Educational Challenges in Saudi Arabia – Arabic Translation

التحديات التعليمية في المملكة العربية السعودية

 

بقلم ماتيلدا ريبيتي

ترجمة رويفة الريامية

أهمية التعليم

لكل فرد الحق في التعليم، إذ يُعد حجر الزاوية في تقدم البشرية. كان الإغريق القدماء، الذين ابتكروا مفهوم “الپايديا” (Paideia)، وهو التكوين الشامل للشاب (pais)، والرومان الذين ترجموا هذا المفهوم لاحقًا إلى “الإنسانية” (humanitas)، على دراية بالفعل بأهمية التعليم. في الواقع، أوضح شيشرون نفسه مضمون هذا المفهوم الأخير من خلال الربط الأساسي بين الشغف بالمعرفة والارتقاء بالطبيعة البشرية (Nybakken, O. E., 1939).

على مر العصور، شهد الحق في التعليم عددًا من التغيرات قبل أن يصل إلى صيغته الحالية في المادة 26 من الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان. وقد اعترفت المجتمعات الحديثة الآن بطبيعته العالمية والمتاحة والإلزامية، على الأقل في مراحله الأولى، وهو ما يعد ذا أهمية أساسية عند وضعه في سياق الثقافة المعاصرة. 

نبذة عن تاريخ النظام التعليمي في السعودية

Saudi students study in the Prince Salman Library at the King Saud University in Riyadh. Photo by Tribes of the World.

أدركت المملكة العربية السعودية، كما ورد في خطة النمو “رؤية السعودية 2030″، أهمية التعليم، وتصدرت دول منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا في هذا المجال.

لفهم هذه الخطة الابتكارية، من الضروري استعراض أبرز ملامح الخلفية التاريخية والسياسية. ترتكز الهوية السعودية على ثلاثة عناصر رئيسية: الإسلام، القبلية، وتجارة النفط (Ochsenwald, W. L., 2019). وبالنسبة للتعليم، فإن العنصر الديني هو الأكثر أهمية. فالمملكة العربية السعودية دولة ثيوقراطية سنية إسلامية، ولا يُمكن الحصول على الجنسية السعودية إلا لمن يعتنق الدين الإسلامي (وكالة وزارة الداخلية للأحوال المدنية، 1954).

الداعم الأكبر للعلاقة الوثيقة بين الدين والدولة هو النظام التعليمي، الذي تم تنظيمه منذ القرن السابع عبر مؤسسات مختلفة مرتبطة بالمجال الديني. من أبرز الأمثلة على ذلك “الكتاتيب”، وهي مدارس ابتدائية يُعلّم فيها الشباب السعوديون مبادئ القرآن الكريم (Esposito, John L., ed., 2003). وعلى مر القرون، وخصوصًا تحت الحكم العثماني، خضعت المدارس وأساليب التعليم للعديد من التغيرات، والتي بلغت ذروتها أخيرًا في العصور الحديثة إلى مركزية شاملة للنظام التعليمي، بإشراف المديرية الحكومية للتعليم (Rugh, W. A., 2002).

عائدات تجارة النفط لعبت دورًا أساسيًا في تمويل المشاريع التعليمية الحكومية. خاصة في أواخر السبعينيات، حيث قادت الدولة سلسلة من خطط التنمية التي أسفرت عن زيادة هائلة في نسبة الالتحاق بالمدارس بنسبة 192% في المرحلة الابتدائية، 375% في المرحلة المتوسطة، و712% في المرحلة الثانوية (Anon, 2020).

حاليًا، وفي إطار رؤية السعودية 2030، يشهد قطاع التعليم موجة جديدة من الاستثمارات تهدف إلى تزويد الطلاب السعوديين بالأدوات اللازمة لمواجهة “وظائف المستقبل” (Vision 2030, 2022). فعلى أرض الواقع، أدت النفقات العامة الكبيرة (17.5% من إجمالي 1.1 تريليون ريال سعودي في عام 2019) إلى بناء 719 مدرسة جديدة وبرنامج كبير لإعادة تدريب موظفي المدارس (تقرير ميزانية السعودية، 2018).

وقد بلغت عملية التحديث ذروتها في إنشاء نظام تعليمي واسع يتكون من شبكة من مراكز التعليم العامة مفصولة حسب الجنس ومقسمة إلى ثلاث مستويات أساسية: الابتدائية (ست سنوات)، المتوسطة (ثلاث سنوات)، والثانوية (ثلاث سنوات) (Barry, A., 2019).

