रतिशत बढ़ा है।

कोविड-19 के कारण बड़े पैमाने पर स्कूलों का बंद होना और नौकरियों का खोना स्थिति को और खराब कर चुका है। कमजोर परिस्थितियों में रहने वाले बच्चों, जैसे निम्न-आय वाले परिवारों के बच्चे, विकलांग बच्चे और देश के पिछड़े हिस्सों में रहने वाले बच्चों के लिए यह प्रदर्शन और भी गंभीर हो गया है, जो स्कूल से बाहर होने के सबसे अधिक जोखिम में हैं।

महामारी से पहले भी कुछ गरीब क्षेत्रों में बाल विवाह एक समस्या थी। प्रमाण बताते हैं कि महामारी के दौरान बाल विवाहों में वृद्धि हुई है क्योंकि निम्न-आय वाले परिवार अपने आर्थिक बोझ को कम करने के लिए ऐसा कर रहे हैं।

अब बाल श्रम के घर में होने या घर की आजीविका (जैसे खेती और मछली पकड़ने) में मदद करने की संभावना बढ़ गई है, क्योंकि लॉकडाउन उपायों ने रोजगार के अवसरों को सीमित कर दिया है।

इंडोनेशियाई विकलांग बच्चों को काफी चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ता है। शोध से पता चला है कि बच्चों और माता-पिता दोनों की विकलांगता उनके सीखने और स्कूल लौटने की संभावना को प्रभावित कर रही है।

खराब शैक्षणिक सुविधाएं और बुनियादी ढांचा

खराब स्कूल सुविधाएं और बुनियादी ढांचे की गुणवत्ता भी इंडोनेशिया की शिक्षा चुनौतियों का हिस्सा हैं। इंडोनेशिया के पचहत्तर प्रतिशत स्कूल आपदा जोखिम वाले क्षेत्रों में हैं; लगभग 800,000 वर्ग मील का देश बड़े भूकंप, सुनामी, तेज हवाओं, ज्वालामुखी, भूस्खलन और बाढ़ के संपर्क में है।

इंटरनेट तक असमान पहुंच, और शिक्षक योग्यता और शिक्षा की गुणवत्ता में विसंगति, दूरस्थ शिक्षा को लागू करने में सबसे बड़ी चुनौतियों के रूप में दिखाई दी। छोटे बच्चों के लिए दूरस्थ शिक्षा और देश के डिजिटल पहुंच स्तरों की विविधता हाशिए पर पड़े बच्चों के लिए और असमानताओं का कारण बनती है।

शिक्षकों की निम्न गुणवत्ता

इंडोनेशिया में शिक्षा की खराब गुणवत्ता के मुख्य कारणों में से एक शिक्षक भर्ती प्रक्रिया के कारण शिक्षकों की निम्न गुणवत्ता है, जो पेशेवर शिक्षा कर्मियों के चयन पर ध्यान केंद्रित नहीं करती है, बल्कि सिविल सेवकों की मांगों को पूरा करने पर केंद्रित है।

अधिकांश शिक्षकों के पास अपने कर्तव्यों को निभाने के लिए पर्याप्त व्यावसायिकता नहीं है जैसा कि कानून संख्या 39 के अनुच्छेद में कहा गया है। 2003 का 20, अर्थात् पाठों की योजना बनाना, पाठों को लागू करना, सीखने के परिणामों का आकलन करना, मार्गदर्शन करना, प्रशिक्षण आयोजित करना, अनुसंधान करना और सामुदायिक सेवा करना।

सिविल सेवक भर्ती प्रक्रिया के हिस्से के रूप में, शिक्षक भर्ती प्रक्रिया आम तौर पर एक पेशेवर शिक्षक के लिए आवश्यक कार्य कौशल पर ध्यान नहीं देती है।

हाल के एक सर्वेक्षण में, पढ़ाए जाने वाले विषयों को सीखने और समझने में योग्यता को मापने वाली शिक्षक योग्यता परीक्षा (यूकेजी) देने वाले शिक्षा प्रणाली के शिक्षक न्यूनतम अंकों को भी पूरा नहीं कर पाए।

सर्वेक्षण से यह भी पता चलता है कि जो शिक्षक सरकार द्वारा निर्धारित मानक से नीचे शिक्षित हैं, वे जूनियर हाई स्कूल के लिए 64.09%, हाई स्कूल के लिए 61.5% और व्यावसायिक स्कूल के लिए 10.14% हैं।

शिक्षण पेशे के लिए जटिल कार्य कौशल की आवश्यकता होती है। शिक्षकों को प्रभावी ढंग से पढ़ाने में सक्षम होना चाहिए और अपने छात्रों को शिक्षित करने के लिए उच्च प्रतिबद्धता और प्रेरणा होनी चाहिए।
इस बीच, सिविल सेवक भर्ती प्रणाली में शिक्षक भर्ती आम तौर पर राष्ट्रवाद और सामान्य ज्ञान को प्राथमिकता देती है न कि शिक्षण क्षमता को।

आवश्यक योग्यता चयन पर उच्चतम अंकों वाले संभावित शिक्षक एक लिखित खंड में भाग लेंगे जो उनके सीखने के प्रबंधन कौशल और उनके द्वारा पढ़ाए जाने वाले विषयों के ज्ञान की जांच करता है। लिखित सामान्य ज्ञान परीक्षा के माध्यम से एक पेशेवर शिक्षक की क्षमता को जानने का कोई तरीका नहीं है।
सामान्य तौर पर, सिविल सेवक प्रक्रिया में शिक्षकों की भर्ती सर्वोत्तम भावी शिक्षकों का चयन नहीं कर सकती है-प्रणाली राष्ट्रवाद और सामान्य ज्ञान को प्राथमिकता देती है, न कि शिक्षण को।

शिक्षा में, एक शिक्षक बनने के लिए “आह्वान” या जुनून आवश्यक है क्योंकि यह छात्रों को पढ़ाए जाने वाले ज्ञान के प्रति उनके प्यार और छात्रों की क्षमता का पता लगाने के उनके उत्साह से निकटता से संबंधित है। एक अच्छा शिक्षक होना चुनौतीपूर्ण है यदि यह आपका काम नहीं है।

लेटिसिया कॉक्स द्वारा लिखित

संदर्भ

https://ijble.com/index.php/journal/article/view/ 64/71
https://www.unicef.org/eap/media/9326/file/Sit An – Indonesia case study.pdf 
https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/education-and-adolescents
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81594
https://jakartaglobe.id/news/pur-quality-of-education-casts-shado-on-indonesias-future-job-market https://jakartaglobe.id/news/pur-quality-of-education-casts-shado-on-indonesias-future-job-market
अनस्प्लैश पर हुस्निआती सलमा द्वारा कवर फोटो

 

Educational Challenges in Uganda (Hindi)

Educational Challenges in Uganda (Hindi)

युगांडा में शिक्षा प्रणाली के सामने चुनौतियां

रूथ लाकिका द्वारा लिखित

परिचय

शिक्षा दुनिया भर के सभी मनुष्यों के लिए एक मौलिक अधिकार है। आर्थिक या सामाजिक स्थिति चाहे जो भी हो, प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को शिक्षा का अधिकार होना चाहिए। इस तथ्य के बावजूद कि यह स्पष्ट लग सकता है, यह कई युगांडा वासियों के लिए वास्तविकता नहीं है। फिर भी, सरकार ने निरक्षरता को कम करने के लिए महत्वपूर्ण प्रयास किए हैं और अभी भी कर रही है। उदाहरण के लिए, सरकार ने शिक्षा प्रणाली को पूर्व-प्राथमिक, प्राथमिक, माध्यमिक और माध्यमिक के बाद या तृतीयक शिक्षा में विभाजित किया है।

युगांडा ने सार्वभौमिक प्राथमिक शिक्षा को लागू करने में प्रगति की है, फिर भी कई छात्र साक्षरता और संख्यात्मकता के न्यूनतम स्तर को प्राप्त नहीं करते हैं। कम सीखने का स्तर कम पूर्णता दर में योगदान देता है और कई छात्र ग्रेड के बीच संक्रमण में विफल रहते हैं और स्कूल छोड़ने की दर दर अधिक होती है।

32 वर्षीय एलिस नामवेरू, मियाना प्राथमिक विद्यालय और प्रारंभिक बाल विकास केंद्र में एक शिक्षक प्रशिक्षु हैं। फोटोः जीपीई/लिविया बार्टन

संघर्ष और असुरक्षा

इस्लामिक स्टेट समूह से जुड़े विद्रोहियों ने पश्चिमी युगांडा के एक स्कूल में लगभग 40 छात्रों की हत्या कर दी (IS).

पांच आतंकवादियों ने म्पोंडवे में लुबिरिहा माध्यमिक विद्यालय पर हमला किया। युगांडा के सूचना मंत्री ने कहा कि 37 छात्रों के मारे जाने की पुष्टि हुई है, लेकिन उन्होंने अपनी उम्र नहीं बताई। क्रिस बेरिओमुन्सी ने बीबीसी को बताया कि उनमें से बीस पर धारदार हथियारों से हमला किया गया और उनमें से 17 को जला दिया गया।

युगांडा की सेना ने कहा कि विद्रोहियों ने एक स्कूल गार्ड और स्थानीय समुदाय के तीन सदस्यों को भी मार डाला था।

जीवित बचे लोगों ने कहा कि हथियारों से हमले के बाद विद्रोहियों ने छात्रावास में बम फेंका। यह स्पष्ट नहीं है कि इससे इमारत में आग लगी या नहीं, जिसकी पहले सूचना दी गई थी।

उन्होंने कहा कि विद्रोहियों द्वारा स्कूल की दुकानों से चुराया गया भोजन ले जाने के लिए छह छात्रों का भी अपहरण कर लिया गया था। इसके बाद आतंकवादी सीमा पार डी. आर. कांगो में लौट आए।

पर्याप्त शिक्षकों की कमी

युगांडा के ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में शिक्षा के लिए शिक्षकों की कमी एक और बड़ी बाधा है। वास्तव में, ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में, महान शिक्षकों को आकर्षित करना बेहद मुश्किल हो सकता है, और सामान्य रूप से, अधिकांश शिक्षक शहरी क्षेत्रों में पढ़ाना पसंद करते हैं। इसका कारण यह है कि ग्रामीण जीवन सभी के लिए उपयुक्त नहीं है। स्वास्थ्य सेवा, बैंक और उचित आवास जैसी कई सेवाओं को प्राप्त करना भी कठिन हो सकता है।

क्यान्जा हाई स्कूल एमपिगी में जलवायु शिक्षा पढ़ाते हुए। फोटोः अतविजुकीरेनाओमी

 

घरेलू गरीबी

घरेलू गरीबी के कारण स्कूल तक पहुंच और उसकी पूर्णता में असमानता देखी जाती है, जिसमें लड़कियों और सबसे गरीब परिवारों के बच्चों के स्कूल छोड़ने का सबसे अधिक जोखिम होता है। यूनिसेफ़ के अनुसार, 2020 में जनसंख्या के सबसे अमीर 20 प्रतिशत लोगों का माध्यमिक स्तर पर नामांकन 43.1 प्रतिशत था, जो कि सबसे गरीब 20 प्रतिशत के नामांकन (8.2 प्रतिशत) से पाँच गुना अधिक है। भौगोलिक दृष्टिकोण से, सबसे अधिक माध्यमिक स्तर का शुद्ध नामांकन कंपाला (52 प्रतिशत) में देखा गया, जबकि सबसे कम अचोली (7 प्रतिशत) में था। शिक्षा से जुड़े खर्चों के कारण गरीब परिवारों के 10 में से 6 लोग स्कूल छोड़ देते हैं।

जिन बच्चों ने स्कूल में दाखिला लिया भी है, उनके लिए योग्य शिक्षकों की कमी, पाठ्यपुस्तकों की अनुपलब्धता, और निम्न गुणवत्ता वाले स्कूल वातावरण जैसे कारणों से सीखने के परिणाम प्रतिकूल रूप से प्रभावित होते हैं। इसके परिणामस्वरूप, युगांडा के ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पांचवीं कक्षा के अधिकांश छात्र बुनियादी गणित और पढ़ने के कौशल में पारंगत नहीं हो पाते।

शिक्षा केंद्रों से भौतिक दूरी

शिक्षा केंद्रों से भौतिक दूरी ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में बच्चों की शिक्षा के लिए एक बड़ी समस्या है। स्कूल बच्चों के घरों से कई किलोमीटर दूर स्थित होते हैं, जिसके कारण उन्हें स्कूल पहुँचने के लिए लंबी दूरी तय करनी पड़ती है।

