Provocările Educaționale în România 2022

Provocările Educaționale în România 2022

Scris de Réka Gyaraki

 

Introducere

Sistemul de învățământ românesc s-a dezvoltat foarte mult în ultimele decenii, însă încă se confruntă cu multe dificultăți în a oferi tuturor persoanelor dreptul de acces la educație. Potrivit Inițiativei de Măsurare a Drepturilor Omului, România face doar 65% din ceea ce ar putea face cu venitul său național în ceea ce privește asigurarea dreptului la educație[1]. Astfel, România ocupă ultimul loc în clasamentul tuturor țărilor europene. Acest eseu explorează principalele probleme educaționale din România, împărțite în patru categorii principale: accesul la educație, calitatea educației, discriminarea și violența în educație și efectele pandemiei Covid-19 asupra educației.

 

Accesul la educație

Grupurile sociale marginalizate și minoritățile se confruntă cu dificultăți în exercitarea dreptului lor la educație în România. În special, copiii minoritari maghiari și romi, copiii cu handicap, cei din mediul rural și cei săraci, refugiații și copiii care nu au certificate de naștere sunt cei mai vulnerabili și sunt adesea lăsați în afara educației sau au mai puțin acces decât restul societății.

Maghiarii sunt cel mai mare grup minoritar din România și chiar dacă educația lingvistică minoritară este permisă prin lege pentru studenții maghiari, aceștia nu au adesea acces la ea din cauza lipsei de profesori. De asemenea, cursurile despre cultura, istoria și limba maghiară sunt în plus față de curriculumul românesc pe care toți elevii trebuie să îl urmeze, rezultând  într-un număr mai mare de lecții pentru copiii minoritari, volum de muncă mai mare și, prin urmare, lipsa șanselor egale[2].

Potrivit Băncii Mondiale[3], 70% dintre romi trăiesc în sărăcie în România. Sărăcia le limitează accesul la educație, deoarece copiii romi au rate mai mici de înscriere, rate mai mari de abandon școlar și o rată de analfabetism de zece ori mai mare decât ceilalți elevi din România[4].

În mediul rural, 16% (7-10 ani) și 25% (11-14 ani) dintre copii nu sunt înscriși în învățământul primar, în timp ce aceste rate sunt semnificativ mai mici, respectiv 9% și 6% în zonele urbane[5]. Acest lucru este cauzat în principal de lipsa instituțiilor de învățământ din zonele rurale și de infrastructura inadecvată pentru a călători către cea mai apropiată școală.

Copiii cu dizabilități se confruntă, de asemenea, cu dificultăți în accesul la educație în România. 40% dintre copiii cu dizabilități sunt plasați în școli segregate sau nu participă deloc la educație, în timp ce doar 21% din licee sunt dotate cu rampe de acces[6].

În perioada 2019-2020, România a adoptat un nou cadru juridic pentru a spori integrarea refugiaților și a migranților. Cu toate acestea, înscrierea la școală a copiilor străini rămâne o provocare, deoarece procedura este întârziată în mod regulat, iar educația în limba română este greu accesibilă din cauza lipsei de personal[7]. În plus, copiii migranți sunt adesea înscriși în clase sub vârsta lor din cauza lipsei de competențe lingvistice, se confruntă cu probleme psihologice din cauza plecării din țara de origine și nu beneficiază de consiliere sau sprijin psihologic[8].

 


Copii romi la şcoală în România

Sursa: https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/break-poverty-cycle-of-roma-children-in-romania/

 

În cele din urmă, chiar dacă înregistrarea la naștere este obligatorie în România, mulți copii încă nu dispun de aceste documente oficiale, ceea ce îi împiedică să acceseze servicii publice precum educația, astfel punându-i într-o poziție defavorizată[9].

 

Calitatea educației

Cu toate că rata generală de alfabetizare a persoanelor cu vârsta de peste 15 ani era de 99% în România în 2021, un studiu național asupra alfabetizării din 2022 a constatat că 42% dintre elevii români din clasele 1-8 sunt analfabeți funcționali, ceea ce înseamnă că pot citi cuvinte și texte, dar întâmpină dificultăți în interpretarea informațiilor[10].

Rata de abandon școlar este cea mai mare în România dintre toate țările UE, cu peste 15% în 2021[11]. Ministerul Educației din România a dezvoltat Programul National de Reducere a Renunțării la Școală pentru a reduce această rată prin acoperirea cheltuielilor educaționale. Deficiența acestei politici constă în încercarea de a reduce ratele de abandon prin instrumente financiare, fără a ține seama de abandonul școlar cauzat de sarcină, căsătorie infantilă, handicap, sau alte motive socio-culturale și de sănătate care nu pot fi abordate doar prin instrumente financiare. 