اتاحة التعليم

من حيث اتاحة التعليم، يمكن القول إن النظام التعليمي في السعودية متقدم إلى حد كبير. بالنظر إلى المناطق الثلاث ذات أدنى مؤشر تنمية بشرية في البلاد (0.855 HDI)، وهي جنوب نجران، عسير، وجازان، يلاحظ أن نسبة المدارس إلى عدد السكان أكثر ملاءمة مقارنة بمنطقة الرياض الأكثر ازدهارًا في المملكة (Subnational HDI, 2023).

في الواقع، بينما تحتوي المحافظات الجنوبية على مدرسة لكل 600 مواطن تقريبًا، فإن العاصمة المكتظة بالسكان، على الرغم من أنها تضم 38.9% من المؤسسات التعليمية في السعودية، تسجل نسبة مدرسة واحدة لكل 1392 مواطنًا (تقرير التعليم في السعودية، 2021).

عامل آخر محدد لإمكانية الوصول هو القدرة على تحمل التكاليف؛ المدارس الحكومية مجانية لجميع السكان. ومع ذلك، فإن وجود العديد من المدارس الدولية الخاصة وسمعتها الرفيعة قد يؤدي إلى تقويض المساواة في الحصول على أفضل تعليم بسبب التمييز الاقتصادي (Anon, 2020). ومع ذلك، يُشار إلى أن النظام العام، بفضل مركزيته المذكورة أعلاه، هو الأكثر ترددًا من قِبل السكان، وبالتالي يُعد هذا مشكلة طفيفة (تقرير التعليم في السعودية، 2021).

بشكل عام، يمكن القول إن النظام التعليمي في السعودية يتمتع بقدر جيد من إمكانية الوصول، كما يتضح من نمو عدد الطلاب بأكثر من 6 نقاط مئوية في أربع سنوات فقط (تقرير التعليم في السعودية، 2021).

طلاب الأسر ذات الدخل المحدود

ومع ذلك، لا تعني العدالة الشكلية بالضرورة العدالة الفعلية؛ فعلى الرغم من أن النظام التعليمي يبدو متاحًا لجميع المواطنين من مختلف الفئات الاقتصادية، تشير الدراسات إلى أن الطلاب من الأسر ذات الدخل المحدود لا يتمتعون بنفس الامتيازات.

تشير البيانات إلى أن نسبة الطلاب دون سن الخامسة عشرة الذين يأتون من خلفيات اقتصادية ضعيفة والذين أعادوا سنة دراسية تبلغ 24.2%، مقارنة بمتوسط 20.3% في دول منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية (OECD).

وعلى النقيض من ذلك، بلغت نسبة الطلاب من الفئات الاقتصادية الميسورة الذين اضطروا لإعادة سنة دراسية 3.3% فقط، مقارنة بـ 5.0% في دول منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية. هذه البيانات تسلط الضوء على مدى الفجوة الكبيرة في فرص التعليم في السعودية، حيث تفصل 20.9 نقطة مئوية بين الطلاب المحرومين والطلاب الميسورين، مقارنة بمتوسط 15.3% في دول منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية.

تشير مؤشرات أخرى ذات صلة إلى نسبة الطلاب إلى المعلمين في المدارس التي تضم طلابًا من خلفيات اجتماعية واقتصادية ضعيفة أو قوية. هنا أيضًا، تُقاس معدلات التفاوت بشكل مقلق عند مقارنتها بمتوسط منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية، مما يُفسر الأداء الضعيف للطلاب المحرومين في كل من الرياضيات والعلوم الإنسانية (Education GPS، 2018).

في ضوء ما سبق، من الواضح أن المملكة لا تزال بحاجة إلى اتخاذ العديد من الخطوات لتحقيق المساواة التعليمية الكاملة، حتى يتمكن كل فرد من الاستمتاع الكامل بحقه في التعليم.

تعليم المرأة

ميزة أخرى يجب أخذها في الاعتبار هي الفصل بين الجنسين، والذي ليس عائقًا بحد ذاته أمام الاستفادة من الخدمات التعليمية، ولكنه قد يكون في بعض الحالات ذريعة لتقديم تعليم أقل جودة لجنس معين، وغالبًا ما يكون الجنس الأنثوي. ومع ذلك، فإن البيانات تعكس واقعًا مختلفًا: في المملكة العربية السعودية، تتبع الطالبات نفس المناهج الدراسية ويتم اختبارهن في نفس المجالات، ويتفوقن على الطلاب الذكور في جميع المجالات التي تم فحصها، بما في ذلك الرياضيات والعلوم والمواد الدراسية الأخرى (Abdourahmane، B، 2021).

يبدو أن هذه النتائج تدعم الفرضية القائلة بأن الفصل بين الذكور والإناث، وخاصة في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا، يسمح للطالبات بالتعبير عن قدراتهن الفكرية بحرية أكبر دون ضغوط اجتماعية مرتبطة بالعلاقة بين الجنسين (Eisenkopf, Hessami, Fischbacher, & Ursprung, 2015).