इस कारणवश, कई बच्चे स्कूल नहीं जा पाते हैं क्योंकि यह बहुत दूर होता है, जबकि कुछ बच्चे इस कठिनाई के कारण स्कूल छोड़ देते हैं। भौतिक दूरी का यह मुद्दा शिक्षा की पहुंच और निरंतरता को सीधे प्रभावित करता है, खासकर ग्रामीण इलाकों में, जहां परिवहन के साधन सीमित होते हैं और बच्चे कठिनाइयों का सामना करते हैं।

इस प्रकार, स्कूलों की भौगोलिक स्थिति और परिवहन के साधनों की कमी शिक्षा में असमानता को बढ़ाती है और बच्चों के सीखने के अवसरों को सीमित करती है।

कोविड-19 का असर

स्कूल बंद होने और घरेलू आय में कमी, विशेष रूप से ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में, स्कूली आयु वर्ग के बच्चों के लिए शिक्षा तक पहुंच को सीमित कर दिया। कई छात्रों ने अपने माता-पिता की आय के नुकसान के कारण स्थायी रूप से स्कूल छोड़ दिया। जब स्कूल बंद थे तब युवाओं को आय पैदा करने के तरीके खोजने की जरूरत थी। इसने लिंग या स्थान के आधार पर अलग-अलग चुनौतियों का सामना किया।

लड़कियाँ स्कूलों में फिर से शामिल नहीं हो पाईं और उन्हें बाल विवाह और किशोर गर्भधारण का सामना करना पड़ा। किशोर गर्भधारण और बाल विवाह के मामलों में वृद्धि देखी गई। 2020 में डे ऑफ द अफ्रीकन चाइल्ड से पहले, सेव द चिल्ड्रन ने कुछ बच्चों से चर्चा की कि COVID-19 उन्हें कैसे प्रभावित कर रहा था। वाकिसो जिले की यह कहानी स्थिति को संक्षेप में प्रस्तुत करती है: “पाँचवीं कक्षा की एक लड़की, जो पास के एक स्कूल में पढ़ती थी, को पत्थर की खदान में काम करने वाले एक व्यक्ति ने गर्भवती कर दिया। जब स्कूल बंद हुए, तो उसकी माँ ने उसे सामान बेचने के लिए भेजा। इनमें से कई लड़कियाँ शायद कभी स्कूल वापस नहीं जा पाएंगी, क्योंकि COVID-19 का उनके परिवारों की आर्थिक स्थिति पर गहरा प्रभाव पड़ा है।”

ऐसे मामलों में, लड़कों की तुलना में अधिक लड़कियों के प्रभावित होने की संभावना है क्योंकि गरीब परिवार अक्सर लड़कों की शिक्षा को प्राथमिकता देते हैं और लड़कियों से उम्मीद की जाती है कि वे शादी कर लें।

जल, स्वच्छता और स्वच्छता

जल और स्वच्छता जीवन और स्वास्थ्य के लिए आवश्यक हैं, लेकिन वे गरिमा, सशक्तिकरण और समृद्धि के लिए भी आवश्यक हैं। जल और स्वच्छता मानव अधिकार हैं, जो प्रत्येक बच्चे और वयस्क के लिए मौलिक हैं। लेकिन युगांडा में, खराब स्वच्छता और स्वच्छता के साथ-साथ सुरक्षित पेयजल तक असमान पहुंच, हजारों बच्चों को बहुत बीमार और मृत्यु के खतरे में डालती है।

प्रारंभिक बचपन का दस्त न केवल घातक है; यह युगांडा के उच्च स्तर के स्टंटिंग में भी योगदान देता है, जो बदले में बच्चों के संज्ञानात्मक विकास और स्कूल में प्रदर्शन को प्रभावित करता है। स्कूल में, उचित स्वच्छता सुविधाओं की कमी भी उच्च अनुपस्थिति और ड्रॉपआउट का कारण बनती है, विशेष रूप से लड़कियों के लिए। यूनिसेफ के अनुसार “अकेले डायरिया, युगांडा में बचपन के तीन प्रमुख हत्यारों में से एक, हर दिन 33 बच्चों को मारता है।” ज्यादातर मामलों में, बच्चों को असुरक्षित पानी पीने या दूषित हाथों के संपर्क में आने से बीमारी होती है और युगांडा के अधिकांश स्कूल विशेष रूप से ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में अपने छात्रों के लिए स्वच्छ पानी प्रदान नहीं करते हैं।

 

कंपाला, युगांडा में एक प्राथमिक कक्षा। फोटो: अर्न होएल / वर्ल्ड बैंक

 

किशोर गर्भावस्था और बाल विवाह

बाल विवाह, किशोर गर्भावस्था, स्कूलों में दुर्व्यवहार और स्कूल की फीस कई किशोरों, विशेष रूप से लड़कियों को माध्यमिक विद्यालयों से बाहर रखती है। स्कूल छोड़ने वाली लड़कियों में 8 प्रतिशत लड़कियां गर्भवती हैं। इसी तरह की चुनौतियां शिक्षा की गुणवत्ता में बनी हुई हैंः सरकार द्वारा 2018 में किए गए सर्वेक्षण में प्राथमिक 3 में केवल लगभग 50 प्रतिशत बच्चे साक्षरता और संख्यात्मकता में निपुण थे।

निष्कर्ष

अंत में, युगांडा की सरकार की जिम्मेदारी है कि वह ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों जैसे सड़कों, स्कूलों, अस्पतालों में बेहतर सामाजिक सेवाओं का विस्तार करे ताकि उन क्षेत्रों में विकास को सुगम बनाया जा सके और इस प्रकार लोगों के जीवन स्तर के साथ-साथ गरीब बच्चों के लिए शिक्षा में सुधार किया जा सके।

चूंकि सरकार कोविड-19 महामारी द्वारा लाए गए लॉकडाउन के प्रभावों को कम करना चाहती है, इसलिए यह सुनिश्चित करने पर जोर दिया जाना चाहिए कि लड़कियों और महिलाओं को जीबीवी से बचाने वाली प्रणालियों से समझौता न किया जाए। यदि यह तेजी से नहीं किया जाता है, तो देश को लॉकडाउन द्वारा लाई गई कई मनोसामाजिक समस्याओं से निपटना होगा। लोगों को अपनी स्वच्छता की आदतों में सुधार करने के लिए साफ पानी आसानी से उपलब्ध होना चाहिए, जैसा कि साबुन होना चाहिए। और स्वच्छता सुविधाओं का उपयोग करते समय लड़कियों की निजता और गरिमा होनी चाहिए।

 

संदर्भ

कम्पाला में धैर्य ए और लंदन में जेम्स जी। (2023, June 17). युगांडा स्कूल हमला। https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65937484

यूनिसेफ। (2020). शिक्षा. यूनिसेफ का स्वागत है। https://www.unicef.org/uganda/what-we-do/education

तुयम्बे। (2022, September 28). ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में युगांडा के बच्चों के सामने शिक्षा संबंधी चुनौतियां हैं। https://www.tuyambe.org/education-challenges-faced-by-ugandan-children-in-rural-areas https://www.tuyambe.org/education-challenges-faced-by-ugandan-children-in-rural-areas

वार्तालाप। (2022, February 15). युगांडा ने दो साल के लिए स्कूलों को बंद कर दिया-प्रभाव गहरा और असमान है। https://theconversation.com/uganda-closed-schools-for-toe-years-the-impact-is-dep-and-uneven-176726

Finance.go.ug। (2020, July). युगांडा में कोविड-19 और बालिका शिक्षा। उभरते मुद्दे क्या हैं? https://www.finance.go.ug/sites/default/files/Publications/BMAU%20Briefing%20Paper%2013-20-कोविड-19% 20 और%20Girl% 20Child% 20Education% 20in% 20Uganda.20What% 20are% 20the% 20Emerging%20Issues.pdf

यूनिसेफ। (2022). जल, स्वच्छता और स्वच्छता (WASH). यूनिसेफ। युगांडा। https://www.unicef.org/uganda/what-we-do/wash

Educational Challenges in Ireland (Dutch)

Educational Challenges in Ireland (Dutch)

Het onderwijssysteem in Ierland; uitdagingen op onderwijsgebied en doelstellingen voor verbetering

Geschreven door Stefania Grace Tangredi
Vertaald door Pina Bontius

 

Bron: Tijdschrift voor plattelandsstudies

Het grondgebied van Ierland is verdeeld in twee delen: Ierland, ook wel “de Republiek Ierland” genoemd, en Noord-Ierland, dat deel uitmaakt van het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Ierland is lid van de Europese Unie.

In 1926 telde het land 2.971.922 inwoners, in 2023 waren dat er 4982 miljoen. Ierland werd in 1922 een vrije staat, een parlementaire democratie die wordt geregeerd door de Ierse grondwet van 1937. De officiële talen zijn zowel Engels als Iers.

Van de jaren 1950 tot de jaren 1970 groeide de Ierse economie en nam niet alleen op politiek gebied, maar ook op onderwijsgebied toe. In 2008 steeg de werkloosheid en daalde de groei van het bbp. Het toen overeengekomen herstelplan vereiste een behoorlijke bezuiniging op de overheidsuitgaven en een reeks maatregelen om de financiën te stabiliseren en weer groei te realiseren; Ierland kwam eind 2013 met succes uit de crisis. De uitgaven van de overheid voor onderwijs bedragen 3,72% van het bruto binnenlands product (bbp). Dit is lager dan zowel het regionale gemiddelde (4,6%) als het gemiddelde voor zijn inkomensgroep (4,5%).

Het onderwijssysteem in Ierland

In Ierland is het onderwijs op nationale scholen gratis en moet de staat gratis onderwijs op de basisschool aanbieden. Sommige particuliere basisscholen vragen een vergoeding. Het onderwijs op de meeste middelbare scholen is gratis, maar sommige particuliere scholen vragen een vergoeding van de gezinnen, zelfs voor het middelbaar onderwijs. Soms dragen de scholen de kosten voor boeken, uniformen en examens. De geschiedenis van Ierland is gevormd door de invloed van religieuze instellingen in de samenleving. Hierom speelt de katholieke kerk ook een belangrijke rol in het onderwijs: de meeste basisscholen, zoals de nationale scholen, worden beheerd door de kerk en gesubsidieerd door de staat. De meeste middelbare scholen – particuliere scholen voor voortgezet onderwijs – worden ook beheerd door katholieke instellingen. Onderwijs is in Ierland verplicht van 6 tot 16 jaar, of totdat leerlingen drie jaar voortgezet onderwijs hebben voltooid.

De basisschool bestaat uit acht leerjaren. Leerlingen gaan doorgaans op 12-jarige leeftijd naar de middelbare school. Het tweede niveau is onderverdeeld in een juniorcyclus en een seniorcyclus. In het middelbaar onderwijs worden zowel algemene als beroepsgerichte vakken onderwezen.

Het voortgezet onderwijs omvat middelbare scholen, beroepsopleidingen, scholengemeenschappen en community colleges. Het aantal jongeren dat na het verplichte onderwijs verder leert, is hoog: meer dan 90% van de 16-jarigen, 75% van de 17-jarigen en ongeveer 50% van de 18-jarigen gaat fulltime naar school.

Onderwijs in Ierland: vooruitzichten voor groei

Ierland staat voor tal van uitdagingen op het gebied van onderwijs. Het land probeert een snelle toename van het aantal inschrijvingen op te vangen. Het aantal inschrijvingen in het basisonderwijs daalt echter na een piek in 2018, terwijl het aantal inschrijvingen in het voortgezet onderwijs sterk blijft groeien, met een stijging van 34.300 tussen 2017 en 2021. Ook het aantal voltijdse inschrijvingen in het postsecundair onderwijs stijgt snel, met een toename van bijna 16.400 tussen 2017 en 2021 en 13 extra postsecundaire scholen sinds 2017, wat de aanzienlijke stijging van het aantal inschrijvingen weerspiegelt. Het totale aantal leraren is sinds 2017 met meer dan 7.804 gestegen, van 64.692 tot 72.496. De verhouding tussen het aantal leerlingen en leraren is sinds 2017 gedaald van 15,3 naar 13,7 in het basisonderwijs en van 12,8 naar 12,2 in het voortgezet onderwijs.

Ierland probeert niet alleen het aantal inschrijvingen te verhogen, maar bevordert ook een meer pluralistisch schoolsysteem dat beter aansluit bij de diversiteit, met name de religieuze diversiteit, in overeenstemming met het veranderende profiel van de bevolking. Een aantal scholen in Ierland is vanaf 2019 begonnen met de eerste overgang van katholiek naar multi-confessioneel. De scholen zullen programma’s implementeren om verschillende overtuigingen en waarden te omarmen en te integreren.

De deelname van kinderen met speciale onderwijsbehoeften aan het onderwijssysteem is toegenomen. Ierland wil een onderwijssysteem bieden dat hun deelname en vooruitgang ondersteunt, zodat zij hun volledige potentieel kunnen bereiken. Het is essentieel dat scholen beleid hebben om eventuele moeilijkheden van de leerlingen aan te pakken.