Condițiile sanitare sunt alarmant de precare în școlile din România. Doar 72% dintre școli aveau apă potabilă de bază și servicii de igienă în 2021, ceea ce a fost cel mai scăzut nivel din Europa[12]. În 2018, mii de școli nu aveau autorizație sanitară și de siguranță împotriva incendiilor[13]. Pentru a asigura calitatea și succesul educației și pentru a reduce ratele de abandon școlar, este esențial un mediu educațional neperturbat și bine echipat.

 


În România, multe școli nu au apă potabilă sau toalete.
Sursa: https://www.unicef.org/romania/press-releases/billions-people-will-lack-access-safe-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2030-unless

 

Elevii români au obținut în medie 50 de puncte sub media OECD la testul PISA din 2018 la toate cele 3 categorii (lectură, matematică, științe)[14]. Statutul socio-economic pare să fie un indicator semnificativ al scorurilor la testul de citire în România, deoarece variația dintre primul și ultimul sfert al stării economice, sociale și culturale este una dintre cele mai mari dintre toate țările participante[15]. Acest lucru ilustrează inegalitatea în calitatea educației primite de diferite grupuri sociale.

În 2022, în România a fost adoptată o nouă lege care a stabilit că educația sexuală poate fi predată doar începând cu clasa a VIII-a și cu consimțământul scris al părinților. Clasa a VIII-a în sistemul de învățământ românesc corespunde vârstei de 14-15 ani, în timp ce, între timp, proporția de mame adolescente este cea mai mare în România dintre toate țările UE. În 2020, 357 de copii s-au născut din mame cu vârste cuprinse între 10 și 14 ani, în timp ce acest număr este mult sub 120 în toate celelalte state membre ale UE[16]. A face educația sexuală mai puțin accesibilă duce la sarcini și maternitate precoce, ceea ce forțează adesea fetele tinere să abandoneze școala și să își întrerupă educația.

Lipsa profesorilor calificați, salariile mici și aprecierea scăzută a profesorilor în societate sunt o problemă în multe țări din Europa de Est, iar România nu face excepție. În anul academic 2019-2020, salariul anual brut de pornire al cadrelor didactice din școlile publice era de aproximativ 9000 de euro în România[17], unul dintre cele mai mici din UE. Aceasta înseamnă 750 de euro pe lună, ceea ce nu este suficient pentru a acoperi costurile de trai în România.

Abilitățile în tehnologia informației (IT) și alfabetizarea digitală sunt esențiale în secolul 21. În România, doar 57% dintre elevi între 15 și 19 ani aveau abilități IT de bază sau superioare, comparativ cu media UE de 82%[18]. Acest lucru se datorează în mare parte lipsei de echipamente adecvate și profesori calificați pentru a oferi cursuri de IT de înaltă calitate. Zonele rurale în special duc lipsă de infrastructură digitală și conexiune la internet[19].

Toate aceste lacune ale sistemului educațional pot fi parțial explicate de cheltuielile reduse ale guvernului pentru educație în România. În 2020, cheltuielile României pentru educație au fost cele mai mici din UE, cu doar 3,7% din PIB-ul țării, în comparație cu media UE de 5%[20].

 

Discriminarea și violența în educație

Studenții romi se confruntă cu discriminare în sistemul de învățământ românesc, la fel cum minoritatea este adesea discriminată în întreaga populație. Copiii romi sunt adesea plasați în clase segregate, în ciuda Ordinului Ministerial din 2007 care interzice segregarea lor și care nu a fost implementat. Clasele segregate au adesea un mediu de învățare mai slab comparativ cu clasele mixte[21], le lipsește mai des încălzirea, apa și personalul didactic calificat, și, prin urmare, au rezultate academice mai slabe și rate mai mari de abandon[22].

Un studiu a arătat că 30% dintre studentele de sex feminin experimentează diverse forme de hărțuire sexuală și abuz pe tot parcursul studiilor lor, în timp ce acest procent este de 50% pentru studentele din mediul universitar[23]. Abuzul sexual comis de profesori rămâne adesea nedeclarat din cauza statutului social și a puterii profesorilor, precum și din cauza fricii de consecințe adverse. Hărțuirea sexuală afectează starea fizică și mentală a copiilor, crește șansele de depresie și poate duce la sarcini la adolescență, ceea ce forțează din nou fetele să renunțe la școală.