مثال على ذلك هو اختيار المواد الدراسية؛ إذ وُجد أن الطالبات في المدارس الخاصة بالإناث يشعرن بارتياح أكبر عند اختيار مواد العلوم، حتى وإن كانت تُعتبر عادة “مواضيع خاصة بالذكور” (Sanford, K., & Blair, H., 2013).

في ضوء ذلك، يمكن استنتاج أن نظام الفصل بين الجنسين لا يشكل عائقًا أمام تعليم الشابات السعوديات، بل على العكس من ذلك، يسهم في تعزيز فرصهن التعليمية.

علاوة على ذلك، يتم الإبلاغ عن معدلات الالتحاق في المؤسسات التعليمية الابتدائية والثانوية على أنها متشابهة تقريبًا بين الرجال والنساء (Abdourahmane، B، 2021)، وفي عام 2018، كانت نسبة 66% من خريجي العلوم الطبيعية والرياضيات والإحصاء من النساء (OECD، 2019).

ومع ذلك، فإن القضية الحقيقية بالنسبة للمرأة السعودية تظهر بمجرد إتمام دراستها. معدل البطالة بين النساء يبلغ 21.5%، مقارنة بـ 3.5% بين الرجال (بيانات البنك الدولي، 2013). وفقًا لما أوردته منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية، لا تزال النساء أقل احتمالًا للعمل على الرغم من تحسين المساواة بين الجنسين في مستويات التعليم العالي، وذلك بسبب “العقبات التنظيمية في مجتمع محافظ”، إلى جانب التمييز المستمر ضد النساء والنظام التعليمي الموجه حسب الجنس (Alfarran، A.، Pyke، J.، & Stanton، P.، 2018). وعلى الرغم من أن النظام التعليمي لا يمنع النساء من الحصول على تعليم كافٍ، إلا أنه يحد جزئيًا من قدرتهن على استخدام المعرفة التي اكتسبنها في سوق العمل. في هذا السياق، ينبغي قراءة بيانات إمكانية الوصول إلى النظام التعليمي للنساء جنبًا إلى جنب مع بيانات سوق العمل، للحصول على صورة أكثر اكتمالًا لنقاطه الحرجة.

Saudi Ambassador Visits His Children at ASIS. Photo by Lwi932.

الجودة

تؤدي هذه النواقص إلى نتائج أكاديمية أقل نسبياً مقارنة بمؤشرات منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية. فقد سجل الطلاب السعوديون متوسطًا أقل بمقدار 100 نقطة من نظرائهم في دول المنظمة في اختبارات القراءة والرياضيات والعلوم. ومع ذلك، تشير تقارير برنامج التقييم الدولي للطلاب (PISA) إلى أن المتوسط لدول منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية يصل إلى 500، مع قيم تتراوح بين 400 و600. لذلك، يمكن القول إن المملكة العربية السعودية تقع ضمن نطاق جيد من الإنجازات.

استنادًا إلى ما سبق، يمكن الاستنتاج بأن النظام السعودي، على الرغم من عدم خلوه من القضايا الحرجة، يتمتع بجودة عامة كافية تؤدي إلى تحضير أكاديمي وثقافي جيد للطلاب.

في الختام، واجهت المملكة العربية السعودية العديد من التحديات في قطاع التعليم في العقود الأخيرة. ومع ذلك، أظهرت الحكومة التزامًا ثابتًا بتحسين جودة التعليم وتوفير الفرص التعليمية لمواطنيها. إن توسيع المدارس العامة وتأسيس جامعات جديدة هي بعض من الخطوات الإيجابية التي اتخذتها البلاد. على الرغم من ذلك، لا تزال هناك بعض القضايا التي تحتاج إلى حل، مثل عدم المساواة بين الجنسين والحاجة إلى تطوير نظام تعليمي أكثر عدلاً من حيث الفرص الاقتصادية. لذلك، من الضروري أن تعطي السلطات الحكومية أولوية قصوى لهذه القضية: التعليم هو حق إنساني أساسي، وفقط من خلال التعليم الجيد والشامل والعادل ستتمكن المجتمع السعودي من التقدم والازدهار.

 

المراجع

Nepal: Discrimination in the Educational System

Written by Iasmina-Măriuca Stoian

Nepal, also known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is situated in the southern part of the Himalayas.  It is famous for its breathtaking mountainous landscapes, diverse population, and rich cultural and spiritual heritage. However, behind this picturesque panorama lies a more stressful landscape full of millions of children facing a serious and persistent issue, spread all over the country. An issue which has been affecting the country’s prosperity and aspiration for socio-economic development.