Om de kwaliteit en prestaties van alle niveaus van het onderwijssysteem op peil te houden en de arbeidsmarkt het hoofd te bieden, en om gelijke tred te houden met een veranderende wereld, zal het onderwijs- en opleidingssysteem een sleutelrol spelen bij het voorzien in bestaande en nieuwe vaardigheidsbehoeften door onderwijs, opleiding en mogelijkheden voor vaardigheidsontwikkeling te bieden aan mensen die de arbeidsmarkt betreden, en door bestaande deelnemers aan de arbeidsmarkt voortdurend bij te scholen en om te scholen.

Hoe ging Ierland om met de onderwijsproblemen tijdens COVID-19 in 2020?

Volgens een rapport van de VN hebben bijna 190 landen scholen gesloten, wat gevolgen had voor 1,5 miljard kinderen en jongeren. Daardoor moesten leerlingen een nieuwe manier van leren gaan toepassen, namelijk “thuisonderwijs”, en moesten leraren en opvoeders hun manier van lesgeven aanpassen. Audrey Azoulay, directeur-generaal van UNESCO, verzekerde dat de Verenigde Naties hulp boden om zich aan deze situatie aan te passen, vooral omdat ze samenwerkten met landen om de continuïteit van het onderwijs voor iedereen te waarborgen, met name voor kansarme kinderen en jongeren, die doorgaans het hardst worden getroffen door schoolsluitingen.

Tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie gaf 94% van de leerlingen aan dat ze een combinatie van schoolboeken en digitale hulpmiddelen gebruikten. Veel leerlingen (79%) gaven aan dat ze geen problemen hadden ondervonden, en als dat wel het geval was, werden die problemen snel opgelost. De meeste jongeren maakten hun opdrachten af en kregen feedback van hun leerkracht.

Foto door  Jessica Lewis op Unsplash

Pesten op school

Hoewel veel kinderen en jongeren naar katholieke scholen gaan, is er een groeiend aantal mensen dat het geloof niet praktiseert en alleen naar doop- en communiefeesten gaat omdat dit deel uitmaakt van de Ierse cultuur, maar niet omdat ze actief geloven. Toch zijn de meeste scholen in Ierland katholiek. Volgens de volkstelling van 2016 beschrijft bijna 80% van de bevolking zichzelf als katholiek. Religieuze beoefenaars en toegewijde leerlingen kunnen zich kwetsbaarder voelen omdat ze nu een minderheid vormen op Ierse scholen.

Om dit probleem te voorkomen, moeten Ierse scholen een gedragscode en een specifiek onderwijsprogramma en procedures hebben die samen het schoolplan vormen om leerlingen op school te helpen zich goed te gedragen en goed te leren. Ook zullen er schoolondersteuningsteams beschikbaar zijn om leerlingen te helpen die gepest worden, en zal al het personeel worden opgeleid als onderdeel van het nieuwe actieplan.

Kansarme mensen in Ierland

Ondanks de snelst groeiende economie van Europa blijft de armoede in Ierland stabiel. Kinderen hebben meer kans dan de rest van de bevolking om in aanhoudende armoede te leven. Meer dan 62.000 kinderen leven in langdurige armoede en anderen lopen het risico om in armoede te vervallen. Een op de vijf ouders heeft niet genoeg te eten om hun kinderen te voeden. Kinderen die veel reizen, zoals de Roma-kinderen, zijn bijzonder kwetsbaar. De term “Roma” wordt door de Raad van Europa gebruikt om te verwijzen naar Roma, Sinti, Kale en aanverwante groepen in Europa, met inbegrip van ‘Travellers’ en de oosterse groepen, zoals Dom en Lom, en omvat de grote diversiteit van de betrokken groepen, waarnaast ook personen die zichzelf als “zigeuners” identificeren inbegrepen zijn.

Bron: CSO Ierland

Uit statistische gegevens van 2016 blijkt dat 2% van de 10-jarigen in Ierland aan het einde van de basisschool geen eenvoudige tekst kan lezen en begrijpen. Kinderen op het platteland worden mogelijk negatief beïnvloed door moeilijkheden om betrokken te blijven bij het onderwijs of toegang te krijgen tot voorzieningen.

Kansenongelijkheid in het onderwijs hangt vaak samen met sociaaleconomische factoren, zoals een ontoereikend inkomen, slechte huisvesting, gezondheidsproblemen of gezinsproblemen. Kinderen die in arme gezinnen zijn geboren of in achterstandswijken wonen, lopen het grootste risico op schooluitval en vervolgens uitsluiting van de arbeidsmarkt. Jongeren die sociaal achtergesteld zijn, lopen een groter risico om te worden blootgesteld aan factoren die van invloed zijn op hun kansen om met succes het basis- en voortgezet onderwijs te doorlopen.

Conclusies en aanbevelingen

Het Ierse onderwijssysteem heeft aanzienlijke sterke punten en prestaties laten zien, maar staat ook voor uitdagingen. Het land zet zich sterk in om zijn burgers kwalitatief hoogstaand onderwijs te bieden, wat blijkt uit de goed gestructureerde en toegankelijke onderwijsinfrastructuur. De nadruk die Ierland legt op voorschools onderwijs, investeringen in technologie en toewijding aan inclusiviteit hebben bijgedragen aan een positieve leeromgeving voor leerlingen van verschillende leeftijden en achtergronden.

Het onderwijssysteem heeft veel verdiensten, maar op sommige gebieden zijn verbeteringen mogelijk om de algehele effectiviteit te vergroten:

Ierland zou meer moeten investeren in onderwijs, met name in het basis- en voortgezet onderwijs; dit is cruciaal voor het handhaven van hoogwaardige onderwijsnormen en faciliteiten. Adequate financiering zorgt ervoor dat alle scholen over de nodige middelen beschikken om aan de leerbehoeften van leerlingen te voldoen.

Ondanks de vooruitgang blijven er in sommige regio’s en onder bepaalde bevolkingsgroepen onderwijsverschillen bestaan. De regering zou zich moeten richten op het verkleinen van deze verschillen door gerichte maatregelen te nemen, zoals verbeterde toegang tot middelen en gespecialiseerde ondersteuning voor kansarme gemeenschappen.

Voortdurende professionele ontwikkeling van onderwijzers is essentieel om gelijke tred te houden met onderwijsmethodologieën en -technologieën in ontwikkeling. Het stimuleren en bieden van mogelijkheden voor leraren om hun vaardigheden te verbeteren, zal de leerervaring van de leerlingen ten goede komen. Naarmate het onderwijslandschap steeds veeleisender wordt, is het van cruciaal belang om prioriteit te geven aan geestelijke gezondheidszorg voor leerlingen, ouders en onderwijzers; het creëren van een positieve en ondersteunende leeromgeving zal leerlingen helpen om zowel op academisch als emotioneel vlak tot hun recht te komen.

Bronnen:
References

Educational Challenges in Malta (Romanian)

Educational Challenges in Malta (Romanian)

Provocări educaționale în Malta

Scris de Karl Baldacchino

Editat de Olga Ruiz Pilato

Tradus de Iasmina-Măriuca Stoian

 

Introducere

Republica Malta este o mică insulă situată în Marea Mediterană, chiar sub Sicilia, la est de Tunisia și deasupra Libiei. Din punct de vedere istoric, a servit drept poartă de acces între Africa de Nord și Europa, după cum o demonstrează lunga sa istorie ca parte a cuceririlor imperiale ale fenicienilor, cartaginezilor, romanilor, bizantinilor, arabilor, normanzilor, cavalerilor de Saint-Jean, francezilor și, în cele din urmă, britanicilor, obținând independența în 1964 și devenind republică în 1974. [i] A devenit membră a Uniunii Europene (UE) în 2004, ceea ce a dus la o serie de reforme pentru dezvoltarea socială în ceea ce privește educația, sănătatea și statutul socio-economic, în vederea îndeplinirii criteriilor UE. [ii] În acest sens, accesul la o educație de calitate a crescut în mod general pentru elevi, iar ca urmare, aceștia sunt mai bine pregătiți după terminarea învățământului obligatoriu.

 

Caracteristicile sistemului de învățământ din Malta

„Legea educației”, în conformitate cu capitolul 327 din Legile Maltei, prevede că educația este obligatorie pentru toți copiii și tinerii din Malta cu vârste cuprinse între cinci și șaisprezece ani, împărțită în șase ani de învățământ primar, urmați de cinci ani de învățământ secundar. Părinții au libertatea de a-și trimite copiii fie la școli publice, de stat, fie la școli administrate de biserică, care sunt cu program complet și în mare parte gratuite, fie la școli private care necesită taxe de școlarizare anuale. [iii] Există, de asemenea, o promovare și o ofertă puternică de educație și îngrijire a copiilor de vârstă mică (ECEC) de la naștere până la vârsta de trei ani, urmată de centre de grădiniță care ajută copiii să se pregătească pentru a intra cu ușurință în învățământul primar, existând un total de 143 de centre de îngrijire a copiilor înregistrate până în noiembrie 2019. [iv]

Învățământul primar constă în clase cu abilități mixte, care combină cele trei materii de bază: engleză, matematică, malteză și științe, religie/etică și educație fizică. Acesta include competențe transversale precum e-learning, dezvoltare durabilă, educație interculturală, antreprenoriat, creativitate și inovare. [v] Acest nivel există în cadrul „rețelelor de colegii” de stat, care facilitează fluxul copiilor care frecventează aceleași școli primare și secundare într-o anumită proximitate geografică, utilizând liste de verificare specifice pentru a evalua alfabetizarea, aritmetica și alfabetizarea electronică între clasa întâi și clasa a treia, împreună cu evaluări formative continue prin intermediul „End of Primary Benchmark” (Criteriul de referință pentru sfârșitul ciclului primar) pentru cele trei materii de bază. [vi]

Învățământul secundar este împărțit în secundar inferior și secundar superior. Primul durează doi ani și este denumit „școală gimnazială”, incluzând cele trei materii de bază, precum și geografie, istorie, religie/etică, fizică, PSCD (dezvoltare personală, socială și profesională), artă, limbi străine (de exemplu, italiană, germană, franceză, arabă, spaniolă) și așa mai departe. Învățământul secundar superior constă, în general, în participarea elevilor la cursuri opționale alese în al doilea an de gimnaziu, alături de o limbă străină și o disciplină științifică la alegere.[vii] Acest nivel se bazează pe forme de evaluare continuă și examene anuale stabilite la nivel central la sfârșitul fiecărui an, culminând cu examenele naționale pentru obținerea certificatului de învățământ secundar (SEC) organizate de comisia Matriculation and Secondary Education Certificate (MATSEC) a Universității din Malta (UOM), în cadrul cărora toți elevii în vârstă de șaisprezece ani susțin examene axate pe cele trei materii de bază și pe materiile opționale alese pentru a obține calificări recunoscute în Malta și de Cadrul european al calificărilor pentru învățarea pe tot parcursul vieții (EQF).[viii]

Învățământul postliceal asigură elevilor care nu au reușit să promoveze examenele SEC o a doua șansă prin programe de recuperare la școala Guze Ellul Mercer (GEM) 16+ sau la liceele din Malta și Gozo. De asemenea, aceasta implică faptul că elevii care au promovat cele trei materii de bază și alte trei materii pot opta pentru a obține niveluri superioare de educație în cadrul programelor de doi ani, fie la Junior College, fie la Giovanni Curmi Higher Secondary, în vederea pregătirii pentru învățământul terțiar la UOM prin examenele de nivel avansat și intermediar; sau pot adopta o abordare mai practică, frecventând Malta College of Arts, Știință și Tehnologie (MCAST), care oferă o gamă largă de programe profesionale, diplome și grade în știință, inginerie, contabilitate și TIC; sau Institutul de Studii Turistice (ITS), axat pe industria turismului ca pilon principal al economiei Maltei. [ix]

UOM oferă o gamă diversă de programe de licență, masterat și doctorat, axate în mod tradițional pe drept, medicină, comunicare, psihologie și științe umaniste. Recent, universitatea s-a extins în noi domenii digitale, precum tehnologia blockchain și securitatea cibernetică.[x] Cu toate acestea, alte instituții publice și private concurează cu UOM, vizând cerințele pieței de nișă pentru educația adulților, după cum se poate observa din programele oferite de Centrul pentru Arte Liberale și Științe al UOM, precum și de Universitatea de a Treia Vârstă (U3E), care oferă programe provocatoare pentru consolidarea gândirii critice și a dobândirii de competențe.[xi]

Acest sistem se mândrește cu o structură solidă axată pe educația pentru toți, pentru a facilita intrarea pe piața muncii, asigurând accesul gratuit pe tot parcursul studiilor și asistență guvernamentală semnificativă, cum ar fi manuale și transport gratuit, precum și burse de întreținere și indemnizații lunare pentru cei care continuă studiile la niveluri superioare. [xii] Este evident că Malta a făcut pași importanți pentru a investi masiv în sistemul său de învățământ, având una dintre cele mai mari cheltuieli publice generale pentru educație, de 14,2%, și dedicând 5,3% din produsul intern brut (PIB) educației, ceea ce este peste mediile UE de 10% și, respectiv, 4,7%. [xiii] Cu toate acestea, în ciuda acestor progrese pozitive, sistemul rămâne puternic împovărat în ceea ce privește îndeplinirea obiectivelor de referință, educatorii săi făcând față ritmului rapid al reformelor și creșterii semnificative a migranților.