Un studiu din 2022 a constatat că 82% dintre elevi au fost martori la bullying la școală, ilustrând prevalența problemei[24]. Bullying-ul la școală poate lua forme variate, cum ar fi  excluderea socială, amenințările fizice și răspândirea zvonurilor și poate avea un efect negativ asupra sănătății mentale a victimelor, ceea ce, la rândul său, afectează progresul academic și procesul de învățare.

 

                                                                                                   Bullying în cadrul școlii

Sursa: https://www.romania-insider.com/comment-anti-bullying-law-romania-us-2018

 

Efectele COVID-19 asupra educației

În 2020, pandemia de COVID-19 a lovit lumea, iar școlile din întreaga lume s-au închis și au trecut la educația online pentru a opri răspândirea virusului. Educația online a adâncit decalajul între zonele urbane și cele rurale, deoarece elevii din zonele rurale aveau semnificativ mai puțin acces la internet și echipamente digitale necesare pentru a participa la cursuri. În 2021, 87% dintre gospodăriile urbane aveau acces la internet, spre deosebire de doar 73% în zonele rurale[25]. Ministerul Educației și Cercetării a estimat că peste 250.000 de copii nu au avut acces la educație online în timpul pandemiei din cauza lipsei de energie electrică, echipamente sau internet[26]. Acești elevi defavorizați din zonele sărace au rămas în urmă cu materialele de curs și, fără măsuri imediate, ratele lor de abandon vor crește.

O altă barieră a educației online este lipsa de competențe IT. 50% dintre elevii care nu au participat la cursurile online au raportat ca motivul principal că profesorii nu au ținut cursuri online[27]. Acest lucru se datorează în mare parte lipsei de cunoștințe ale profesorilor cu privire la modul de predare online și lipsei acestora de acces la internet, echipamente și instrumente educaționale online. În plus, 13% dintre elevi au raportat că nu știau cum să folosească platformele online[28]. Pandemia a afectat procesul de educație al copiilor marginalizați într-o măsură mai mare, creând astfel noi provocări în ceea ce privește accesul lor la educație.

 

References

Asproiu, I. (2022). Romanian educational platform aims to reduce school dropout with online courses for students. Romania Insider. https://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-online-learning-platform-naradix

Bîzgan, O. (2020). Equal access to education for unregistered children. https://oanabizgan.com/en/equal-access-to-education-for-unregistered-children/

European Commission. (2020). Education and Training Monitor 2020 – Romania. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2020/countries/romania.html

European Education and Culture Executive Agency. (2021). Teachers’ and School Heads’ Salaries and Allowances in Europe – 2019/20. Publication Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ea38b809-3dea-11ec-89db-01aa75ed71a1/language-en

European Roma Rights Centre. (2016). Written Comments of the European Roma Rights Centre, Concerning Romania. http://www.errc.org/uploads/upload_en/file/romania-crc-submission-july-2016.pdf

Eurostat. (2017). Teenage and older mothers in the EU. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20170808-1

Eurostat. (2022). Early leavers from education and training. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Early_leavers_from_education_and_training#Early_leavers_from_education_and_training_.E2.80.93_today_and_a_historical_comparison

Eurostat. (2022). Government expenditure on education. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Government_expenditure_on_education#Expenditure_on_.27education.27

Jurnalul.ro. (2016). Save the Children: Over 16% of rural children, between 7 and 10 years old, do not go to school. https://jurnalul.ro/stiri/educatie/salvati-copiii-peste-16-dintre-copiii-din-mediul-rural-intre-7-si-10-ani-nu-merg-la-scoala-725287.html

Marica, I. (2021). Statistics office: Over 80% of households in Romania have access to the internet. Romania Insider. https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-households-internet-access-2021

Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. (2019). The Hungarian Language in Education in Romania. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED599938

OECD. (2022). Education GPS – Romania – Student performance (PISA 2018). https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=ROU&treshold=10&topic=PI

Ofițeru, A. (2022). Why are Romanian students functionally illiterate? Education of bottomless forms and timeless eternity. Europa Liberă România. https://romania.europalibera.org/a/analfabestism-functional-scoli-romania/31854547.html?nocache=1&fbclid=IwAR3gI8adpB8xq0xPE4CLNYZ7u9Ux2GlljDLRHwPluJSDqN_4wSaspSECgdk

Right to education – HRMI Rights Tracker. (2022). Human Rights Measurement Initiative. https://rightstracker.org/en/metric/education?region=europe-central-asia

Romania Insider. (2018). School year starts in Romania but many schools don’t have necessary permits. https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-many-schools-dont-have-permits

Sârbu, E. A., & Oneț, R. (2020). Violence, Gender and Ethnic Discrimination in Two Romanian Cities. Identities in Globalization. Intercultural Perspectives, 134–138.