Inclusion and access to education are two fundamental rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), specifically in Article 26. Furthermore, the education given must be provided without discrimination, as it is linked to another fundamental right, freedom from discrimination, as stated in Article 7.

However, the discrimination in the educational system in Nepal seems to have numerous causes, from political conflicts, that cause disruptions and displacements of entire families, to socio-economic backgrounds, that include poverty, inadequate infrastructure, and others. This article aims to explain the fragile connection between the causes and the results, namely the types of discrimination that exist in the educational system in Nepal. It will further present some of the solutions for those issues and the government’s perspective for the future, according to the School Education Sector Plan (2022)

Origin-based discrimination

While the term “Dalit” does not have an official definition, it can be understood from the Nepalese context as “untouchables” persons or as a minority caste group that is (especially) educationally disadvantaged. In Nepal, Dalits experience a poverty rate of 42%, compared to the national average of 25.2% (International Dalit Solidarity Network, 2021). While poverty is not a direct cause for educational exclusion for Dalit groups, it is one of the factors that lowers this group on the caste hierarchy

Despite the adoption of the Caste-based Discrimination and Untouchability (Crime and Punishment) Act in 2011, cast-based violence and discrimination towards Dalit people are still a reality. In the educational system, there is a discrepancy between what is taught in classrooms and what is effectively happening. While teachers are not always showing direct discrimination, some cases show the tendency to avoid staying, drinking or eating near them, a sort of ‘hidden’ or ‘silent’ discrimination. Caste-based discrimination is therefore one of the reasons why Dalit students are falling behind in education, whether it is related to the accessibility to education or discriminatory behaviour from other students or teachers. On a further basis, this discrimination can lead to other issues, such as the higher risk of child labour compared to other children.

Gender biases

In Nepal, Dalit female students experience double discrimination, as they are both females and part of Dalit culture. According to a survey from 2020 (World Economic Forum, 2020), Nepal is ranked as the 101st out of 153 countries on the Gender Gap Index. The statistics reflect gender-based discrimination on enrolment rates, dropout rates and academic performance rates. What is interesting is that, like origin-based discrimination, gender biases are interconnected with educational exclusion, influenced by social, cultural, and economic factors.

In the socio-cultural context, there is a tendency towards a patriarchal system of social relations, where male students experience less discrimination than female ones, and girls are under the burden of housework. Even the educational system promotes gender inequality, by providing textbooks and other materials that lack female representation or are mostly presented as passive characters. In contrast, male characters are represented as the main source of knowledge and wisdom.

Disability inequity

This issue has an underlying bigger issue, at the national level. It was reported that the current national disability classification system is very restrictive and does not meet international standards. Moreover, it lacks proper collection of data regarding persons with disabilities both inside and outside the school children. In the end, more and more children not only lack proper access to education, but they are also victims of discrimination, abuse and other injustices, but nothing has changed. Only about 50% of schools in Nepal are providing remote teaching and learning support for students with disabilities (Sherpa et al., 2020). This number increased especially after the pandemic. However, not only the quantity is important, but the quality of education given also plays a crucial role.

Despite the progress in policy and the adoption of new policies to promote disability rights, such as the Disability Rights Act and an Inclusive Education Policy for Persons with Disabilities in 2017, children are still offered poor education and are facing discrimination. Segregation from other children from other classrooms is one form of discrimination, as children with any kind of disabilities are divided from the other students, despite some children’s wish to learn in the same classrooms as normal people, according to some interviews conducted by Human Rights Watch. In the end, the lack of trained teachers, lack of reasonable accommodations, physical accessibility and segregation are some of the obstacles that are a constant burden on the backs of children with disabilities in Nepal.

Language barriers

This issue is closely linked to the discrimination between indigenous children in schools. Nepal, apart from its  diverse culture, is also one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world, having 123 spoken languages and ethnic groups, according to the Census Report from 2011. Moreover, 36% of the total number of children in Nepal are indigenous. However, children from minority language backgrounds or who have limited proficiency in Nepali, also have limited access to education, while some children have access to education in their native language. As a result, the lack of educational materials combined with the lack of trained teachers in different languages heavily affects the education process of students who are indigenous or from minorities, leading to low academic performances, illiteracy, and high dropout rates.

Future Perspectives and solutions

To mitigate those issues, the Government took steps to improve the educational system and lower the discrimination rate. Most of them are outlined in the School Education Sector Plan, drafted by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.

Among the proposed solutions, the ministry highlighted the need to adopt an inclusive curriculum in schools that ensures equity (especially) for students that come from marginalized groups, such as the Dalits, and ones with disabilities. The plan also includes making the education system more effective, improving its quality, and including alternative pathways of education to be more accessible. Additionally, there is a recognized need for multilingual education to eradicate language-based discrimination and for more trained teachers and staff, for the purpose of encouraging community engagement.