 

Nerespectarea standardelor educaționale

Datele din 2009 și 2018 din Programul OCDE pentru evaluarea internațională a elevilor (PISA) și rezultatele calculate de Eurostat evidențiază faptul că procentul elevilor de 15 ani cu rezultate slabe la citire, scriere, matematică și științe a rămas cu mult peste media UE, situându-se la 35,6 %, 29,1 % și, respectiv, 32,5 %. Nivelul de citire și scriere în limba engleză al copiilor din clasa a V-a din școlile primare arată că 65,8 % dintre ei puteau vorbi engleza, uneori la un nivel superior celui C1, dar 32,8 % dintre copii prezentau deficiențe la scriere la nivelul A1. [xiv] În plus, datele din 2011 ale studiului Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), realizat de Asociația Internațională pentru Evaluarea Rezultatelor Educaționale (IEA), au clasat Malta pe locul 35 din 45 de țări participante la studiu. Nivelul de alfabetizare al elevilor este comparabil cu cel din Trinidad și Tobago, 25 % dintre aceștia obținând rezultate slabe la citirea în limba engleză. Media notelor la citirea în limba malteză a fost mai slabă decât media notelor la citirea în limba engleză, ceea ce evidențiază o discrepanță între instituțiile de stat și cele confesionale și private.[xv] Această din urmă problemă se datorează lipsei de resurse, Bonnici (2021) explicând în articolul său că „Malta a creat un mediu în care unii elevi au acces la resurse mai bune pur și simplu pentru că își permit acest lucru”. Acest lucru demonstrează că educația este inegală în școlile de stat, o opinie confirmată de studiul Comisiei Europene din 2020. Studiul sugerează că diferența dintre școlile de stat și cele private sau bisericești este de până la doi ani de predare. [xvi] În ciuda reformelor specifice, sălile de clasă rămân destul de mari, politicile limitând numărul de elevi la 26 per clasă, dar fără a aborda raportul profesor-elev, care se situează printre cele mai scăzute din UE. Acesta era de 12,8, 6,5 și 7,5 pentru nivelurile primar, gimnazial și liceal în 2019, oferind o indicație indirectă a atenției individuale acordate elevilor. [xvii]

O altă problemă istorică pentru Malta a fost rata ridicată a abandonului școlar timpuriu (ESL), pe care Eurostat a definit-o ca „persoanele cu vârsta cuprinsă între 18 și 24 de ani, care nu au cel puțin echivalentul diplomelor SEC (notele 1-7) la cinci materii diferite și care nu urmează studii sau formare profesională”. Situată la 33 % în 2005, aceasta a scăzut la 16,7 % în 2020, Malta rămânând cu a doua cea mai mare rată și peste valoarea de referință a UE de 10 %.[xviii] Rata de ocupare a forței de muncă a persoanelor cu un nivel scăzut de educație este de 71,7 %: cea mai ridicată din UE, ceea ce explică de ce abandonul școlar este o problemă persistentă. Acest lucru arată că, chiar și cu puține calificări, oamenii au găsit totuși locuri de muncă în industria turismului, care, pe lângă faptul că este slab remunerată, împiedică și succesul politicilor care vizează reducerea raportului cost-beneficiu al înscrierii la niveluri superioare de educație, așa cum sugerează unii cercetători, expunând această categorie la riscul de excluziune socială și șomaj în viitor, pe măsură ce se dezvoltă noi industrii.[xix] Aceasta poate fi, de asemenea, o problemă generațională. O treime din totalul forței de muncă are un nivel de educație secundară, în timp ce 50 % rămân fără calificări SEC. În anul 2000, 7,4 % dintre persoanele cu vârsta cuprinsă între 30 și 34 de ani au obținut calificări terțiare, procentul crescând la 39,7 % până în 2020. Aceasta din urmă a reprezentat un obiectiv de referință atins cu succes, care a inclus o diferență de gen de 46,5% dintre femei care au obținut studii superioare, comparativ cu 34,1% dintre bărbați.

Eșecul ridicat al elevilor la materiile de bază MATSEC la nivel secundar și postsecundar indică eșecul sistemului de a atinge obiectivele de referință. În 2021, 17% (642 din 3706), 18% (762 din 4162) și 14% (575 din 4086) dintre elevi au picat la malteză, matematică și engleză, în comparație cu rezultatele din 2019, care au fost de 19%, 17% și, respectiv, 12%. Fostul ministru al Educației, Justyne Caruana, a declarat că acest eșec nu poate fi atribuit epidemiei de Covid-19 din 2020.[xxi] Ca reacție la acest lucru, guvernul a anunțat o decizie a UOM potrivit căreia pentru a intra la Junior College elevii nu vor mai fi obligați să promoveze toate materiile de bază, o limbă străină și o materie științifică, ci va fi suficientă promovarea unei singure materii de bază. Această decizie a stârnit reacții negative din partea părților interesate, în special din partea Sindicatului Profesorilor din Malta (MUT), care nu a fost consultat. Aceștia au contestat decizia, considerând-o o tactică electorală, având în vedere că la alegerile parlamentare din 2022 tinerii de 16 ani au avut dreptul să voteze pentru prima dată. [xxii] Guvernul susține decizia, deoarece aceasta poate aborda în mod pozitiv problema ESL, în măsura în care nivelurile superioare de educație reprezentau o barieră pentru tineri. Cerințele pentru admiterea la UOM rămân în continuare o barieră în acest sens, dar mulți se întreabă dacă aceasta este direcția pe care ar trebui să o ia educația.

 

Educatorii incapabili să facă față

Nu există suficienți profesori pentru a se ocupa de toți elevii, în special pentru cele trei materii de bază;[xxiii] cu toate acestea, în loc să privim educația ca pe un așa-numit „bastion elitist” și să punem dezvoltarea educațională exclusiv pe umerii educatorilor, o abordare mai bună ar fi aceea de a aborda dezechilibrele atitudinale și sistematice legate de modul în care sunt tratați educatorii în Malta. Este o problemă de atitudine în sensul că profesia este considerată una dintre cele mai joase și mai puțin respectate în societatea malteză, ceea ce afectează instruirea crucială pe care elevii o primesc de la educatori, o problemă amplificată de faptul că părinții și comunitățile sociale, pentru o lungă perioadă de timp și până de curând, nu au dorit să se implice în educația copiilor lor și în viitorul pieței muncii, riscând să agraveze inegalitățile socio-economice. [xxiv] Pe de altă parte, în ultimii trei ani, MUT, alături de alții, a criticat reformele guvernamentale introduse fără consultarea lor, fără a oferi formare și dezvoltare profesională pentru noile reforme, iar aceste reforme nu au avut până acum succesul de a câștiga sprijinul educatorilor, aceștia argumentând că ritmul rapid este similar cu o „cursă de șoareci” care duce la „oboseala reformelor”. [xxv] Acesta este motivul pentru care educatorii se simt epuizați de volumul de documente pe care trebuie să le trateze cu prioritate față de alte responsabilități esențiale, fiind astfel incapabili să abordeze lipsa de disciplină și comportamentul inadecvat al elevilor în sălile de clasă. În schimb, ei solicită ca reformele să nu se concentreze exclusiv pe elevi, ca o modalitate de a ocoli necesitatea unei abordări echilibrate care să țină seama și de nevoile educatorilor, un motiv crucial pentru care mulți educatori părăsesc acest domeniu.[xxvi]

Studiul realizat de dr. Chircop în 2020 s-a concentrat asupra modului în care educatorii construiesc o imagine a societății malteze în sala de clasă și a revelat modul în care ritmul rapid al reformelor socio-economice de la aderarea Maltei la UE, prin introducerea divorțului, uniunea civilă, căsătoria între persoane de același sex, modificările politicilor de migrație și chiar recentă legalizare a producției de cânepă, a lăsat educatorii cu o dublă sarcină de a concilia aceste schimbări cu propriile sisteme religioase, culturale și morale, crescând indirect barierele în calea creării unei societăți mai tolerante în interiorul și în afara școlilor. [xxvii] Acest lucru riscă să sistematizeze problemele legate de rasism și excluderea anumitor orientări sexuale care persistau în societate, dar care au devenit mai pronunțate și mai vizibile în ultimele două decenii, transformându-se în granițe bine stabilite între „noi” și „ei”, din cauza temerilor că identitatea malteză se va detașa de rădăcinile sale culturale, religioase și sociale în schimbul unei identități mai moderne, europene sau chiar nord-africane și mediteraneene, legate de istoria Maltei și de relațiile sale cu diverse culturi. [xxviii] Aceasta indică o problemă transversală mai amplă care există în Malta din 2002, și anume creșterea populației străine în țară.

 

De la necesitate economică la rasism

Tema rasismului în Malta are un caracter contradictoriu, întrucât, în trecut, piața muncii avea nevoie de persoane cu înaltă calificare, care nu existau în rândul populației malteze, și a devenit dependentă de atragerea de lucrători străini pentru a acoperi deficitul de competențe, dependență care continuă și astăzi odată cu cea mai recentă evoluție a pieței industriei jocurilor de noroc (aproximativ 60 % din angajații acesteia fiind străini). [xxix] Atitudinile rasiste au devenit mai răspândite datorită faptului că populația străină a crescut de la 14 725 în 2008 la 83 267 în 2019, sau de la 4 % din populația totală malteză la 17 %. Aceasta a adăugat presiune asupra celor 1.322 de locuitori pe kilometru pătrat – semnificativ mai mult decât în Regatul Unit, cu 244,3 locuitori/km2, sau Italia, cu 19,2 244,3 locuitori/km2. Acest lucru s-a reflectat în școli, deoarece mai mulți elevi din țări terțe (TNC) din Siria, Libia și Serbia s-au înscris la școli din nordul, portul nordic și districtele sud-estice ale Maltei, cum ar fi St. Theresa College, St. Benedict College și St. Clare College. [xxx] În ciuda limitărilor sale, un studiu realizat de Frendo în 2021 a evidențiat semne clare de excludere și discriminare împotriva elevilor migranți din învățământul postliceal, aceștia fiind tratați diferit de colegii lor din clasă din cauza culorii pielii sau a îmbrăcămintei, fiindu-le adresate întrebări rasiste de către educatori și fiind făcuți invizibili prin utilizarea limbii malteze ca limbă de predare, concluzionând că aceiași indicatori culturali și etnici pot fi prezenți și în alte niveluri de învățământ.[xxxi]

Rasismul este o problemă critică care trebuie abordată prin oferirea de dezvoltare profesională și formare suplimentară cadrelor didactice în ceea ce privește metodele pedagogice și predarea limbii, precum și prin satisfacerea nevoilor educaționale și emoționale ale celor care pot suferi de traume din cauza călătoriei lor migratorii sau a experiențelor de abuz, creând un mediu intercultural, mai degrabă decât unul multicultural, de asimilare. În plus, sistemul educațional mai larg din Malta trebuie să crească alocarea de resurse și să se concentreze pe școlile și districtele care deservesc grupuri concentrate de elevi străini. Acest lucru ar pune la încercare percepția mai largă conform căreia străinii reprezintă o „amenințare” pentru cultura, limba și perspectivele de angajare ale acestora. [xxxii]

 

Concluzie

Fiind născut, crescut și educat în sistemul de învățământ din Malta, am întâlnit aceste probleme în mod direct și m-am împrietenit cu mulți educatori actuali și viitori din domeniu, care dezbat și discută public aceste probleme actuale. Sistemul în sine și-a găsit echilibrul de-a lungul anilor și există dovezi clare că generațiile trecute, actuale și viitoare au acces pozitiv la o educație de calitate. Cu toate acestea, sistemul trebuie să umple lacunele rămase, deoarece toate părțile implicate sunt neglijate. Există o nevoie serioasă ca toate părțile interesate să se reunească pentru a reevalua metodele de predare, conținutul, formarea și numărul de studenți, pentru a se asigura că toți beneficiază de sistem așa cum s-a intenționat inițial.

 

Bibliografie:

[i] Fenech, C. & Seguna, A. (2020) ‘Internationalisation of Maltese Society and Education’. Malta Journal of Education, Vol. 1(1), pp. 31-32.