Terre des Hommes. (2021). Access to education for migrant children and youth in Romania. https://www.tdh.ro/sites/default/files/2020-09/Access%20to%20education%20for%20migrant%20children%20and%20youth%20in%20Romania.PDF

UNICEF. (2020). Rapid assessment of the situation of children and their families with a focus on the vulnerable ones in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak in Romania – round 1. https://www.unicef.org/romania/documents/rapid-assessment-situation-children-and-their-families-focus-vulnerable-ones-context

United States Department of State. (2021). Romania 2021 Human Rights Report. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/313615_ROMANIA-2021-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf

van Kline, M. (2022a). Journalistic project aims to document the sexual harassment in Romanian schools. Romania Insider. https://www.romania-insider.com/rise-project-sex-abuse-map-romania

van Kline, M. (2022b). Save the Children Romania survey shows bullying is a widespread issue in Romanian schools. Romania Insider. https://www.romania-insider.com/save-children-romania-survey-bullying-schools

WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. (2022). Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in schools. https://data.unicef.org/resources/jmp-wash-in-schools-2022/

World Bank. (2021). Roma Inclusion in Romania. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2021/01/26/roma-inclusion-in-romania

 

[1] Human Rights Measurement Initiative. (2022). Rights to Education

[2] Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. (2019). The Hungarian Language in Education in Romania

[3] World Bank. (2021). Roma Inclusion in Romania

[4] Sârbu & Oneț. (2020). Violence, Gender and Ethnic Discrimination in Two Romanian Cities

[5] Jurnalul.ro. (2016). Save The Children: Over 16% of rural children, between 7 and 10 years old, do not go to school

[6] United States Department of State. (2021). Romania 2021 Human Rights Report

[7] Terre des Hommes. (2021). Access to Education for Migrant Children and Youth in Romania

[8] Ibid.

[9] Bîzgan, O. (2020). Equal Access to Education for Unregistered Children

[10] Ofițeru, A. (2022). Why Are Romanian Students Functionally Illiterate?

[11] Eurostat. (2022). Early Leavers from Education and Training

[12] WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. (2022). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools

[13] Romania Insider. (2018). School Year Starts in Romania But Many Schools Don’t Have Necessary Permits

[14] OECD. (2022). Education GPS – Romania – Student Performance (PISA 2018)

[15] Ibid.

[16] Eurostat. (2020). Teenage and Older Mothers in the EU

[17] European Education and Culture Executive Agency. (2021). Teachers’ and School Heads’ Salaries and Allowances in Europe – 2019/20

[18] European Commission. (2020). Education and Training Monitor 2020 – Romania

[19] Ibid.

[20] Eurostat. (2022). Government Expenditure on Education.

[21] European Roma Rights Centre. (2016). Written Comments of the European Roma Rights Centre, Concerning Romania

[22] Ibid.

[23] van Kline, M. (2022). Journalistic Project Aims To Document The Sexual Harassment in Romanian Schools

[24] van Kline, M. (2022). Save the Children Romania Survey Shows Bullying Is A Widespread Issue in Romanian Schools

[25] Marica, I. (2021). Statistics Office: Over 80% Of Households In Romania Have Access To The Internet

[26] Asproiu, I. (2022). Romanian Educational Platform Aims To Reduce School Dropout With Online Courses For Students

[27] UNICEF. (2020). Rapid Assessment Of The Situation Of Children And Their Families With A Focus On The Vulnerable Ones In The Context Of The COVID-19 Outbreak In Romania – Round 1.

[28] Ibid.

Follow-up to the Working Group on discrimination against women and girls’ country visits to Kyrgyzstan, Romania, Greece, Poland, Honduras, Chad, Samoa, Kuwait and Hungary