Some policies drafted by UNICEF also recognize the need for collaboration between international organizations and the government, to make sure children’s rights are protected and help with implementing more protective programs.

Lastly, it is important to monitor and closely look at the progress, in the hope that is ensured the effectiveness of the policies and accountability in the battle to eliminate discrimination in the educational sector.

Reflections and summary

Reflecting on the multi-layered issues that affect the educational system in Nepal, discrimination is a main barrier to equitable education, whether it is based on origin, gender, disability or language. Despite the government’s efforts to tackle this issue, the problem persists. The mixture of the social, economic and cultural factors reflects the complexity of the issue. Looking into the future,  there is a need for a collective effort in order to make schools more inclusive, more accessible, and more supportive.

References

  • Nepal: Separate and Unequal Education | Human Rights Watch. (2011, August 24). https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/08/24/nepal-separate-and-unequal-education
  • How the Nepali education system furthers gender inequality—The Record. (n.d.). https://www.recordnepal.com/how-the-nepali-education-system-further-gender-inequality
  • International Labour Organization. (September 2023) Executive summary. Issue paper on child labour and education exclusion among indigenous children. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—ipec/documents/publication/wcms_894323.pdf
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  • Sonu Kahali, Sipra Sagarika. (October 15 2021). Education and Caste Based Discrimination: A Sociological Understanding. 10(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356161834_Education_and_Caste_Based_Discrimination_A_Sociological_Understanding
  • Damodar Khanal.(2015). The Quest for Educational Inclusion in Nepal: A Study of Factors Limiting the Schooling of Dalit Children. https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/84027010/FULL_TEXT.PDF
  • Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. (2022).School Education Sector Plan. https://moest.gov.np/upload_file/files/post/1668690227_1997409338_Nepal%20School%20Education%20Sector%20Plan%20final%202022%20.pdf
  • Adhikari, K. P., & Gellner, D. N. (2023). Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: Dalit Experiences of Primary and Secondary Education in West-Central Nepal. In K. Valentin & U. Pradhan (Eds.), Anthropological Perspectives on Education in Nepal: Educational Transformations and Avenues of Learning. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192884756.003.0005
  • UN General Assembly. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights (217 [III] A). Paris.
  • Gupta, A., Kanu, P., & Lamsal, B. (2021). Gender Discrimination in Nepal: Does It Vary Across Socio- Demographics? Journal of Contemporary Sociological Issues, 1, 61–82. https://doi.org/10.19184/csi.v1i2.25592
  • Convention on the Rights of the Child Shadow Report Submission: Indigenous Children’s Rights Violations in Nepal. (2016). https://www.culturalsurvival.org/sites/default/files/media/nepalcrcreport.pdf
  • Sangmo Yonjan-Tamang. Linguistic discrimination and conflict. (n.d.). Retrieved 18 March 2024, from https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2021/03/02/linguistic-discrimination-and-conflict

Cover image: Grade 8 student studies at Shree Dharmasthali Lower Secondary School, Pokhara, Nepal. Photo by Jim Holmes for AusAID. via Wikimedia Commons

From Slums to Success: The Remarkable Story of Kianda Foundation and Its Impact on Kenya’s Most Vulnerable Communities

Written by Frida Brekk

Kianda Foundation is a non-profit organization that aims to empower underprivileged communities in Kenya through education, healthcare, and entrepreneurship. Founded in 2001 by a group of young professionals, the Kianda Foundation has since impacted thousands of Kenyans’ lives. The foundation’s focus on education is evident in its various programs aimed at providing quality education to children in low-income areas. The Early Childhood Development (ECD) program targets children between the ages of 3 and 6 years and provides them with a solid foundation in literacy, numeracy, and social skills. The primary education program focuses on providing quality education to children in grades 1 to 8, while the secondary school program provides scholarships to deserving students to enable them to complete their high school education.

Kianda Foundation’s healthcare program provides basic medical care to children in low-income areas, focusing on preventive care. The program also provides health education to children and their parents to promote healthy living practices. Additionally, the foundation runs a nutrition program that provides meals to school children, ensuring they have access to healthy and nutritious food. The Foundation’s entrepreneurship program aims to empower women and youth through skills training and access to capital. The program provides training in various skills, such as tailoring, hairdressing, and catering, among others. Participants are also provided with capital to start their businesses, enabling them to become self-sufficient and contribute to their communities’ economic development.