[ii] Ibid., p. 30; see also Chircop, L. (2020) ‘Educators’ Constructions of Maltese Society’. Malta Journal of Education, Vol. 1(1), pp. 59-60; Gauci, T. M. (2021) ‘An Analysis of Educational Attainment in Malta: Policy Note’. Central Bank of Malta, pp. 4 & 12-13; see also European Commission (2019) ‘Education and Training Monitor 2019: Malta’, pp. 5-6.

[iii] European Commission, ‘Malta: Organisation of the education system and of its structure’. Eurydice. Available online from: https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/organisation-education-system-and-its-structure-49_en#:~:text=Education%20in%20Malta%20is%20compulsory,five%20years%20of%20secondary%20education. [Accessed 29/04/2022].

[iv] Ibid.

[v] Ibid.

[vi] Ibid.

[vii] Ibid.

[viii] Ibid.

[ix] Ibid.

[x] Ibid.

[xi] Ibid.; see also Mayo, P. (2012) ‘Adult Education in Malta: Challenges and Prospects’.  Journal of Adult Continuing Education, Vol. 18(1), p. 52.

[xii] Ibid.; see also Gauci, p. 5; see also Mayo, p. 58.

[xiii] Gauci, p. 22; see also European Commission (2019), p. 7; see also Bonnici, J. (2021) ‘Malta’s Educational System is Failing While We Play Dumb’. Lovin Malta. Available online from: https://lovinmalta.com/opinion/analysis/maltas-educational-system-is-failing-while-we-play-dumb/ [Accessed on 30/04/2022].

[xiv] European Commission (2019), p. 5; see also European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education, ‘Raising the Achievement of All Learners in Inclusive Education – Country Report: Malta’, p. 2.

[xv] European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education, pp. 5-6.

[xvi] Bonnici; see also European Commission (2020) ‘Equity in School Education in Europe: Structures, Policies and Student Performance’, pp. 65 & 239-240.

[xvii] Gauci, pp. 22-23.

[xviii] Ibid., p. 4; see also European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education, p. 6; see also Carabott, S. (2019) ‘Malta with Second Largest Number of Early School Leavers in Europe’. Times of Malta. Available online from: https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/malta-with-second-largest-number-of-early-school-leavers-in-europe.708292#:~:text=Malta%20has%20the%20second%20largest,2018%2C%20according%20to%20European%20data. [Accessed on 30/04/2022].

[xix] Ibid., pp. 10-11 European Commission (2019), pp. 8-9; see also Bonnici.

[xx] Ibid., pp. 8-11; see also European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education, p. 4; see also Carabott.

[xxi] Fenech, J. (2021) ‘MATSEC Results to be Evaluated to Find Reasons for Poor Outcome – Education Minister’. Independent. Available online from: https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2021-08-27/local-news/MATSEC-results-to-be-evaluated-to-find-reasons-for-poor-outcome-Education-Minister-6736236248 [Accessed on 30/04/2022].

[xxii] Farrugia, C. (2022) ‘Junior College No Longer Requires Passes in All Three Core Subjects’. Times of Malta. Available online from: https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/junior-college-no-longer-requires-passes-in-all-three-core-subjects.943710#:~:text=Students%20previously%20needed%20passes%20in%20Maltese%2C%20English%20and%20Maths&text=Students%20applying%20to%20enter%20Junior,one%20of%20three%20science%20subjects. [Accessed on 30/04/2022].

[xxiii] Times of Malta (2019) ‘The Failing Education System’. Available online from: https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/the-failing-education-system.701290 [Accessed 30/04/2022].

[xxiv] Ibid.; see also Bonnici; see also Vella, L. (2021) ‘Teachers Call for Action on Expert’s Report on State School Educators’ Challenges’. Malta Today. Available online from: https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/111164/teachers_call_for_action_on_experts_report_on_state_school_educators_challenges#.Ym1EO9pBzIV [Accessed on 30/04/2022].

[xxv] Vella (2021); see also Vella, Matthew (2020) ‘Teachers Left Breathless by Reforms “Rat Race”, Says Union Boss’.  Malta Today. Available online from: https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/100137/teachers_left_breathless_by_reforms_rat_race#.Yme-htpBzIW [Accessed on 30/04/2022].

[xxvi] Ibid.; see also Vella (2020); see also General Workers’ Union Malta, ‘Study: “Challenges that Educators Face”’. Available online from: https://gwu.org.mt/en/study-challenges-that-educators-face/ [Accessed on 30/04/2022].

[xxvii] Chircop, L. (2020) ‘Educators’ Constructions of Maltese Society’. Malta Journal of Education, Vol. 1(1), pp. 57-66.

[xxviii] Ibid., pp. 57, 59, 60 & 67-69.

[xxix] Times of Malta (2019); see also Bonnici.

[xxx] Fenech & Seguna, pp. 29-30, 34-38 & 40-41.

[xxxi] Frendo, F. (2021) ‘Reflections on the Little Rock: Assessing Migrant Inclusion in Maltese Post-Secondary Education’. Malta Journal of Education, Vol. 2(2), pp. 143, 145 & 150-153.

[xxxii] Ibid., pp. 154-155; see also Fenech & Seguna, pp. 40-41, 43-45 & 46.

The Education Crisis on Qamea Island: A School Without Classrooms After Natural Disasters

The Education Crisis on Qamea Island: A School Without Classrooms After Natural Disasters

Written by Mene Van Heerden

Introduction

Natural disasters have a disastrous effect on children’s education. From 2016 onwards, the school in Dreketi village on Qamea Island, Fiji, has been in a continuous natural disaster emergency. In 2016, a horrific cyclone destroyed many classrooms, forcing students to study in temporary classrooms. Then, in 2020, a devastating landslide occurred in Yadua Villiage School on Yadua Island, leaving classrooms destroyed, and all students were forced to study in unsuitable conditions. In November 2024, both schools’ classrooms have still not been rebuilt (“Northern Island Schools Without Classrooms,” 2024). As the world tries to deal with increasing natural disasters linked to climate change, this situation highlights the urgent need for more resilient school infrastructure in more vulnerable communities.

 

Why this is a critical issue

The lack of proper classrooms on Qamea Island and Yadua Island has disrupted the education of hundreds of children. These children were forced to learn in temporary structures or outdoors. According to the education ministry secretary, Selina Kuruleca, the government faces challenges in rebuilding the schools (Tuilevuka, 2024). These challenges include limited access to proper materials and finding tenders. The slow pace of rebuilding the schools have a significant effect on the students, since the quality of their education is compromised, and long-term effects can hinder the development of the entire generation (Herbst, 2024). Furthermore, this also impacts the children’s emotional and mental well-being and future opportunities, impacting the communities’ resilience and overall progress (Herbst, 2024). Overall, Fiji struggles with the effects of an ever-changing climate, and the lack of stable school infrastructure worsens the economy and creates social inequalities.

 

 

The role of the government and response measures

In response to both schools’ destruction, the Fijian government has guaranteed funds for reconstruction and provided temporary learning spaces to students and teachers, such as tents. As previously mentioned, the process has been slow, with funding challenges and difficulty reaching these remote islands adding to the delays (Tuilevuka, 2024). Although the government is committed to rebuilding the school, it needs to rethink how to rebuild the infrastructure to be more resilient to natural disasters, since ensuring resilient school infrastructure is essential to protect learning amid climate change and natural disasters (ReliefWeb, 2023). This can be done by adopting hazard-resistant designs that look at local risks. Examples of these designs include raised structures in flood-prone areas or wind-resistant roofs in areas prone to cyclones (Admin, 2023). Conducting risk assessments can also help the government notice site-specific vulnerabilities, and these vulnerabilities can be addressed. Furthermore, rebuilding these infrastructures using sustainable, locally sourced materials reduces environmental impact and supports durability. Equitable investment and governance are essential to prioritise vulnerable communities (ReliefWeb, 2023). International aid and teamwork with NGOs could also help the children of Qamea Island and Yadua Island continue their education despite these challenges. For example, NGOs could send volunteers to help build better temporary infrastructure while the government rebuilds the proper school facilities.

 

Impact of Climate Change and the Need for Resilience

Qamea Island and Yadua Island are examples of how climate change can affect Pacific Island states. Fijian islands are highly susceptible to natural disasters, including rising sea levels, severe cyclones, and extreme weather events (Fijian Ministry of Finance, 2024). Learning from the experiences of other countries in the Pacific region, implication of new policies, investment in new technologies and strategies appropriate for Fiji’s climate conditions is urgently needed and could help the Fijian government implement plans to reduce the damage caused by natural disasters. The Fijian government does advocate for resilience through its National Climate Change Policy Framework (Sayed-Khaiyum & Ministry of Economy, 2018). This framework emphasises the risk of climate change on any infrastructure development, including schools. Moreover, it underlines the need for weather-resilient buildings and sustainable materials and practices. In other words, the policy states that the government needs to adequately equip these educational institutions with infrastructure that can withstand natural disasters to ensure continued learning and endure for future generations.

 

Cooperating with other countries is another way to ensure continued learning and more substantial infrastructure. For example, Australia’s commitments to making climate and disaster resilience more applicable within the Pacific have proved beneficial to some Fijian Islands. They enhanced infrastructure development to withstand natural disasters and developed programs to help communities build resilience against climate-related challenges (DFAT, 2024). These programs also endorse community participation and knowledge-sharing to ensure that resilience strategies are culturally appropriate and locally relevant (DFAT, 2024). Through this cooperation between Australia and Fiji, infrastructures that can withstand climate-related disasters and promote a sustainable future can be built.

 

 

 

Conclusion

In conclusion, the education crisis on Fiji’s islands highlights a serious issue many countries face when natural disasters strike. The issue goes beyond the direct harm that natural disasters cause; it also involves the impact of climate change and inadequate school infrastructure on children’s ability to learn effectively. Inadequately equipped and built schools jeopardise the future of this young generation, and they severely restrict the potential for success and growth in the lives of many students. As seen on Qamea Island and Yadua Island, climate change worsens vulnerabilities in school infrastructure, highlighting the urgent need for resilient infrastructure capable of withstanding extreme natural disasters. To address these challenges, collaboration between the Fijian government, international partners, and local communities is essential. They must prioritise sustainable, hazard-resistant school designs and community-centred approaches to resilience. By putting resources into strong and flexible educational infrastructures, countries like Fiji can safeguard their most vulnerable members, their children. Improved school infrastructures can ensure continued education, even in tough times, and strengthen the future of the communities’ children facing climate change challenges head-on.

 

Featured Photo by Carl Campbell on Unsplash

 

 

 

References

 

Admin. (2023, December 28). Building for the future: The importance of resilient and disaster-resistant structure design. GDI Engineering. https://gdiengdesign.com/building-for-the-future-the-importance-of-resilient-and-disaster-resistant-structure-design/

 

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). (2024). Fiji: Australia’s commitment to strengthening climate and disaster resilience in the Pacific. Australian Government. https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/fiji-australias-commitment-to-strengthening-climate-and-disaster-resilience-in-the-pacific

 

Fijian Ministry of Finance. (2024). National climate change policy framework. Government of Fiji. https://www.finance.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/NPDF_final.pdf

 

Herbst, M. (2024). The state of the world’s children 2024: The future of childhood in a changing world. UNICEF.

 

Northern Island Schools Without Classrooms. (2024, September 27). Fiji Sunhttps://fijisun.com.fj/2024/09/27/northern-island-schools-without-classrooms/

 

Sayed-Khaiyum, A., & Ministry of Economy. (2018). National climate change policy 2018 – 2030. Ministry of Economy. https://fijiclimatechangeportal.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/FIJI-NCCP-2018-2030_0.pdf

 

Tuilevuka, N. (2024, October 31). Still in tents: 300 students in the north without classrooms. The Fiji Times. https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/still-in-tents-300-students-in-north-without-classrooms/

 

The Hengshui Model: Educational Alienation in the Context of Involution

Source: File:Mingzhi Building.JPG - Wikimedia Commons

Written By: Bowen Qi

Introduction of the Hengshui Model

The Hengshui Model, originally from Hengshui High School in Hebei Province, China, refers to an exam-oriented education system designed specifically for China’s college entrance examination (gaokao). The gaokao is one of China’s most critical selection examinations, largely determining whether students can enter university and shaping their future path, thus having enormous influence on individual destinies.

Within this system, schools function essentially as “examination factories,” while students become machines constantly operating to produce good scores, losing creativity amid drill-and-kill methods and examination preparation environments. This education model gradually became popular nationwide due to its ability to significantly improve students’ exam scores and university admission rates, especially in economically underdeveloped and heavily populated provinces and regions. According to China Newsweek, as of 2021, at least 21 branch schools across the country had been named “Hengshui High School”, spread across more than ten provinces in central and western China, demonstrating the rapid replication and dissemination of this model nationwide (Xu, 2021).