Presented by Ariel Ozdemir, Luna Plet and Olimpia Guidi

The Lenca, indigenous to southwestern Honduras and northeastern El Salvador, reside in approximately 50 villages within a 100-km radius of La Esperanza, the capital city of the mountainous Intibucá department. 1 Most of these villages find themselves on the outskirts of the public education system due to factors such as poverty, age, geographic isolation, gender, and ethnicity. These circumstances collectively contribute to the difficulty in accessing education for many inhabitants.
The educational hurdles for Lenca girls in Honduras, especially in regions like San Francisco de Opalaca, are intricate and deeply influenced by socio-economic, cultural, and geographical factors. These challenges are marked by restricted access to education due to economic constraints, particularly affecting girls pursuing primary education. Gender-sensitive education proves to be a critical aspect of the struggles faced by Lenca girls. Prevailing patriarchal norms pose obstacles to their educational opportunities.
Concerns about the quality of education in public schools, notably in regions like San Francisco de Opalaca, are pronounced. Challenges include limited access to junior high schools in most villages and the geographic obstacles that impede education beyond grade 6. 2 Inadequacies in the education infrastructure, such as a shortage of teachers and insufficient facilities, further hinder the provision of quality education for Lenca girls. Furthermore, with a literacy rate of 30-50%, the Lenca population typically spends an average of only four years in school. 3 This low educational attainment contributes to a pervasive sense of inferiority and a lack of confidence in advocating for a democratic and civil society.
The need for revamping the curriculum to address gender equality, stereotypes, and violence is evident. Emphasis is placed on incorporating human rights workshops to create awareness about gender, cultural, educational, and employment equality. 4 This approach strives to foster an inclusive and supportive educational environment, empowering Lenca girls and addressing societal challenges they encounter.

education for disadvantaged communities . 21 Women and girls, already facing obstacles in pursuing education, find themselves further marginalised by the privatisation of schooling . 22
Consider the challenges faced by promising young students in La Esperanza who experience increased fees due to their schools’ privatisation, leading to their education’s abandonment. This educational setback not only perpetuates the cycle of poverty but also underscores the gendered impact of privatisation on educational opportunities for women and girls.
Expanding on the educational aspect, it’s essential to recognise that privatisation can lead to a reduction in educational resources. Privatised institutions may prioritise profit over educational quality, leaving women in poverty with fewer educational support systems. This, in turn, perpetuates systemic disadvantages, limiting the potential for upward mobility through education.
Healthcare Challenges
Privatisation in the healthcare sector can pose significant challenges for vulnerable populations, particularly women. As essential healthcare services become privatised, the financial burden on impoverished women intensifies, limiting their access to crucial medical support. The lack of affordable healthcare options further entrenches gender disparities in health outcomes . 23

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References

1 Susan Stone, “El Maestro En Casa,” El Maestro en Casa, accessed January 20, 2024, https://lencaedu.wordpress.com/
2 Wanda Bedard, “2009 – Honduras,” 60 million girls, accessed January 20, 2024, https://60millionsdefilles.org/en/our-projects/2009-honduras/
3 Susan Stone, “El Maestro En Casa,” El Maestro en Casa, accessed January 20, 2024, https://lencaedu.wordpress.com/
4 Wanda Bedard, “2009 – Honduras,” 60 million girls, accessed January 20, 2024, https://60millionsdefilles.org/en/our-projects/2009-honduras/

21 Edwards Jr, D. B., Moschetti, M., & Caravaca, A. (2023). Globalisation and privatisation of education in Honduras—Or the need to reconsider the dynamics and legacy of state formation. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 44(4), 635-649. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01596306.2020.1852181
22 Murphy-Graham, E. (2007). Promoting participation in public life through secondary education: evidence from Honduras. Prospects, 37(1), 95-111. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11125-007-9013-2
23 Hasemann Lara, J. E. (2023). Health Sector Reform in Honduras: Privatisation as Institutional Bad Faith. Medical Anthropology, 42(1), 62-75. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01459740.2022.2125388

Education Challenges in Romania 2022

 

 

Education challenges in Romania 2022

Written by Réka Gyaraki

 

Introduction

The Romanian education system has developed greatly in the past decades, however it still faces many difficulties in providing all people with the right to access to education. According to the Human Rights Measurement Initiative, Romania is doing 65% of what it could possibly do with its national income when it comes to ensuring the right to education[1]. Romania ranks at the bottom, of all European countries. This essay explores the main educational issues in Romania, sorted into four main categories: access to education, quality of education, discrimination and violence in education and the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on education.

 

Access to education

Marginalized social groups and minorities face difficulties in exercising their right to education in Romania. In particular, Hungarian and Roma minority children, disabled, rural and poor children, refugees and children who lack birth certificates are the ones who are the most vulnerable and are often left out of education or have less access than the rest of society.

Hungarians are the largest minority group in Romania and even though minority language education is allowed by law for Hungarian students, they often have no access to it due to the shortage of teachers. In addition, classes about Hungarian culture, history and language are in addition to the Romanian curriculum that all students must follow, resulting in higher number of lessons for minority children, bigger workload and thereby lack of equal opportunity[2].

70% of Roma people live in poverty in Romania according to the World Bank[3]. Poverty limits their access to education as Roma children were found to have lower enrolment rates, higher dropout rates and their illiteracy rate is ten times higher than other students in Romania[4].

In rural areas, 16% (ages 7-10) and 25% (ages 11-14) of children are not enrolled in primary education while these ratios are significantly lower, 9% and 6% respectively in urban areas[5]. This is mainly caused by the lack of educational institutions in rural areas and inadequate infrastructure to travel to the nearest school.

Disabled children also face difficulties in accessing education in Romania. 40% of children with disabilities are placed in segregated schools or do not participate in education at all, while only 21% of high schools are equipped with access ramps[6].

In the year between 2019-2020 Romania adopted a new legal framework to enhance the integration of refugees and migrants. However, enrolment for foreign children still remains a challenge as the procedure is regularly delayed and Romanian language education is hardly accessible because of the shortage of staff [7]. Furthermore, migrant children are often enrolled in grades below their age because of their lack of language skills, they experience psychological problems due to leaving their home country and receive no psychological counselling or support[8].

 


Roma children in school in Romania

Source: https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/break-poverty-cycle-of-roma-children-in-romania/

 

Finally, even though registration at birth is mandatory in Romania, many children still lack these official documents that prevents them from accessing public services such as education, thereby putting them in a disadvantaged position[9].

 

Quality of education

Although the general literacy rate of people over 15 years was 99% in Romania in 2021, a national literacy study in 2022 found that 42% of Romanian students in grade 1 to 8 are functional illiterate, meaning that they are able to read words and texts but have difficulties in interpreting the information[10].

Dropout rates are the highest in Romania between all EU countries with over 15% in 2021[11]. The Romanian Education Ministry developed the National Program to Reduce School Drop-out to reduce this rate by covering educational expenses. The shortcoming of this policy is that it tries to reduce dropout rates by financial tools, thereby disregarding dropouts caused by pregnancy, child marriage, disability, and other social-cultural and health reasons which cannot be tackled by merely financial tools.

Sanitary conditions are alarmingly poor in Romanian schools. Only 72% of schools had basic drinking water and hygiene services in 2021, which was the lowest in Europe[12]. In 2018, thousands of schools lacked sanitary and fire safety authorization[13]. To ensure the quality and success of education and reduce dropout rates, an undisturbed and well-equipped educational environment is essential.

 


In Romania many schools do not have drinking water and toilets
Source: https://www.unicef.org/romania/press-releases/billions-people-will-lack-access-safe-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2030-unless

 

Romanian students scored on average 50 points below the OECD average on the 2018 PISA test in all 3 categories (reading, mathematics, science)[14]. Socio-economic status seemed to be a significant predictor of reading test scores in Romania, as the variation between the top and bottom quarters of economic, social and cultural status is one of the highest of all participating countries[15]. This illustrates the inequality in the quality of education received by different social groups.

 

In 2022 a new law was made in Romania that ruled sex education can only be taught from grade 8 and with the parents’ written consent. Grade 8 in the Romanian education system corresponds to age 14-15 while in the meantime the proportion of teenage mothers is the highest in Romania from all EU countries. In 2020, 357 children were born to mothers between the age 10 and 14 while this number is well below 120 in all other EU states[16]. Making sex education less accessible leads to and early pregnancy and motherhood which often forces young girls to drop out from school and discontinue their education.

 

Shortage of qualified teachers, low salaries and low societal appreciation of teachers is an issue in many Eastern-European countries and Romania is no exception. In the academic year 2019-2020, the annual gross starting salary of public-school teachers was around 9000 euros in Romania[17], one of the lowest in the EU. This means 750 euros per month which is not enough to cover living costs in Romania.

 

Information Technology (IT) skills and digital literacy are essential in the 21st century. In Romania only 57% of students between 15 and 19 had basic or above basic IT skills, compared to the 82% EU average[18]. This is mostly caused by schools’ lack of adequate equipment and qualified teachers to offer high-quality IT classes. Rural areas are especially lacking digital infrastructure and internet connection[19].

 

All these shortcoming of the educational system can be partly explained by the low government spending on education in Romania. In 2020 Romania’s spending on education was the second lowest in the EU with only 3.7% of the country’s GDP compared to the 5% EU average[20].

 

Discrimination and violence in education

 

Roma students experience discrimination in the Romanian education system, just as the minority is often discriminated against in the whole population. Roma children are often put in segregated classrooms despite the 2007 Ministerial Order that banned their segregation which has lacked implementation ever since. Segregated classes have often worse learning environment compared to mixed classes[21], they lack heating, water and qualified teaching staff  more often and therefore have lower academic results and higher dropout rates[22].

A study showed that 30% of female students experience some form of sexual harassment and abuse throughout their studies while this ratio is 50% for university students[23]. Sexual abuse committed by teachers often remains unreported because of the social status and power of teachers and because of the fear of adverse consequences. Sexual harassment affects children’s physical and mental well-being, increases the chance of depression and can lead to teenage pregnancy, which again, forces girls to drop out from school.

 

A study from 2022 found that 82% of students have witnessed bullying at school, illustrating the prevalence of the issue[24]. Bullying at school can take various forms such as social exclusion, physical threats and spreading rumours and can have a negative effect on victims’ mental health which in turn affects their academic progress and learning process.

 

Bullying at school

Source: https://www.romania-insider.com/comment-anti-bullying-law-romania-us-2018

 

Effects of Covid-19 on education

 

In 2020 the Covid-19 pandemic hit the world and schools around the globe closed and switched to online education to halt the spread of the virus. Online education deepened the gap between urban and rural areas as rural students had significantly less access to internet and digital equipment necessary to participate in classes. In 2021, 87% of urban households had access to internet, while only 73% in rural areas[25]. The Ministry of Education and Research estimated that over 250.000 children had no access to online education during the pandemic because of lack of electricity, equipment or internet[26]. These disadvantaged students from poor areas fell behind with the course materials and without immediate measures, their dropout rates will increase.

 

Another barrier of online education is the lack of IT skills. 50% of students who did not attend online classes reported that the reason for this was that the teacher did not give classes online[27]. This is mostly caused by teachers’ lack of knowledge on how to teach online and the teachers’ lack of access to internet, equipment, and online educational tools. In addition, 13% of students reported that they did not know how to use online platforms[28]. The pandemic affected the education process of marginalized children more, creating further challenges for them to access education.

 

 

References

 

Asproiu, I. (2022). Romanian educational platform aims to reduce school dropout with online courses for students. Romania Insider. https://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-online-learning-platform-naradix

Bîzgan, O. (2020). Equal access to education for unregistered children. https://oanabizgan.com/en/equal-access-to-education-for-unregistered-children/

European Commission. (2020). Education and Training Monitor 2020 – Romania. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2020/countries/romania.html

European Education and Culture Executive Agency. (2021). Teachers’ and School Heads’ Salaries and Allowances in Europe – 2019/20. Publication Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ea38b809-3dea-11ec-89db-01aa75ed71a1/language-en

European Roma Rights Centre. (2016). Written Comments of the European Roma Rights Centre, Concerning Romania. http://www.errc.org/uploads/upload_en/file/romania-crc-submission-july-2016.pdf

Eurostat. (2017). Teenage and older mothers in the EU. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20170808-1

Eurostat. (2022). Early leavers from education and training. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Early_leavers_from_education_and_training#Early_leavers_from_education_and_training_.E2.80.93_today_and_a_historical_comparison

Eurostat. (2022). Government expenditure on education. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Government_expenditure_on_education#Expenditure_on_.27education.27

Jurnalul.ro. (2016). Save the Children: Over 16% of rural children, between 7 and 10 years old, do not go to school. https://jurnalul.ro/stiri/educatie/salvati-copiii-peste-16-dintre-copiii-din-mediul-rural-intre-7-si-10-ani-nu-merg-la-scoala-725287.html

Marica, I. (2021). Statistics office: Over 80% of households in Romania have access to the internet. Romania Insider. https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-households-internet-access-2021

Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. (2019). The Hungarian Language in Education in Romania. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED599938

OECD. (2022). Education GPS – Romania – Student performance (PISA 2018). https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=ROU&treshold=10&topic=PI

Ofițeru, A. (2022). Why are Romanian students functionally illiterate? Education of bottomless forms and timeless eternity. Europa Liberă România. https://romania.europalibera.org/a/analfabestism-functional-scoli-romania/31854547.html?nocache=1&fbclid=IwAR3gI8adpB8xq0xPE4CLNYZ7u9Ux2GlljDLRHwPluJSDqN_4wSaspSECgdk

Right to education – HRMI Rights Tracker. (2022). Human Rights Measurement Initiative. https://rightstracker.org/en/metric/education?region=europe-central-asia

Romania Insider. (2018). School year starts in Romania but many schools don’t have necessary permits. https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-many-schools-dont-have-permits

Sârbu, E. A., & Oneț, R. (2020). Violence, Gender and Ethnic Discrimination in Two Romanian Cities. Identities in Globalization. Intercultural Perspectives, 134–138.

Terre des Hommes. (2021). Access to education for migrant children and youth in Romania. https://www.tdh.ro/sites/default/files/2020-09/Access%20to%20education%20for%20migrant%20children%20and%20youth%20in%20Romania.PDF

UNICEF. (2020). Rapid assessment of the situation of children and their families with a focus on the vulnerable ones in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak in Romania – round 1. https://www.unicef.org/romania/documents/rapid-assessment-situation-children-and-their-families-focus-vulnerable-ones-context

United States Department of State. (2021). Romania 2021 Human Rights Report. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/313615_ROMANIA-2021-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf

van Kline, M. (2022a). Journalistic project aims to document the sexual harassment in Romanian schools. Romania Insider. https://www.romania-insider.com/rise-project-sex-abuse-map-romania

van Kline, M. (2022b). Save the Children Romania survey shows bullying is a widespread issue in Romanian schools. Romania Insider. https://www.romania-insider.com/save-children-romania-survey-bullying-schools

WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. (2022). Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in schools. https://data.unicef.org/resources/jmp-wash-in-schools-2022/

World Bank. (2021). Roma Inclusion in Romania. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2021/01/26/roma-inclusion-in-romania

 

 

 

[1] Human Rights Measurement Initiative. (2022). Rights to Education

[2] Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. (2019). The Hungarian Language in Education in Romania

[3] World Bank. (2021). Roma Inclusion in Romania

[4] Sârbu & Oneț. (2020). Violence, Gender and Ethnic Discrimination in Two Romanian Cities

[5] Jurnalul.ro. (2016). Save The Children: Over 16% of rural children, between 7 and 10 years old, do not go to school

[6] United States Department of State. (2021). Romania 2021 Human Rights Report

[7] Terre des Hommes. (2021). Access to Education for Migrant Children and Youth in Romania

[8] Ibid.

[9] Bîzgan, O. (2020). Equal Access to Education for Unregistered Children

[10] Ofițeru, A. (2022). Why Are Romanian Students Functionally Illiterate?

[11] Eurostat. (2022). Early Leavers from Education and Training

[12] WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. (2022). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools

[13] Romania Insider. (2018). School Year Starts in Romania But Many Schools Don’t Have Necessary Permits

[14] OECD. (2022). Education GPS – Romania – Student Performance (PISA 2018)

[15] Ibid.

[16] Eurostat. (2020). Teenage and Older Mothers in the EU

[17] European Education and Culture Executive Agency. (2021). Teachers’ and School Heads’ Salaries and Allowances in Europe – 2019/20

[18] European Commission. (2020). Education and Training Monitor 2020 – Romania

[19] Ibid.

[20] Eurostat. (2022). Government Expenditure on Education.

[21] European Roma Rights Centre. (2016). Written Comments of the European Roma Rights Centre, Concerning Romania

[22] Ibid.

[23] van Kline, M. (2022). Journalistic Project Aims To Document The Sexual Harassment in Romanian Schools

[24] van Kline, M. (2022). Save the Children Romania Survey Shows Bullying Is A Widespread Issue in Romanian Schools

[25] Marica, I. (2021). Statistics Office: Over 80% Of Households In Romania Have Access To The Internet

[26] Asproiu, I. (2022). Romanian Educational Platform Aims To Reduce School Dropout With Online Courses For Students

[27] UNICEF. (2020). Rapid Assessment Of The Situation Of Children And Their Families With A Focus On The Vulnerable Ones In The Context Of The COVID-19 Outbreak In Romania – Round 1.

[28] Ibid.

Universal Periodic Review of Romania

  • This report was drafted by Broken Chalk to contribute to the fourth Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of Romania. Broken Chalk is an Amsterdam-based NGO focused on human rights violations in the field of education. Since Broken Chalk is an organization fighting inequalities and improving the quality of education worldwide, this report focuses on human rights, especially with regards to education.
  • This report first explores the main issues in education in Romania, the recommendations Romania received in the last review and its progress since 2018. Then, Broken Chalk offers some practical recommendations to Romania to further improve human rights in education.
  • In the last review, Romania received 203 recommendations and accepted 163. 26% of the recommendations focused on reducing inequalities and 14% were linked to inclusive quality education and lifelong learning. Romania has submitted a voluntary midterm report about the implementation of the accepted recommendations received in the 3rd cycle of the UPR.
  • Quality education is a vital pillar of society. It enables long-term growth and development, helps the integration of minorities and foreigners, and shapes the people of future society. According to the Human Rights Measurement Initiative, Romania is doing 65% of what it could possibly do with its national income when it comes to ensuring the right to education[i]. With this score, Romania is the last one of all European countries.

by Réka Gyaraki

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[i] Human Rights Measurement Initiative. (2022). Rights to Education

Cover image by Aboodi Vesakaran on Pexels.