Photo by Kevin Menya on Unsplash

One of the notable achievements is the establishment of Kianda School, a top-tier primary school located in the affluent suburb of Muthaiga, Nairobi. The school provides a world-class education to children from diverse backgrounds, with a focus on academic excellence, character formation, and social responsibility. The school’s alumni have excelled in various fields, including medicine, law, and entrepreneurship. The Kianda Foundation founded Kianda School as a flagship school that provides a world-class education to children from diverse backgrounds. One of the school’s notable achievements is its focus on character formation, social responsibility, and academic excellence. The school’s curriculum includes classes on social justice, environmental conservation, and community service, instilling values of empathy and leadership in students. Kianda School’s alumni have excelled in various fields, including medicine, law, and entrepreneurship, and many have become leaders in their communities and beyond.

Kianda Foundation’s impact is evident in the thousands of lives it has touched over the years. Its commitment to empowering communities through education, healthcare, and entrepreneurship has made a significant difference in the lives of underprivileged Kenyans. The foundation’s programs have improved the quality of life for individuals and contributed to the development of communities and the country as a whole. Kianda Foundation is undoubtedly a testament to the power of individuals coming together to make a difference. Its commitment to empowering underprivileged communities through education, healthcare, and entrepreneurship is an inspiration to many.

Grace was a young girl living in the slums of Nairobi when she was enrolled in the Kianda Foundation’s Early Childhood Development program. Before joining the program, Grace had never held a pencil or attended school. However, Grace quickly learned how to read and write through the program’s quality education and nurturing environment. She also developed social skills and gained confidence in herself. After completing the ECD program, Grace was enrolled in Kianda Primary School, where she excelled academically. She received a scholarship from the Kianda Foundation to complete her high school education. Today, Grace is a successful businesswoman and a role model to many young girls in her community.

Photo by Ugandan Crafts on Unsplash

Mary was a single mother living in a low-income area of Nairobi. She had always dreamed of starting her own business but needed more skills and capital to do so. Through Kianda Foundation’s entrepreneurship program, Mary received training in tailoring and was provided with a microfinance loan to start her own tailoring business. With hard work and determination, Mary’s business grew, and she was able to support her family and employ other women in her community. Mary is now a successful entrepreneur and a mentor to other women in her community who aspire to start their businesses.

Another remarkable accomplishment through the Kianda Foundation is the story of Rosemary Njeri. Rosemary grew up in the slums of Nairobi and had limited access to education and economic opportunities. However, her life changed when she was enrolled in Kianda Foundation’s primary school. Rosemary excelled academically and was awarded a scholarship by the Kianda Foundation to attend a prestigious high school in Kenya. She continued to excel in her studies and was awarded a scholarship to attend the United States International University-Africa (USIU-A) in Nairobi. At USIU-A, Rosemary pursued a degree in international business administration and was actively involved in various extracurricular activities. After completing her degree, Rosemary worked for several years in the private sector in Kenya before returning to Kianda Foundation as a program officer. In this role, she oversaw the foundation’s entrepreneurship program, which provides training and microfinance loans to women and youth in low-income areas. Under Rosemary’s leadership, the entrepreneurship program expanded and reached more people in need. Many of the program’s beneficiaries went on to start successful businesses, creating jobs and contributing to their communities’ development. In recognition of her outstanding work, Rosemary was selected to participate in the prestigious Mandela Washington Fellowship, a flagship program of the Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI) that brings together young African leaders for leadership training and networking opportunities in the United States. Today, Rosemary is a successful social entrepreneur and a role model to many young women in Kenya. She is the founder of La Fédération Des Femmes Entrepreneurs Du Cameroun, a social enterprise that empowers women entrepreneurs in Cameroon. Rosemary’s success is a testament to the transformative power of education and the impact that grassroots organizations like the Kianda Foundation can have on people’s lives.

These stories are just a few examples of the many lives impacted by the Kianda Foundation. The foundation’s commitment to sustainably empower individuals and communities through education, healthcare, and entrepreneurship has made a significant difference in the lives of underprivileged Kenyans. The foundation’s impact is a reminder that with dedication, hard work, and a sense of purpose, we can all make a difference in the world.

Kianda Foundation’s programs and impact:

  • Since its inception in 2001, the Kianda Foundation has impacted over 25,000 children and young people in Kenya.
  • The foundation’s Early Childhood Development (ECD) program has provided quality education to over 10,000 children in low-income areas.
  • The primary education program has supported over 1,500 students in their primary school education.
  • The secondary school program has awarded over 500 scholarships to deserving students, enabling them to complete their high school education.
  • The healthcare program has provided medical care to over 8,000 children in low-income areas and has reached over 20,000 children through health education programs.
  • The nutrition program has provided over 250,000 meals to children in schools.
  • The entrepreneurship program has trained over 1,000 women and youth in various skills and has provided over 500 microfinance loans to entrepreneurs.
  • Kianda School, the foundation’s flagship primary school, has over 700 students from diverse backgrounds and consistently ranks among the top schools in Kenya in national exams.
  • Kianda Foundation’s programs have received support from various donors and partners, including USAID, Rotary International, and the Kenyan government.