The most notable features of the Hengshui Model are its military-style management, indoctrination-like propaganda, and mechanical repetitive training. For instance, Hengshui-style schools schedule students’ days precisely to the minute, from rising at 5:30 a.m. to lights-out at 10:30 p.m., leaving virtually no time for free activities. Even mealtimes are compressed to merely fifteen minutes outside of lessons and homework. Additionally, teaching buildings are typically adorned with numerous motivational slogans, and during extracurricular periods, students are required to participate in collective mobilisation and oath-taking ceremonies to reinforce their sense of obedience (Song, 2012). The direct purpose of these two approaches is to control students’ time and energy entirely for repetitive practice of examination questions, thus achieving the core objective of producing good scores through standardised examination preparation.

 

Nature of the Hengshui model: Educational Alienation in the Context of Involution

The concept of “involution” originates from anthropologist Clifford Geertz, who initially used it to describe the process in Indonesian agriculture where, under external expansion constraints, production was maintained through increased  labour input, pointing to a form of “growth without development”—a stagnant complexification (Geertz, 1963, p70). The Hengshui Model represents precisely such an educational involution mechanism: developed to cope with population pressure in a context where social evaluation standards, educational resource distribution, and socioeconomic structures resist short-term change, it employs highly concentrated study time and standardised training to enhance students’ examination performance.

Although the number of newborns in China fluctuated between 2000 and 2010, it remained relatively high and later peaked in 2016 following the introduction of the universal two-child policy, bringing about a dramatic increase in student numbers from the generation known as the “demographic dividend” (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2017). However, this ‘demographic dividend’ has not conferred advantages on the generation itself but rather caused a sharp increase in peer pressure and competitive stress. In the subsequent decade, this population trend significantly elevated the number of students in China’s basic and higher education, intensifying competition for university admission and employment. Against this backdrop, gaokao scores and undergraduate qualifications became critical thresholds measuring opportunities for individual social mobility, and the Hengshui Model—capable of achieving score improvements through extreme management methods in a short period—emerged in response.

Despite its effectiveness in raising test scores, the Hengshui Model embodies another crucial aspect of involution: the absence of increased output relative to input. While students invest substantially more time and energy in academic preparation, this intensification rarely brings proportional gains in innovative thinking, practical problem-solving abilities, or diverse talent development—qualities essential for broader social progress. Instead, the system primarily optimizes for narrow examination metrics, creating what might be termed ‘educational involution’: an increasingly complex and demanding learning environment that produces diminishing returns in terms of genuine educational outcomes and societal advancement.

The Hengshui model’s harm to education

In addition to the extremely low incremental output resulting from high investment mentioned above, another serious harm of the Hengshui model is the negative impact on the physical and mental health development of adolescents. In 2021, China’s Ministry of Education clearly pointed out in the “Double Reduction” policy that in compulsory education, “excessive academic burden and emphasis on exam-oriented education seriously affect students’ physical and mental health development and overall development (Zhao, 2022). This statement reflects the national-level concern about the negative consequences brought by high-pressure learning environments like the Hengshui model.

These concerns are not unfounded. In 2014 and 2015, two consecutive incidents of student suicide by jumping occurred at one of the high schools in Hengshui. Both students were in their senior year of high school and died despite rescue effort (Sina Education, 2015). The two tragedies happened less than six months apart, triggering widespread public questioning about whether the “Hengshui-style education” was overwhelming students’ psychological resilience. Afterward, the school installed iron railings in the corridors of teaching buildings to prevent further jumping incidents, a measure that also sparked heated discussion online. Many believed this further deepened the impression of a “prison-like school.” These real cases profoundly reveal the potential cost when an education system places “scores” above the physical and mental well-being of individual students.

This highly institutionalized design reflects a deeper mechanism of psychological control: the systematic suppression of the need for “recognition.” Under the educational framework of the Hengshui model, students are cut off from pathways to gain validation through interpersonal relationships, individual expression, or even self-reflection. The school strictly restricts normal emotional interactions such as friendships and romantic relationships, while uniform dress codes and  behavioural requirements further compress the space for individuals to demonstrate differences and independence. In this environment, learning performance becomes almost the only value source that students are allowed to pursue—they can only obtain affirmation from teachers, parents, and the system itself through high scores. Over time, scores are no longer just tools for advancement to higher education but become the sole pillar supporting students’ self-esteem and emotional legitimacy. Once this single pillar is shaken or collapses, extreme  behaviours such as suicide may become an emotional outlet, reflecting the deep erosion of adolescents’ psychological resilience in an extreme exam-oriented environment.

Prospects for change

Despite the heavy criticism of the Hengshui model’s exam-oriented approach and highly disciplined management, its existence is not accidental but rather a product of structural factors in contemporary Chinese society. Against a backdrop of increasingly fierce competition for academic credentials, highly unequal distribution of educational resources, and gradually solidifying social stratification, “high producing” systems like Hengshui Middle School provide many families with a limited yet realistic channel for upward mobility (Wang Ji & Wang Yue, 2021). Therefore, simply restricting or criticizing this type of school model may not fundamentally resolve the distortion in the educational ecosystem.

Truly effective transformation requires institutional-level changes. This includes building a more equitable educational resource distribution system, promoting diversification of educational evaluation standards, establishing ability-oriented rather than credential-oriented employment mechanisms in society, and providing diversified development paths for different types of students. Only in this way can the educational alienation embodied by the Hengshui model possibly be redirected back to “nurturing people” itself, opening new possibilities for the future of basic education in China.

 

Reference

Geertz, C. (1963). Agricultural involution: The processes of ecological change in Indonesia. University of California Press.

National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2017). China Statistical Yearbook 2017. China Statistics Press. Retrieved from China Statistical Yearbook-2017

Song, S. (2012, June 9). Hengshui High School: “Prison-style education” and “Gaokao factory.” Beijing News. Retrieved from https://www.bjnews.com.cn/news/2012/06/09/203697.html

Sina Education. (2015, April 4). Alarm bells: Two student suicides at Hengshui No. 2 High School within six months. Retrieved from https://top.sina.cn/edu/2015-04-04/tnews-iawzuney2430511.d.html

Wang, J., & Wang, Y. (2021). Reflections on the Hengshui High School education model. Chinese Journal of Education, (5), 36–40.

Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Hengshui model. In *Wikipedia*. Retrieved April 20, 2025, fromhttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A1%E6%B0%B4%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F

Xu, T. (2021, September 6). The Capitalization Path of the Hengshui Model. China Newsweek, Issue No. 1011. 20多所分校,谁在从衡水中学的资本版图获利? -中新网

Zhao, B. (2022, January 12). Data interpretation: Achievements in the implementation of the “Double Reduction” policy in 2021. Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/moe_2082/2021/2021_zl53/tsj/202201/t20220112_593913.html

 

 

The Role of EdTech Startups in Transforming Education in Egypt 

Source: Getty Image https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/01/egypt-moves-redress-teacher-shortages-public-schools

Written by Iasmina Stoian 

Education in Egypt has long faced numerous challenges, including overcrowded classrooms, insufficient resources, and outdated curricula. For decades, these obstacles have limited the quality and accessibility of education for students across the country, particularly in rural areas. In recent years, however, the rise of educational technology (EdTech) startups has begun to change the face of education in Egypt. These innovative companies are leveraging technology to address the systemic issues within the Egyptian education system, offering new opportunities for both students and educators. This article explores the transformative role of EdTech startups in Egypt and their potential to reshape the future of education in the country.

 

The Need for Innovation in Egyptian Education

The Egyptian education system has historically been marked by its rigidity, with an over-reliance on rote memorization and high-stakes testing. Students often lack access to critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills—skills that are increasingly in demand in the global workforce. Furthermore, a significant urban-rural divide exacerbates educational inequality, with students in rural areas facing even greater challenges in accessing quality education.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted these pre-existing issues while also introducing new challenges. With schools closing for extended periods, millions of students were left without access to education due to the lack of digital infrastructure and resources. The crisis underscored the urgent need for innovation in education and the potential of technology to provide solutions.

 

 

The Rise of EdTech Startups

In response to these challenges, Egypt has seen a surge in the number of EdTech startups in recent years. These startups are developing innovative platforms, tools, and applications designed to make education more accessible, engaging, and effective for students across the country. The growing demand for online learning during the pandemic acted as a catalyst for many of these ventures, but their impact is expected to extend far beyond the immediate crisis.

EdTech startups in Egypt are tackling a wide range of educational needs, from early childhood learning to university-level education and vocational training. They are focusing on diverse areas, including online tutoring, interactive learning platforms, gamification, and adaptive learning technologies. These companies are not only addressing the issues of accessibility and quality but also working to modernize and digitize the traditional education system.

Key Areas of Transformation

One of the most significant contributions of EdTech startups in Egypt is the promotion of personalized learning. Traditional classrooms often fail to cater to the individual needs of students, as teachers are required to manage large groups with varying levels of ability. EdTech solutions, however, allow students to learn at their own pace, accessing resources tailored to their learning styles and needs.

Platforms like Almentor and Kiwa Academy offer online courses in various subjects, enabling students to select the areas in which they need more support. By providing a more flexible and personalized approach, EdTech companies are helping students to better understand complex concepts, retain information, and develop independent learning habits.

Another crucial area where EdTech startups are making a difference is in bridging the gap between urban and rural education. In Egypt, students in rural areas often have limited access to qualified teachers, modern resources, and extracurricular activities. This has led to a significant disparity in educational outcomes between rural and urban students. Through digital platforms, EdTech startups are making quality education accessible to students in remote areas. For example, Nafham, an Egyptian EdTech platform, provides free educational content aligned with the national curriculum, allowing students across the country to access lessons regardless of their location. The platform also includes interactive features like quizzes and video tutorials, making learning more engaging and effective.

In addition to student-focused initiatives, some EdTech startups in Egypt are also working to enhance teacher training and professional development. The traditional education system often overlooks the need for continuous teacher training, leaving educators ill-equipped to manage the changing demands of the modern classroom. EdTech startups such as Classera provide teacher training programs that help educators develop digital literacy and integrate technology into their teaching methods. By empowering teachers with new tools and skills, these startups are improving the overall quality of education and ensuring that teachers can provide students with a more engaging and interactive learning experience.

The Egyptian education system has traditionally placed a heavy emphasis on academic learning, often at the expense of vocational training and lifelong learning opportunities. EdTech startups are addressing this gap by providing platforms that cater to non-traditional learners, including those seeking vocational training or professional development.

For instance, platforms like Udemy and SkillAcademy offer courses in various vocational fields, enabling learners to acquire skills that are directly applicable to the job market. These platforms are particularly valuable in a country like Egypt, where unemployment rates are high, and many young people are seeking opportunities to enhance their employability through skills-based learning.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite the significant progress made by EdTech startups in Egypt, challenges remain. One of the primary obstacles is the lack of digital infrastructure in many parts of the country. While EdTech platforms can reach students in remote areas, they still require a reliable internet connection and access to devices, both of which are limited in many rural regions. Additionally, there is a need for greater collaboration between EdTech companies and the government to ensure that technological solutions are integrated into the national education system in a sustainable and equitable manner.

However, the opportunities for growth are immense. Egypt’s young and tech-savvy population is increasingly open to adopting new technologies, and the government has shown a growing interest in supporting digital education initiatives. By fostering an ecosystem that supports innovation and collaboration, Egypt has the potential to become a regional leader in EdTech, with startups playing a pivotal role in transforming education for future generations.

Conclusion

The rise of EdTech startups in Egypt represents a promising step toward addressing the longstanding challenges of the country’s education system. Through personalized learning, improved access to resources, enhanced teacher training, and innovative teaching methods, these startups are reshaping how students learn and how educators teach. While challenges remain, the transformative potential of EdTech is undeniable, offering hope for a more inclusive, accessible, and effective education system in Egypt. As these startups continue to grow and evolve, they are poised to play a critical role in the future of education in the country.

Education in Egypt has long faced numerous challenges, including overcrowded classrooms, insufficient resources, and outdated curricula. For decades, these obstacles have limited the quality and accessibility of education for students across the country, particularly in rural areas. In recent years, however, the rise of educational technology (EdTech) startups has begun to change the face of education in Egypt. These innovative companies are leveraging technology to address the systemic issues within the Egyptian education system, offering new opportunities for both students and educators. This article explores the transformative role of EdTech startups in Egypt and their potential to reshape the future of education in the country.

 

Keywords: Egypt, education, personalized learning, online learning platforms, digital education, vocational training, teacher, innovation

 

Estonia’s Teacher Shortages: A Threat to Educational Excellence

Estonia’s Teacher Shortages: A Threat to Educational Excellence

Written by Siti Hajar Auliannisa

Introduction

Estonia has a rich history dating back to the 13th century, and it has adopted innovative approaches that prioritize equal access to high-quality education. The comprehensive system provides free education at all levels and gives schools more autonomy by allowing them to tailor curricula, teaching methods, and administrative decisions.

