Universal Periodic Review of France

This report is a contribution by Brokenchalk to the fourth Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of  France. Broken Chalk is an Amsterdam-based NGO established in 2020 and focused on raising awareness and minimizing human rights violations in the educational field. Our goal is to work together with global partners to remove barriers to access to education and to take concrete steps to ensure universal access to education. Therefore, this report will focus on human rights violations in regards to education in France.

Introduction

  1. Broken Chalk is a non-profit organisation that focuses on developing each country’s educational system to improve the level of human rights on the global level. Therefore, this report will focus on education. By drafting this report, Broken Chalk intends to assist with France’s 4th Universal Periodic Review [UPR]. First, the report will analyse the most important issues that France faces regarding the Right to Education. Then, it will shed light on some issues that should be solved by the French government. Finally, Broken Chalk will provide a few recommendations to France to further improve education.
  2. In the last review of France of 2017, the Republic of France received 89 recommendations and observations from 7 different human rights mechanisms, that focused on education and other issues such as gender gap, discrimination and human trafficking, which affect education’s access, outputs, and outcomes.
  3. The French educational system is based on the principles of the 1789 revolution. Indeed, the structure of the French educational system can be traced back to Napoleon’s First Empire (1804-1815)[i]. The educational system is divided into three stages: primary education, secondary education, and higher education. In France, most of its elementary and secondary schools, as well as its universities, are public institutions that have highly centralized administrations[ii]. Moreover, the curricula at primary and secondary schools are standardised across all schools, for a given grade.
  4. The Preamble to the French Constitution stipulates that it is the “state’s duty to provide free, non-religious public education at every level”[iii]. Therefore, the state must develop a clear roadmap for the training routes, national programmes, organisation and content of curricula. It must also lead and evaluate education policies to ensure overall consistency of the education system.

[i] Educational Policies: France (2014)

[ii] French Ministry of Education

[iii] European Agency; Fundamental principles of the French educational system

by Faical Al Azib

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Universal Periodic Review of United Arab Emirates

  • This report is a contribution by Brokenchalk to the fourth Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Broken Chalk is an Amsterdam-based NGO established in 2020 and focused on raising awareness and minimizing human rights violations in the educational field. Our goal is to work together with global partners to remove barriers to access to education and to take concrete steps to ensure universal access to education. Therefore, this report will focus on human rights violations in regards to education in the UAE. 
  • In the third session of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), the UAE accepted 100 recommendations from the Council in full, partially accepted 7 recommendations and took note of 54 recommendations. In regards to education, recommendations referred to the explicit prohibition of child violence in schools (Estonia) and in all settings (Montenegro), non-discrimination and advancement of equal opportunities in schools  , mandatory and free primary education for all children on the territory (Peru) and the promotion of human rights through the curricula in schools (Egypt). There were 4 other recommendations, which referred to the issue of providing “better services to persons with disabilities, in particular in education” (Singapore).    
  • Since the last cycle, the UAE has undergone ambitious educational developments and reforms under the 2017-2021 education strategy, Vision 2021. The plan has prioritized six main objectives: a safe society, a fair judicial system, a sustainable environment, an integrated infrastructure, and a shift towards a knowledge-based economy, assisted by the creation of a first-rate education system. 
  • The Ministry of Education has prioritized the development of the highest global educational standards for students and teachers, based on innovation and competitiveness. In line with this, the UAE Vision 2021 states that the new National Agenda aims to “promote an inclusive environment that integrates all segments of society while preserving the UAE’s unique culture […]”.  
  • This report will signal the major issue areas regarding the protection of human rights in education and it will furthermore acknowledge the attempts to promote human rights regarding education. Lastly, it will provide the appropriate comments and recommendations. 

by Bianca Balea

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Universal Periodic Review of Montenegro