The foundation’s impact goes beyond just the numbers. Kianda Foundation has empowered communities through its various programs by providing access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. The foundation’s focus on empowering women and youth is particularly noteworthy, as it has enabled individuals who would otherwise not have had access to such opportunities to become self-sufficient and contribute to their communities development. Kianda Foundation’s impact on the lives of individuals and communities is a testament to the power of grassroots organizations to effect change and make a lasting impact.

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Educational Challenges in Saudi Arabia

Written by Matilde Ribetti

The importance of education

Every individual has a right to education as it is the cornerstone of human progress. The ancient Greeks, who created the notion paideia, namely the holistic formation of the pais (young man) and the Romans, who eventually translated it into humanitas, were already aware of its significance. In fact, Cicero himself clarified the content of the latter concept by drawing a fundamental connection between the passion for knowledge and the elevation of human nature (Nybakken, O. E., 1939).

Throughout the centuries, the right to education underwent a number of changes before landing at its current formulation in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Modern society has now recognized its universal, accessible, and mandatory nature, at least in its early phases, and this is of fundamental importance when contextualized in contemporary culture.

Brief history of the Saudi education system

Saudi students study in the Prince Salman Library at the King Saud University in Riyadh. Photo by Tribes of the World.

 

Saudi Arabia, as outlined in the Saudi Vision 2030 growth plan, has recognized this relevance and has been at the forefront among MENA countries in the field of education.

To be able to understand this plan of innovation, it is necessary to outline at least the most general features of the historical and political background.
The three identity lines constituting the core of Saudi society are Islam, tribalism, and oil trade (Ochsenwald, W. L., 2019). As far as education is concerned, of the three the most interesting element is certainly the religious one: Saudi Arabia is an Islam Sunnite theocratic state whose citizenship can only be obtained by professors of the Muslim religion (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Interior Ministerial Agency of Civil Affairs, 1954).

The greatest support of such a close link between religion and State is surely the educational system, which since the seventh century has been articulated in various institutions related to the religious sphere. The most prominent examples are the kataatiib, elementary schools where young Saudis are taught the principles of the Quran (Esposito, John L., ed., 2003). Over the centuries, particularly under Ottoman rule, schools and teaching methods underwent numerous changes, culminating in modern times in a radical centralization of the system, presided over by the Governmental Directorate of Education (Rugh, W. A., 2002).

Oil business revenues played a key role in financing government educational projects. Particularly, in the late 1970s’ the State championed a series of development plans resulting in the extraordinary increase in school enrollment by 192% at the elementary level, 375% at the intermediate level, and 712% at the secondary level (Anon, 2020).

Now, in the context of Saudi Vision 2030, the education sector is being swept up in a new wave of investment aimed at equipping Saudi students with the tools they need to tackle “the jobs of the future” (Vision 2030, 2022).   In concrete terms, the considerable public spending (17.5 percent SAR 1.1 trillion in 2019) has resulted in the construction of 719 new schools and in a substantial school staff re-training program (KSA budget report, 2018).

The entire modernization process has thus culminated in the establishment of a system that nowadays looks like this: the country is equipped with an extensive network of public education centers segregated by gender and divided into three basic levels, elementary (six years), intermediate (three years) and secondary (three years) (Barry, A., 2019).

Accessibility

In terms of accessibility, the system can be said to be quite advanced: looking at the three regions with the lowest human development index in the country (0.855 HDI), namely Sourth Narjiran, Asir and Jizan it can be noted that the ratio schools – population is even more favorable than in the Riyadh province, the most prosperous in the country (Subnational HDI, 2023).

In fact, while the southern provinces have about 1 school for every 600 citizens residing in the territory, the populous capital region, although home to 38.9 % of Saudi educational institutions, has a value of 1 to 1392 in terms of school-citizen ratio (Saudi Arabia Education Report, 2021).

Another determinant factor  of accessibility is affordability: government schools are free for the entire population. However, the presence of numerous international private schools and the renown associated with them risks undermining equality in achieving the best schooling, on the basis of economic discrimination (Anon, 2020). However, it is pointed out that the public system, by virtue of the aforementioned centralization, is the most frequented by the population and therefore this constitutes a minor problem (Saudi Arabia Education Report, 2021).

Overall, the Saudi education system can be said to enjoy good accessibility, as evidenced by the growth of the student population by more than 6 percentage points in just four years (Saudi Arabia Education Report, 2021).