 

Education in Estonia is legally free, unless parents choose to send their children to private schools. Early childhood education, basic education, upper secondary education, and higher education are the four levels of education. The structure of the education system allows everyone to progress from one level of education to the next. Furthermore, the Estonian education system is decentralized, with clear divisions of responsibility between the state, local government, and schools. The language of instruction is mainly Estonian, but other languages may be used as stipulated in the legislation.

 

According to the PISA 2022 educational survey, Estonian 15-year-olds have the absolute best knowledge and skills in Europe and are among the top eight in the world. Among Estonia is ranked first-2nd in mathematics with Switzerland, first in science, and first-2nd in reading with Ireland.

 

According to PISA, Estonian headmasters and teachers enjoy significant autonomy, ranking the country first among nations for the freedom educators have in designing school curricula and contributing to management decisions.

 

However, despite the international acclaim for Estonia’s education system, the growing shortage of qualified teachers stands out as a major concern. This issue, highlighted by the survey, is a critical challenge the nation is working to address in the coming years to preserve its educational excellence.

 

The Scope of the Problem

 

For over a decade, state statistics and international comparisons have highlighted a troubling trend in Estonia’s teaching workforce, with conditions deteriorating each year. The average age of Estonian teachers is approximately 50, and the proportion of educators aged over 60 has risen from 17% to 24% between 2015 and 2023 (Haridussilm, 2024; OECD, 2020). Meanwhile, the percentage of qualified teachers—those with a teaching certificate and a master’s degree or equivalent—dropped from 87% to 81% in general education schools from 2017 to 2022 (Ministry of Education and Research, 2022).

 

Additionally, the latest TALIS report (OECD, 2020) shows that 41% of teachers under 35 in Estonia are considering leaving the profession within the next five years, the highest percentage among all TALIS countries. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the situation, with nearly a third more teachers leaving their roles in the 2021-2022 academic year compared to two years prior (Arenguseire Keskus, 2023). These challenges pose a significant threat to the stability of Estonia’s education system.

 

Underlying Causes of Teacher Shortages

 

Economic Factors

 

The teaching profession’s social status, encompassing low salaries and limited societal recognition, serves as a significant deterrent. Across many countries, teachers earn less than professionals with similar qualifications. In Estonia, the average teacher’s salary equates to 92% of the national average salary for specialists with higher education. In 2023, lower secondary teachers earned an average of USD 37,506, which is 24% higher than the starting salary. However, this remains uncompetitive compared to earnings in other fields, making it difficult to retain teachers in the profession.

 

While salary is not the primary reason individuals pursue teaching, inadequate pay can drive even highly motivated teachers and aspiring educators to leave the field.

 

Social Perceptions

 

The position and perception of teachers in Estonia present a paradox: despite producing some of the world’s best educational outcomes, a significant number of teachers report dissatisfaction with their jobs and the level of societal appreciation. Many teachers perceive their own efficacy as low and view societal attitudes toward the teaching profession as overly critical. Consequently, teaching is not a highly attractive career choice for upper secondary school graduates, leading to a workforce that is increasingly feminized and ageing.

 

Research has also highlighted various personal factors influencing teacher retention. While the impact of gender is mixed, younger and less experienced teachers are more likely to leave the profession. Many young professionals are opting for higher-paying, more flexible career paths outside of teaching. Conversely, teachers with traditional educational qualifications tend to stay in the field longer compared to those who enter through alternative certification programs.

 

Workload and Burnout

 

Teacher retention is heavily influenced by well-being and health, with burnout playing a significant role. For those who choose to stay in the profession, the workload can be overwhelming. Estonian teachers juggle extensive administrative duties alongside the challenges of inclusive education and managing diverse classrooms. Additionally, the national curriculum, often criticized for being excessively demanding, exacerbates their workload, leaving limited opportunities for creativity or personal development.

 

Impact of Teacher Shortages

 

On students

Teacher shortages have a profound impact on students’ education, causing disruptions in learning, reducing opportunities, and hindering academic success. The absence of qualified teachers often results in increased reliance on substitute educators or larger class sizes, which disrupt the continuity of instruction and negatively affect students’ understanding of the material.

 

Moreover, schools facing teacher shortages may be forced to cancel advanced or specialized courses, such as higher-level mathematics or science, limiting students’ academic opportunities and preparation for higher education. Research also suggests that teacher shortages contribute to lower academic performance, as larger class sizes and less qualified instructors may struggle to meet the varied learning needs of students effectively.

 

On teachers

The decentralized structure of Estonia’s education system adds another layer of complexity. While schools and municipalities enjoy considerable autonomy, this flexibility has led to difficulties in resource distribution, long-term planning, and addressing the specific needs of individual schools. Local municipalities, in particular, often struggle to offer adequate support for teachers, which increases their stress and workload, further aggravating the teacher shortage. Although teacher training programs are theoretically robust, they often fall short in providing enough practical experience, leaving new educators unprepared for the challenges of classroom management and inclusive education. Consequently, many teachers either leave the profession early or decide against entering it altogether, intensifying the shortage.

 

On the Education System

 

The National Audit Office highlights that the shortage of adequately qualified teachers undermines the quality of general education. Their analysis reveals that in the context of teacher shortages, lessons in natural and exact sciences are often taught by teachers from other subjects or “career switchers.” While these teachers may hold the required master’s degree and teaching qualification, they often lack the specific training needed for the subjects they teach. The profession’s reputation has been further damaged by negative media portrayals and the increasing practice of employing unqualified individuals, making recruitment even more difficult.

 

Etonia’s Efforts to Address the Issue

 

 

Rethinking teacher schedules, Professional Learning, and Leadership

Estonia is actively reimagining the teaching profession, exploring innovative approaches to school organization that prioritize more flexible schedules for teachers, relevant professional development, and enhanced teacher leadership. These strategies align with calls for similar changes in the U.S. as well.

 

Diversifying the Teacher Pool

Estonia is working to diversify its teacher workforce by attracting individuals pursuing second careers and offering part-time positions for professionals from other fields.

 

Modernizing Teacher Education Programs

The reforms are extending beyond the classroom to teacher education, with preparation programs experimenting with “learn on the job” training and emphasizing the use of digital tools to improve learning and tailor education to students’ needs. Additionally, teacher education students are taking on new roles to assist classroom teachers while gaining valuable learning experiences from them.

 

Increasing Teacher Salaries

Like many other regions, Estonia analyzed teacher salaries and determined that stronger financial incentives were necessary to attract and retain educators. From 2016 to 2020, teacher salaries increased by approximately 40%, and this year, the Education Minister pledged to raise salaries to 120% of the average wage in Estonia by 2023. Additionally, new teachers are offered bonuses to take positions in underserved rural areas.

 

Conclusion

In conclusion, while Estonia’s education system continues to excel globally, the persistent teacher shortages pose a critical challenge to maintaining its high standards. The root causes, including aging educators, low salaries, societal perceptions, and burnout, demand immediate attention. The nation’s efforts to address these issues—through increased salaries, modernized teacher training, diversified recruitment, and innovative school organization—show promise, but more comprehensive strategies and sustained investment are necessary. Without a robust and well-supported teaching workforce, Estonia risks compromising the very foundation of its educational success and the future development of its students.

  

References

 

Arenguseire Keskus. “The Future for the Next Generation of Teachers: Trends and Scenarios up to 2040.” November 15, 2024. https://arenguseire.ee/en/reports/the-future-for-the-next-generation-of-teachers-trends-and-scenarios-up-to-2040/.

 

Estonian News. “Shortage of Qualified Teachers Is Greater in Estonia Than Previously Thought.” January 26, 2024. https://news.postimees.ee/7947387/shortage-of-qualified-teachers-is-greater-in-estonia-than-previously-thought.

 

European Commission. “National Reforms in School Education—Estonia.” Eurydice. Last updated March 29, 2023. https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/estonia/national-reforms-general-school-education.

 

Eva Toome. “PISA 2022: Estonia Consistently Among the World’s Best.” Education Estonia, September 10, 2024. https://www.educationestonia.org/estonias-pisa-2022-results-consistently-among-the-worlds-best/.

 

Gorard, Stephen, Mark Ledger, Beng Huat See, and Rebecca Morris. “What Are the Key Predictors of International Teacher Shortages?” Research Papers in Education, October 23, 2024, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2024.2414427.

 

Haridussilm. “Teachers.” Accessed January 11, 2025. https://www.haridussilm.ee/ee/tasemeharidus/haridustootajad/opetajad.

 

Ministry of Education and Research. “Haridus- ja Teadusministeeriumi 2022. aasta tulemusar-uande analüütiline lisa” [Analytical Annex to the Ministry of Education and Research Performance Report 2022]. 2022. https://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/documents/2023-08/2022_TA_anal%C3%BC%C3%BCtiline_lisa.pdf.

 

NCEE. “How Estonia Is Addressing Its Teacher Shortage.” January 20, 2022. https://ncee.org/quick-read/how-estonia-is-addressing-its-teacher-shortage/.

 

OECD. TALIS 2018 Results (Volume II): Teachers and School Leaders as Valued Professionals. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2020.

 

Educational Challenges in Cambodia

Educational Challenges in Cambodia

Written by Siti Hajar Auliannisa

Introduction

 

Cambodia’s education system has undergone a remarkable transformation thanks to considerable efforts by the Cambodian government and concerned stakeholders. In general education, there has been improvement across the sub-sector. For example, there have been efforts to improve the quality of teachers and school principals as well as educational infrastructure. In 2014, a major reform to the Grade 12 national examination was introduced to combat corruption and cheating during exams (Bredenberg, 2022). In 2016, another reform to general education was undertaken; that is, the introduction of a school improvement initiative known as the New Generation Schools. This important initiative aims to create a new model of public schools in Cambodia to improve the quality of general education (Bredenberg, 2022).

 

Cambodia’s education system: A brief historical account

 

According to McNamara and Hayden (2022), Cambodia has a tragic past. After a brief period of socioeconomic development following its independence from France in 1953, Cambodia plunged into political instability in the early 1970s, after which the country experienced one of the world’s worst tragedies in the 20th century, the Khmer Rouge. After the collapse of the Khmer Rouge regime (1975-1979) that killed one-quarter of the Cambodian population, Cambodia had to start from scratch to rebuild itself, including its education system (McNamara & Hayden, 2022).

 

During the genocide of the Khmer Rouge, Cambodia’s education system was completely dismantled. Educational infrastructure was destroyed or used for non-educational purposes, while teachers and other educated Cambodians were targeted for execution (Ayres, 2000). It was estimated that 75% of the teaching force died during the Khmer Rouge regime (Clayton, 1998). It was only in the early 1990s that Cambodia started to witness significant social and national development. Throughout the 2000s and 2010s, there have been a lot of improvements, particularly in quantitative aspects, in Cambodia’s education system. One of the significant achievements is the surge in student enrollment.

 

Cambodia’s education system: Current structure

 

Cambodia’s current education system is divided into four major streams: (a) pre-primary education or early childhood education, (b) general education, (c) technical and vocational education and training (TVET), and (d) higher education (Tao & Kao, 2023). Pre-primary education caters to children aged three to five and is provided at three distinct types of preschools: public, private, and community-based (Om, 2022). Following that, general education follows the 6+3+3 structure, comprising six years of primary education (Grades 1-6), three years of lower secondary education (Grades 7-9), and another three years of upper secondary education (Grades 10-12). A combination of primary and lower secondary education (Grades 1-9) constitutes the country’s compulsory basic education (UNESCO, 2008).

 

After finishing lower secondary education, students can either continue to regular upper secondary education or enroll in secondary-level TVET programs to qualify for TVET certificate types C1, C2, and C3 (Tao & Kao, 2023). Holders of TVET certificate type C3 can pursue advanced TVET programs: two years for a TVET diploma and four years for a bachelor’s degree in TVET-specific disciplines.

 

According to MoEYS (2023), over the past decade (2013-2022), there has been significant progress in terms of educational infrastructure development, student enrollment, and education access. For instance, the number of kindergarten and general education schools has increased from 14,852 in the 2013-2014 academic year to 18,830 in the 2022-2023 academic year. The number of HEIs has also increased from 110 in the 2013-2014 academic year to 132 in the 2021-2022 academic year. Likewise, the number of education staff has increased from 112,704 in 2013 to 125,597 in 2022.

 

 

Early Childhood Education

 

Early childhood education (ECE), which includes both early childhood care and preschool education, provides children with an essential foundation for success in life. About one-third of all Cambodians are below 15 years of age. In 2019, there were almost 1 million 3- to 5-year-olds (6.2% of the national population) in Cambodia.  Cambodia continues, however, to struggle with achieving the quantity and quality of ECE provision required to meet national needs. The quality of ECE programs in Cambodia relies heavily on having personnel with well-developed skills and knowledge. The problem is especially acute for community-based multilingual preschools, where a severe teacher shortage has significantly impaired expansion. It is also difficult to retain high-performing personnel because employment in the sector is not well-remunerated and lacks social status.