  • Montenegro’s roughly 620 thousand population has somewhat multicultural assets with approximately 20 to 30 thousand Roma people and a significant Egyptian and Askhaeli community. 
  • As the 2018 Civil Rights Defenders’ report highlights, there is a systematic discrimination against minority groups in Montenegro which affects all aspects of their lives. This is reflected in high unemployment rates, low enrolment rates in educational institutions, and poor living conditions. 
  • Roma and Egyptian children are disadvantaged in the education system, and their attendance rate and enrolment rates in educational institutions reflects this. For instance, only 190 Roma children were attending in preschool in 2017, although it is an improvement compared to the previous year where 103 was enrolled in preschool. 
  • The high primary school drop-out rate of 11% among Roma and Egyptian children further demonstrates the seriousness of the issue, as only 49% of Roma children enrol in secondary education.
  • According to the National Platform on Roma Integration Montenegro report in 2018, the country was recommended to work more on the inclusiveness of Roma people in education and to enhance their social and academic chances to achievement. 1860 Roma children were enrolled in primary school in 2018, while their number was only 1622 in 2017 which shows positive patterns in terms of enrolment. As for secondary school, their number reached 142 in 2018, which also shows improvements compared to the 112 students who were enrolled in 2017. However, only 27 Roma students studied at the university level in 2018.
  • It is also common, that children from lower socioeconomic background have difficulties in accessing education and are more likely to drop out of school. Socioeconomic status also often collides with ethnicity, meaning that many Roma and Egyptian children have difficulties in accessing educational facilities and institutions. They often cannot afford to buy the necessary equipment for school, neither can they pay for transportation, while children having to help parents to make ends meet is not uncommon either.
  • To increase the number of enrolled students and to reduce dropout rates, it is important to support families and communities coming from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Providing free transportation to school and mediators, especially for Roma and Egyptian children, can have a significantly positive impact on enrolment rates.
  • Broken Chalk welcomes the government’s efforts in taking measures to provide scholarships and mentoring programs to children from low socioeconomic background to enhance their enrolment rate in schools and universities. 
  • Child labour in Montenegro is also a serious issue. Children are frequently forced to beg on the streets or are subject to sexual exploitation and all forms of human trafficking. 
  • Montenegro has taken some steps to combat this issue, such as introducing a new labour law that regulates the working conditions of minors. The government has also increased the budget allocated for labour inspections to investigate the working conditions of minors. However, the research found that programs directed to stop children’s work on the streets like forced begging are not effective. The state did take some steps to deal with victims of trafficking, such as establishing an identification team for victims and an operational team that helps to tackle human trafficking. 
  • Despite all efforts, there is still a lot to improve, particularly regarding the legal system which would need special legal advisors who are equipped with the necessary skills to deal with human trafficking cases, especially when they involve minors.
  • Another crucial issue to address is corporal punishment against children in schools and in households in Montenegro. While laws and regulations prohibit such practices in all settings, it is still not entirely eliminated. To ensure the safety and rights of children, Montenegro adopted changes in schools, primary health care, and social services in this regard, especially after research showed that the suicide rates and drug abuse are higher among those who experienced physical abuse during their childhood.

By Noor Mousa

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Universal Periodic Review of Ghana

Ghana’s educational system is structurally and underdeveloped. There is widespread violence and discrimination and overall violations of human rights. It must address the educational challenges it faces. Its many challenges and obstacles in education that need to be addressed and dealt with in terms of finance, structure, administration, and management, combating wrongful actions committed against students, the presence of discrimination, violence, and lack of rights. This summary review will outline the country’s performance since the last 3d cycle recommendations.

By Noor Mousa

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Universal Periodic Review of Algeria

In the last review in 2017, Algeria received 235 recommendations, 9% of which were linked to inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all. The main issues in the educational field were overcrowded classrooms, school infrastructure and low enrollment rates.

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Universal Periodic Review of Bahrain

Universal Periodic Review of Bahrain

The main issues in education in Bahrain include violations of freedom of expression, sexual abuse, social stigmas, access to educaiton and the quality of education. The Bahrain authorities practice sectarian discrimination against opponents, violating in turn the right to education of many people according to the Bahrain Center of Human Rights.

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Universal Periodic Review of Brazil

In the previous cycle, Brazil received 19 recommendations on improving its education which recommendations were all supported. Recommendations focused on improving socio-economic conditions and living standards, access to education and inclusive education for Afro-Brazilian, indigenous communities, and disabled people.

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Universal Periodic Review of Ecuador – Disabilities

During the previous cycle, Ecuador received eight recommendations on the topic of disability rights. Israel connected disability rights with the right to education in its recommendation 118.8 “Develop a comprehensive deinstitutionalization plan for people with disabilities that aims to support their life in their communities and ensure inclusive education for people with disabilities”. All eight specific actions by states, including the one by Israel, were supported by Ecuador. In this sense, the acceptancy rate was 100%. Ecuador has made notable progress regarding the protection and respect of persons with disabilities. While it has created Inclusion Support Units and passed Regulations for standardizing differentiated management and care processes in specialized educational institutions, persons with disabilities still suffer from segregation and division within the society.

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Universal Periodic Review of Ecuador

Ecuador received 15 recommendations regarding the right to education in the 3rd cycle. The responses were positive, Ecuador supported all State recommendations. Specific sub-topics included education coverage for girls living in rural areas – in particular indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian girls (recommendation by Chile), improving the quality of education for those living below the poverty line (recommendation by Haiti), ensuring the full participation of all citizens, in particular vulnerable groups, in the education system (recommendation by Angola). Ecuador has indeed maintained its efforts in implementing such recommendations but there are still challenges that need tackling

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