For economically disadvantaged students

However, formal equity does not necessarily correspond to substantive equity: while on paper the school system is equally accessible to all citizens from all income brackets, studies show that, in essence, students from economically disadvantaged families do not enjoy the same privileges.

Data report that the percentage of students under the age of fifteen coming from disadvantaged economic backgrounds who repeated an academic year amounts to 24.2 percent, compared with an average of 20.3% reported in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.

In contrast, economically privileged students who found themselves having to repeat a year of their course of study amounted to only 3.3%, compared with 5.0% recorded in OECD countries.
These data highlight how the range of inequality regarding educational opportunities is eminently wide in KSA, where 20.9 percentage points divide disadvantaged students from privileged ones (compared with an average of 15.3 percent in OECD countries).

Other relevant indicators concern the student-teacher ratio among students in either socio- economically disadvantaged or advantaged schools. Here, too, the measured disparity rates are worryingly high when compared to the OECD average and motivate the poor performance of disadvantaged students in both mathematics and the humanities (Education GPS, 2018).

In light of the above, it is clear that the Kingdom still needs to take many steps to succeed in smoothing out the aforementioned differences so that every individual can fully enjoy his or her right to education.

For women

Another peculiarity to be taken into consideration is gender segregation, which in itself is not an obstacle to the use of educational services but may in some cases be a pretext for degrading education addressed to a gender, often the female one. Yet the data speak for themselves: in Saudi Arabia, female students follow the same curricular program and put to the test they outperform male students in all areas surveyed, including math, science, and curriculum subjects (Abdourahmane , B, 2021).

Such a result seems to support the hypothesis that, particularly in the MENA area, the division between males and females allows the latter to emancipate themselves more easily and express their intellectual qualities free from the social pressures related to the male-female relationship (Eisenkopf, Hessami, Fischbacher, & Ursprung, 2015).

The choice of curriculum subjects is a perfect example of this: in an all-female school it was found that female students felt more comfortable choosing science-oriented subjects, even though usually perceived as “boy stuff” (Sanford, K., & Blair, H., 2013).
In view of this, it can be inferred that the gender segregation system is not a detriment to the education of young Saudi women, quite the contrary.

Additionally, enrollment rates in primary and secondary educational institutions are reported to be almost the same for men and women (Abdourahmane , B, 2021) and in 2018, 66 percent of natural science, mathematics and statistics graduates were women (OECD, 2019).

However, the real issue for a Saudi woman arises once she completes her studies. The unemployment rate for women stands at 21.5 percent, compared to 3.5 percent for men (World Bank Data, 2013). As reported by the OECD women are still less likely to work despite improving gender equality in tertiary attainment levels due to the “regulatory barriers of a conservative society,” combined with endemic discrimination against women and a gendered educational system (Alfarran, A., Pyke, J., & Stanton, P., 2018). The latter, while it does not prevent women from obtaining an adequate education, it does in part prevent them from employing the knowledge they have acquired in the labor market.

In this respect, the data on the accessibility of the educational system for women should be read in conjunction with that on the labor market, so as to have a more complete picture of its critical points.

Saudi Ambassador Visits His Children at ASIS. Photo by Lwi932.

Quality

One of the methods used to assess the quality of a school system is to conceive it as a production system divided into inputs and outputs.
By inputs we mean the stimuli provided to students through curricular programs, methods, staff, and teaching materials, while outputs are student performances, not only in terms of academics, but also participation and long-term impact on society wise (OECD, 2000).

Looking at the case of the KSA, the first critical issue related to inputs provided by the system concerns schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by a lack of educational material, which amount to 44.4 percent against an average of 28.4 percent in OECD countries.

A similar figure is found in relation to the lack of teaching staff: 49.5 %of schools complain of such a shortage, compared with an average of 27.1% in OECD countries.

These shortcomes result in relatively lower academic outcomes than the OECD metric. Saudi students scored on average 100 points lower than their OECD peers in tests on reading, mathematics and science. However, it is indicated by PISA that the average for OECD countries amounts to 500, with values ranging from 400 to 600. Therefore, it can be said that KSA falls within a good range of achievement.

Based on the above, it can be concluded that in general the Saudi system, although not without critical issues, boasts an adequate overall quality resulting in fairly good academic preparation and cultural training of students.

In conclusion, Saudi Arabia has faced many challenges in the education sector in recent decades. However, the government has demonstrated an unwavering commitment to improving the quality of education and providing educational opportunities for its citizens. The expansion of public schools and the establishment of new universities are just some of the positive steps taken by the country. Despite this, there are still some issues to be resolved, such as gender inequality and the need to develop a more equal educational system in terms of economic opportunities. This is why it is necessary for government authorities to give absolute priority to the issue: education is a basic human right, and only through quality, inclusive and equitable education Saudi society will progress and prosper.

 

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