 

To date, ECE programs lack coherence and have not been systematically developed and implemented. Their implementation is subject to variations in socioeconomic conditions and the availability of resources across the country. Different models of ECE provision exist between public and private preschools and between community-based and home-based models. Programs delivered also vary according to particular geographic circumstances and social needs. In general, there is a lack of coherence in how different government levels participate in the management of preschools.

 

Quality of Educations

 

To measure student learning progress against the national curriculum, MoEYS conducts national assessments for grades 3, 6, 8 and 11 on a cyclical basis. To gain insight about performance against other countries, it also participates in the PISA-D survey process; and it has joined the Southeast Asia Primary Learning Metrics (SEA-PLM) initiative.

 

The relatively low performance in the national assessments is in line with findings from PISA-D and SEA-PLM sources. According to human capital index data on the years of schooling and quality of learning for students aged 18 years, Cambodian 18-year-old students had received around 9.5 years of schooling, which was lower than for all other ASEAN countries and Timor-Leste. According to PISA-D, only 8% of Cambodian children achieved a minimum level of reading proficiency; and only 10% achieved a minimum level of proficiency in mathematics .

 

 

Infrastructure and Facilities

 

One of the primary challenges that the Cambodian education system faces is the lack of adequate infrastructure. Many schools, particularly in rural areas, are bereft of basic facilities such as clean drinking water, electricity, and sanitation facilities. This is akin to the situation in several developing countries where rural areas often lag behind urban centres in terms of infrastructure development. Moreover, many schools are constructed from makeshift materials, making them susceptible to damage from natural disasters. This lack of sturdy, well-equipped school buildings can significantly impact the quality of education provided.

 

Alongside the infrastructural issues, there is also a severe shortage of resources. Many schools lack essential teaching aids like textbooks, computers, and other learning materials. This is somewhat reminiscent of the early days of the British education system, where resources were scarce and often outdated. Furthermore, the student to teacher ratio in many Cambodian schools is alarmingly high, leading to overcrowded classrooms and a lack of individual attention for students.

 

Teachers Shortages

 

Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (2022) stated that key challenges facing Cambodia’s primary education included a shortage of teachers in remote areas and an oversupply of teachers in urban areas, a lack of teacher capacity building, limited quality of teachers, inadequate technological infrastructure, and a lack of materials for sanitation promotion. In secondary education, the challenges were the limited quality of teachers, inadequate opportunities for practical experiences, a lack of science teachers and facilities that support STEM subjects, and a lack of qualified staff or experts in English, ICT, health education, and architecture.

 

More than 60 percent of Cambodian children of lower-secondary-school age (12–14) were out of school in 2015, and 21 percent dropped out. Around 70 percent of sampled schools were short of classrooms. Teacher shortages were serious, and the majority of Cambodian teachers held low qualifications. As a result, student learning outcomes were low, with only eight percent of 15-year-old students reaching the minimum level of reading proficiency, as required by the Sustainable Development Goals, and just 10 percent achieving the minimum level of proficiency in mathematics, based on the PISA-D results in 2018.

 

Due to a lack of teachers and infrastructure, many public schools in Cambodia’s education system only operate for half-a-day morning or afternoon sessions. Many classes are overcrowded, and it is difficult for students to make substantial academic progress by attending just a few hours a day.

Socioeconomic Impact on Education

 

There has been a significant improvement in Cambodia’s student-to-teacher ratios over recent years, but classrooms remain relatively crowded. The situation is worse in rural areas, where classrooms are often overcrowded and school buildings are more dilapidated. There is also a large gap between rural and urban schools, estimated to be in the order of 10–15% points each year, in grade 6 completion rates. National assessment tests in 2016 indicated that while 62% of grade 6 students from urban areas were either proficient or advanced in Khmer language, only 35% of students from rural areas met this standard.

 

Students from better-off households were much more likely to have outperformed students from less well-off home backgrounds. As shown in Fig. 3.10, 60.6% of grade 6 students from the top quintile of family socioeconomic status were considered proficient or advanced in Khmer language, compared with only 24.4% from the bottom quintile of family socioeconomic status.

 

The gap was even more pronounced in mathematics. More than one-half (55.3%) of students from the top quintile for family socioeconomic status were proficient or advanced in mathematics, compared with less than one-quarter (23.1%) from the bottom quintile; and while 39.4% from the top quintile were below a basic level of proficiency in mathematics, the proportion for the lowest family socioeconomic status quintile was 73.1%.

Barriers between Public and Private School

 

Attendance at a public or private primary school was also strongly associated with different performance levels in the grade 6 Khmer language and mathematics tests. In the mathematics test, 67.4% of private school students obtained correct answers, whereas only 48.4% of public school students did so. In the Khmer language test, 52.1% of public school students achieved a satisfactory outcome, compared with 72.1% of private school students.

 

PISA-D survey results confirm the pattern. Fifteen-year-olds from private schools consistently outperformed their peers from public schools across the three areas of reading, mathematics and science. The performance difference was estimated to be equivalent to more than 2 years of schooling, meaning that, on average, the abilities of grade 6 students in public schools could just match the abilities of grade 4 students in private schools. However, private school education’s advantage was largely reduced after adjustment was made for family socioeconomic status. Students from better-off households were more highly represented at private than public schools

 

Conclusion

Cambodia’s education system has made significant strides since the end of the Khmer Rouge regime, but it still faces many challenges. These include teacher shortages, inadequate infrastructure, quality disparities between public and private schools, and significant socioeconomic inequalities. The government’s ongoing efforts to reform and improve education, including the New Generation Schools initiative and the introduction of national assessments, are steps in the right direction. However, addressing the fundamental challenges of teacher quality, infrastructure, and socioeconomic inequality will require sustained commitment and resources from both the government and international stakeholders.

References

  1. Bredenberg, Kurt. “Progress with Reforming Secondary Education in Cambodia.” In Education in the Asia-Pacific Region, 55–80, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8213-1_4.
  2. Heng, Kimkong, and Bunhorn Doeur. “Realizing Cambodia’s Vision for a Knowledge-Based Society: Challenges and the Way Forward.” SSRN Electronic Journal, January 1, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4834212.
  3. John. “Challenges Faced By Cambodia’s Education System.” IPGCE @ UWE (blog), May 27, 2024. https://www.ipgce.com/challenges-faced-by-cambodias-education-system/.
  4. Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sport (MoEYS). Education Congress: The Education, Youth and Sport Performance in the Academic Year 2018-2019 and Goals for the Academic Year 2019-2020. MoEYS, 2020a.
  5. Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sport (MoEYS). Education Congress: The Education, Youth and Sport Performance in the Academic Year 2021-2022 and Goals for the Academic Year 2022-2023. MoEYS, 2023.
  6. Sloper, David. “Book Review: Education in Cambodia – From Year Zero Towards International Standards.” Journal of International Comparative Education 12, no. 2 (January 1, 2023): 123–24. https://doi.org/10.14425/jice.2023.12.2.0222.
  7. Tao, Nary, and Sovansophal Kao. “Overview of Education in Cambodia.” In Springer International Handbooks of Education, 1–26, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8136-3_43-1.
  8. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). UNICEF in Cambodia Country Programme 2019-2023. RGC, 2019. https://www.unicef.org/cambodia/media/2361/file/CountryProgramme_OVERVIEW_25x25_2019_Final.pdf.
  9. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). “Goal 4: Quality Education.” RGC, 2020. https://www.kh.undp.org/content/cambodia/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-4-quality-education.html#target.

 

Introducing Artificial Intelligence (AI) in schools from the United Arab Emirates

Introducing Artificial Intelligence (AI) in schools from the United Arab Emirates

Written by Iasmina Stoian

Introduction

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a country of rapid development, with much advancement and prospective planning. It has emerged globally as a centre of business, tourism, and technology during the last couple of decades. Considering its progress so far, the UAE also envisages Artificial Intelligence (AI) playing a crucial role in the near future in almost all sectors, more so in education. By integrating AI into schools, the UAE is not only preparing students for various challenges in the 21st century but is also securing a leading position in terms of educational innovation. This essay further elaborates on the rationale behind UAE advancing with the integration of AI into education, the potential benefits and challenges this initiative may pose, and  prospects.

The United Arab Emirates’ Vision for Artificial Intelligence in Education

Artificial Intelligence is the replication of human intelligence by machines. AI systems can perform tasks related to problem-solving, decision-making, and data processing more effectively and faster than humans. In education, AI does have a bright future in revolutionizing the way students are taught, with teachers delivering personalized learning, huge administrative tasks performed efficiently, and instant feedback on assessments. The governments of the UAE recognize this potential and have adopted AI as a key enabler in the reform of education.

The UAE has always been committed to using technology to renew and reorganize its education system. It forms part of the broader strategy that the country has in relation to the achievement of education reforms, just like the UAE Vision 2021 and the UAE Centennial 2071 aimed at creating a knowledge-based, competitive economy. In April 2017, the federal government of the United Arab Emirates embarked on what is described as the “UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence,” the first of its kind in the region. It would also position the UAE to be the leader in AI on a global scale by 2031, focusing on one of many aspects of education.

AI vision in UAE schools is not to pour new wine into old vessels; rather, it is to achieve the highest degree of customization, efficiency, and effectiveness in the learning process. The UAE government envisions a future where AI should aid teachers and students learning experiences, thus adequately preparing them for the workforce of the future-which is fast becoming AI-intensive.

Benefits of Introducing AI in UAE Schools

Personalized Learning

One of the most significant advantages of AI in education is its ability to enable personalized learning. Through AI-driven platforms, there can be an in-depth analysis of data from each individual student to understand his or her strengths, weaknesses, learning style, and pace. Using such analysis, AI can craft personalized lesson plans, recommend resources, and change the difficulty level of the tasks to meet a student’s needs. This personalized learning will help bridge the gaps and make sure that every student in such a multicultural and diverse environment as UAE has the ability to excel to their full potential coming from different educational  backgrounds.

Improved Teaching Tools

AI can also be of much help to the teacher by displaying insights useful in better understanding the needs of their students. AI will facilitate automating administrative tasks like grading and attendance so that time for the teachers can be released for handling more sensitive parts of teaching.  More so, AI will provide the teacher with real-time feedback in terms of student performance, hence, allowing them to decide on issues and provide a solutions promptly. Therefore, AI will contribute to the provision of quality education within the UAE schools.

Preparing Students for the Future

The introduction of AI to schools also takes shape to prepare students for the AI-transformed future workforce. As AI continues to transform industries, the demand will rise for professionals possessing AI-related skills. With the present move to introduce AI in schools, these are steps that ensure UAE students are well-versed in these technologies and able to work comfortably with them. Exposure to AI at an early age can trigger students’ interests in the fields of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields, which are essential to the UAE’s economic diversification efforts.

Challenges of Integrating AI in UAE Schools

Infrastructure and Resource

The major setbacks facing the integration of AI in schools in the UAE are the infrastructural and resource-related issues. Generally, deploying AI technologies requires huge investments in hardware, software, and network infrastructure. Schools are also supposed to have access to stable internet access, and the system should be kept safe from web insecurities. The UAE is well-placed and it indeed does make such investment, but it should not underestimate the scale of this task.

Adaptation and Teacher Training

A key challenge in AI integration is ensuring that teachers are properly trained to use AI tools effectively. Implementing AI in classrooms may require revisiting traditional teaching concepts and adopting new, innovative methodologies. Continuous professional development and training are crucial for teachers to remain updated on AI-driven tools and practices. In many cases, this has proven to be a significant hurdle. For instance, in the US, several studies have shown that insufficient teacher training hinders effective AI implementation. The UAE must prioritize teacher training to avoid similar issues.

Ethical and Privacy Concerns

The application of AI in education further promotes ethical and privacy concerns. Data collection and analysis are central to AI for better service to the learners; nonetheless, data collection must equally have strong data protection measures to ensure security in the information. This may even pose the question whether the decisions are to be left to the AI systems or those of the educators themselves. This balancing with the benefits of AI adds to the critical challenge for the policymakers and educators in the UAE.

Conclusion

Indeed, the UAE’s vision for AI in schools goes purposely beyond the school itself. The integration of AI into UAE’s educational system does not only provide a superior experience for the learners but also fast-tracks the country in embracing the process of creating a more resilient and adaptive student learner. Despite many challenges, potential benefits brought about by AI are substantive. It is with these continuous investments that the UAE is most likely to take a leading position in state-of-the-art innovation in education globally while setting a new standard on how technology can be embraced in order to optimize learning.

 

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, teaching, UAE, educational innovation, STEM education, digital transformation

References: