Educational Challenges in the Faroe Islands

Written by Anna Strunk

Nestled in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands are a self-governing territory within the Kingdom of Denmark. The archipelago of 18 islands is populated by around 52,000 habitants, most of which speak the local tongue of Faroese. Despite its isolated and small territory, as well as their small number of inhabitants, Faroese people have a quality of life that excels that of many other countries. For instance, the unemployment rate reached a record low of 0.6% in June 2023, one of the lowest among European countries. The Faroe Islands also possess one of the lowest crime rates in the world, making it an exceedingly safe place to live and travel to. In regard to education, another crucial quality-of-life indicator given its pivotal role in empowering individuals, fostering economic prosperity, and enhancing social well-being, the Faroe Islands’ schooling system is based on the belief that everyone should have equal access to educational attainment. This translates into public free education for the whole population at all levels, from primary school to higher education. However, that being said, education in the archipelago has its problems and challenges, as pointed out by a Faroese student who moved abroad for higher education interviewed for this article, such as the limited university degrees or the nature of the small communities negatively affecting young students.

Nature of small and dispersed communities

An important topic which emerged from the interviews was the nature of the small communities in the Faroe Islands affecting kids’ academic success and well-being in school. Much research has looked into the influence of community type on a child’s academic achievements and social-behavioral skills, among others, and although none have looked at it in the specific case study of the Faroe Islands, one can draw conclusions for it too. For instance, due to their small numbers, the Faroese live in small close-knit communities, in which everyone knows each other. This means that many parents and teachers had relationships or mutual associations before they created a parent-teacher relationship. This may be good, as much research has shown that “positive connections between parents and teachers have been shown to improve children’s academic achievement, social competencies and emotional well-being”[i].

Conversely however, if a teacher harbors negative perceptions of a student’s parents, this can lead to (sometimes unconscious) stigmatization of certain children through biased teacher-student interactions possibly resulting in lower grades. For instance, the interviewee mentioned an instance in which the daughter of a known shoplifter in the Faroe Islands received stricter teaching in which it was harder for her to pass her assignments just because her last name was associated with her dad’s criminal record. Similarly, in one another instance recollected, the daughter of a beloved teacher completed high school with minimal effort due to the positive associations teachers had with her dad. Furthermore, adding to the bias problem related to pre-existing negative perceptions between teachers and parents, Witte finds that small and less densely populated communities, such as those found in the Faroe Islands, experience lower quality parent–teacher relationships than big cities, which she speculated might be due to factors such as less and limited access to partnership-building opportunities and support in rural and town areas compared to big cities[ii].

While primary schools are very accessible, with many of them throughout the various villages or even teachers traveling to kids’ homes, there are less options for gymnasium, which means students and parents have to travel greater distances to go to school or interact with teachers, potentially leading to lower attendance rates and contributing to academic difficulties, or making it less likely for parents to attend ceremonies which involve them in their child’s educational upbringing. Therefore, the nature of the small and dispersed communities in the Faroe Islands can affect kids negatively both due to pre-existing negative associations between parents and teachers, as mostly pointed out by the interviewee, as well as due issues such as the distance between schools and families, which can limit parent-teacher time for collaborative, relationship-building meetings.

Reliance on other countries for educational resources

Another main issue pointed out by the interviewees is the reliance of the Faroe Islands on Denmark and the rest of the Nordic community for educational resources and opportunities. One of the most straightforward examples of this reliance is the fact that University of the Faroe Islands (Fróðskaparsetur Føroya, in Faroese), located in the capital city of Tórshavn, only offers 16 bachelor’s degree options. This means that many students seeking a (specific) higher education after high school are forced to move to another country, often mainland Denmark, in order to pursue their choice of studies. For instance, in the academic year of 2016/2017, 1,202 students pursued their bachelor’s degree in Denmark, 173 somewhere else, and only 996 stayed in the Faroe Islands.

The necessity of relocating abroad for educational pursuits may cause disparities in the accessibility of higher education depending on socioeconomic background, as not everyone has the economic and social means to depart from the archipelago and leave friends and family behind in pursuit of advanced studies. This is most evident by the fact that Faroese people get married and have kids very early on. The interviewee pointed out that some of their friends wanted to study medicine abroad with them, but due to starting families right after high school, leaving the country was not a viable option, and thus had to give up their educational dreams and study something more accessible within the archipelago. However, the effects of socioeconomic background on the possibilities for studying abroad in regard to the Faroe Islands are yet to be researched in-depth.

This trend regarding the expatriation of Faroese students has been on the downturn however, as in 2020 1,018 students stayed in the archipelago while only 767 went elsewhere. As recounted by Linda Klein in an article for DR (Danish Broadcasting Corporation), this is most likely due to young people in the Islands starting to see a future at home: the University has added new degree opportunities in recent years, and a new dorm has been built for students of the University of the Faroe Islands, making it easier and cheaper for students to find their own place in the capital. However, even if the trend is in the downturn, the reasons have not been researched in-depth and the number of students who must leave the Faroe Islands to study is still quite significant. Thus, the government needs to continue to ease the difficulty of choice young people face in the Faroe Islands between their home, family, and friends, and the pursuit of higher education for better job opportunities later in life.

Another facet of this reliance on Denmark, other Northern countries and the English-speaking world in general is the fact that little books and other educational materials are written in Faroese, and more recently more English materials have been introduced in the classroom. Danish has for most of recent history been a principal language in the Faroe Islands, with most of the population speaking it fluently, and has so far coexisted without marginalizing and diluting the Faroese language.

However, with the introduction of English into classrooms, there’s a good likelihood that the Faroese are to become a trilingual society, as evidenced already by young people code-switching between Faroese and English in everyday conversations, and sometimes even only speaking in English. If this trend follows them into adulthood, Rakul Skaale Andreasen argues in her thesis that “it might mean that English will replace Faroese in the future”[iii]. Therefore, less and less people speak Faroese as fluently as they used to, which was pointed out by the interviewee when mentioning that kids nowadays have to be reminded of common words such as ‘airport’, as they only remember it in English. This has been shown to have negative effects on people’s sense of belonging, community, and inclusivity, as good proficiency in the national language contributes to these factors[iv].

Ultimately, university students being forced to an extent to move to other countries and thus receive education in a foreign language, as well as the large-scale introduction of school materials in English, violates Faroese people’s right to be taught in their mother tongue, a right stressed in many international human rights documents and conventions such as Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights and European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. However, more research into the topic is needed, as well as its effects, with Skaale Andreasen’s thesis offering a steppingstone into this field.

Conclusion

Although education in the Faroe Islands is that corresponding to one of general quality, it has many issues which need to be addressed. Of course, given the fact that the Faroese are small in numbers and the territory is dispersed in various islands, the education system cannot be expected to be perfect with all opportunities larger communities with more people can offer. However, the problems these characteristics give rise to need to be identified in order to minimize them, and whether some of those outlined in this article are anecdotal evidence from first-hand accounts or a symptom of a wider problem remains to be studied. Therefore, in order to make the system as accessible as possible and foster students’ well-being to the maximum extent, more research is needed, as without it, it is way more difficult to pinpoint the problems and address them. In this sense, the lack of research could be argued to be one of the main challenges to an ever-improving Faroese education system, which adapts to the various situations and challenges of the time.

References

[i] Sheridan, S. M. (2018). Establishing healthy parent-teacher relationships for early learning success. Early Learning Network. https://earlylearningnetwork.unl.edu/2018/08/29/parent-teacher-relationships/

[ii] Based on findings by Kushman & Barnhardt, 2001.

[iii] Breum, M. (2020). Færøsk in a nutshell. Truer engelsk færingernes sprog? Uddannelses- Og Forskningsministeriet. https://ufm.dk/uddannelse/videregaende-uddannelse/priser-og-konkurrencer/specialekonkurrence-om-rigsfaellesskabet/2020/faerosk-in-a-nutshell-truer-engelsk-faeringernes-sprog. Article on Rakul Skaale Andreasens’ thesis about the attitude of young Faroese towards Faroese, English and Faroese-English code switching.

[iv] Verbal Planet. (n.d.). The Connection Between Language and National Identity. Retrieved October 29, 2023, from https://www.verbalplanet.com/blog/languages-and-national-identity.asp#:~:text=Language%20as%20a%20Source%20of%20Pride%20and%20Identity%3A&text=Proficiency%20in%20the%20national%20language

Cover Image by Max Fischer via Pexels

Appointment of Gabriel Attal as Head of the French Government: the upcoming “Civic Rearmament” of Education

Elisabeth Borne handed over her office to Gabriel Attal at an official ceremony in Paris © Ludovic MARIN / POOL/AFP

By Camille BOBLET-LEDOYEN

ON 9th of January 2024, Gabriel Attal took over from the resigned Prime Minister Elisabeth Borne, becoming the youngest Prime Minister in modern French political history at the age of 34. His political journey includes roles such as Secretary of State for the Minister of National Education and Youth, Government Spokesperson, Minister Delegate for Public Accounts, and Minister of National Education and Youth. Known for his steadfast loyalty to President Emmanuel Macron, Attal’s ascent began during Macron’s first presidential campaign in 2017. Prior to his government position, he served as the spokesperson for the presidential party ‘La République en Marche’ from 2016 to 2018. Despite this, Attal’s background as a technocrat reveals a departure from France’s previous educational policies.


In his inaugural speech, Attal emphasized the pivotal role of education in his governance: “I bring the cause of education with me here to Matignon (the seat of the French government). I reaffirm education as the cornerstone of our priorities, committing to provide all necessary means for its success as Prime Minister.” In France, government actions closely align with the President’s directives, and Macron’s New Year wishes had hinted at a 2024 educational policy focused on restoring student levels, teacher authority, and the strength of secular and republican teaching. Macron called for a “civic rearmament” (réarmement civique) emphasizing the importance of France’s culture, History, language, and universal values from an early age. This sets the stage for a new educational policy led by Gabriel Attal, marked by a conservative and reactionary approach, departing from the tradition of intellectual emancipation.


Education holds a central place in French politics, reflected in its substantial budget allocation. The significance given to education is tied to the construction of French republican identity. While historically, French teachers held influential positions, Attal’s vision shifts towards a didactic model, prioritizing basic skills over intellectual emancipation. His appointment signifies a conservative and reactionary offensive, aiming to instill notions of order and authority in a perceived insolent and uncultured youth. The crisis in the French education system, driven by budgetary constraints and a shortage of resources, is met with a call for order, discipline, and a quasi-military approach.


In France, the issue of education and national education is a central political question, making it one of the most significant and powerful non-sovereign ministries due to the budget allocated to educational policies. The importance given to education in the country is closely linked to the construction of French republican identity. French teachers historically held influential positions in the cities where they taught. The school is seen as a place of intellectual emancipation, where the valeurs de la République (literally the “values of the Republic”) are learned, and citizenship and secularism are taught. The modern French Nation-State has historically centered around the school, with the teacher playing a crucial role in shaping the republican French identity. By the end of the 19th century, when education in France became widespread, free, and mandatory, teachers were officially tasked with promoting intellectual emancipation and instilling values aligned with the republican regime. The principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity were made possible through national education and the efforts of teachers. The appointment of Gabriel Attal, a young technocrat in his thirties who has previously held significant positions in the Ministry of National Education, symbolizes much for Emmanuel Macron. This nomination reveals the president’s intent to reshape the history of education in France and discipline French schoolchildren. Macron aims to replace the values of freedom (of speech, thought), equality (the right to emancipation), and fraternity (collective work) with notions of order and discipline based solely on individual merit. This reflects the belief that not all individuals are entitled to the same level of emancipation. The new government aims not to encourage intellectual emancipation but rather the learning of basic skills (i.e., reading, writing, counting, respecting others); a school of order and respect rather than a school that teaches critical thinking.


Therefore, Gabriel Attal’s appointment as the Head of the Government represents a conservative and reactionary offensive, aiming to instill notions of order and authority in a youth perceived as insolent, uncultured, and incapable. The crisis facing the French school system is a reality due to budgetary constraints, lack of infrastructure, and a shortage of teaching staff. However, the new government responds to this crisis with calls for order, blind obedience, and strict, almost military, discipline. Gabriel Attal advocates a reactionary vision of society, where youth should be tamed rather than emancipated. Independent thinking is considered dangerous by a reactionary power. As Secretary of State for the Minister of National Education and Youth, he supported the militarization of youth with the creation of the Universal National Service, reminiscent of both scouting and military service. The Universal National Service he championed ended up combining the least appealing elements of scouting and military service for schoolchildren: arbitrary discipline, flag-raising rituals, and cross-country running in the woods. As Minister of National Education and Youth, he prohibited the wearing of abbayas and qamis in educational institutions. He used the argument of secularism (in France, schools must be secular, and the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols is prohibited) to deliberately and disproportionately target female Muslim students. He gained attention for emphasizing announcements, such as solemnly announcing the reinstatement of mathematics courses in high schools, even though it was his predecessor, whom he had advised, who had removed them. When the 2022 PISA rankings were released, he praised the so-called “Singaporean” learning method and aimed to extend it to all educational institutions in France, despite its existing presence. This pedagogical approach, based on the “Concrete-Imaginary-Abstract” method, is not unfamiliar to French teachers. However, its widespread implementation requires substantial financial resources and, more importantly, significantly higher teacher training than is currently provided. As a minister, Attal only implemented the promotion of textbooks favoring the “concrete-imaginary-abstract” method and lowered the entry level for teaching exams to a bachelor’s degree instead of a master’s degree. While he was minister, teacher job cuts persisted, and on average, it takes 27.6 days to fill a teaching position out of the 3,100 vacancies – a timeframe unseen since the early 2000s. Nevertheless, Minister Attal persisted in grandstanding, advocating for a “shock of knowledge” (chocs des savoirs) and asserting that all absent teachers would be systematically replaced. Attal’s announcements were mere rhetoric, and no concrete measures were ultimately implemented to genuinely improve the performance of French students. The most noteworthy and concerning aspect is the establishment of academic-level-based working groups at the secondary school level. Initiating work groups based on academic levels not only reinforces but also worsens school segregation. Sorting students into groups according to their academic performance essentially means sidelining those who are less academically proficient. Although this reform has been announced but not yet put into practice, with Gabriel Attal now serving as Prime Minister, the implementation of school segregation seems inevitable.


Attal’s background, hailing from an affluent segment of French society, attending a private school, and lacking direct experience in public schools, raises questions about his suitability for leading educational policy. Attal comes from one of the wealthiest segments of the French population, growing up in the upscale 6th arrondissement of Paris, in an affluent family of notables, becoming a millionaire at the age of twenty upon his father’s death. Attal attended the highly selective Ecole Alsacienne, a private school where he completed his entire education. He served as Secretary to the Minister of National Education and Youth and later as Minister of National Education without ever setting foot in a public school. Now, as the head of the government, he prioritizes education. While receiving a private education does not preclude one from working at the Ministry of Public Education, never having shown interest in the subject before and lacking any competence in educational policy is undeniably a handicap, if not a problem. Attal has never truly worked; he only completed a six-month internship at the prestigious Villa Médicis – the French School of Rome – after earning a lackluster master’s degree through remedial exams before joining ministerial cabinets and Macron’s campaign. He is primarily a technocrat without talent, except for his innate and real abilities to court the powerful. Macron’s priority was to replace his Prime Minister with a shallow and unremarkable technocrat, essentially someone who would not overshadow him. Attal is infinitely loyal to President Macron; to whom he owes his entire political career.


As the youngest Prime Minister in contemporary French history, Gabriel Attal’s appointment strengthens Macron’s influence on the government. Macron’s authoritarian approach aims to accelerate a “civic rearmament”, reinforcing discipline and order in schools. Attal’s role as Prime Minister signals a continuation of his superficial measures and an educational policy that leans towards a more conservative and authoritarian direction. The France envisioned by Macron and shaped by Attal prioritizes a workforce of educated yet docile individuals, rather than fostering intellectual emancipation. Attal’s goals are to shape disciplined workers, not strikers; precarious workers, not emancipated ones. To shape a class that remains docile.

 

Educational Challenges in Croatia

Written by Riccardo Armeni

Croatia is a Southeastern-European country that is part of the Balkan region. It declared its independence from the war-torn and now-dissolved SFRY (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) in 1991, beginning decades of rebirth. The Republic of Croatia borders Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro, whereas the Adriatic Sea covers its whole western side. From an etymological perspective, the country derives its name from an ancient version of Slavic and roughly translates to ‘guardian’ or “one who guards” (Matasović, 2019). As previously mentioned, after the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the formation of several sovereign states, Croatia has begun a period of renaissance that is still going on to this day, primarily focused on promoting tourism, with the industrial and agricultural sectors largely contributing to the national economy.

This economic resurgence, however, does not go hand-in-hand with other aspects of societal development. Although the sparkling docks of Dubrovnik, known as “Venice-on-the-sea”, or the festive and colourful islands of Hvar and Pag may fascinate people, they may also blind them from the evident challenges that Croatia hides in its educational system. Unsuccessful policy developments, the worrying state-of-affairs of some regions and the inevitable effects of Covid-19 concocted a lethal cocktail that left the institutional context for education in subpar conditions.

Photo by CDC on Unsplash.

REFORMS AND POLICY DEVELOPMENTS

Croatia has developed an initiative called the National Plan for the Development of Education and Training that has been implemented in the past years and it is supposed to last until 2027. It is a comprehensive approach to the challenge-riddled education system present in the country, where 10 goals have been set and actions have been taken in order to satisfy said goals (European Commission, 2023). The majority of these revolve around all-access to early levels of education like preschool and primary ones, with improvements in efficiency, effectiveness and overall process quality. Others are concerned with themes of inclusivity and fairness, with the aim of fostering comprehensive environments as a way to ameliorate the current state of inequalities.

Special children are also taken into consideration, both ones with disabilities and those with special talents, where the government has promised to create a platform that tailors the support to their needs and their talents. Lastly, the final goals target Croatian students that live abroad, with the intention of aligning their professional opportunities with the national curriculum, as well as the implementation of ICTs throughout the entire educational hierarchy in order to advance the current level of digital literacy and augment the quality of the processes by utilizing technology. The general idea is that resource allocation, strategic planning and most importantly collaboration among stakeholders are the fundamental pillars on which this national plan is based on: as a consequence, implementation remains the real issue (European Commission, 2023).

THE REGION OF SLAVONIA

Slavonia is a historical region that extends towards the north-eastern part of the country; once a prosperous and fertile region, it was devasted during the war and has struggled to recover since then. Regrettably, Croatia’s public administration has shown negligence towards the region in terms of economic support: out of the all FDI (foreign direct investment) allocated for the whole Republic of Croatia within the past decade, only a meagre 2% was spent for Slavonia (Brajkovic & Ambasz, 2023). The most concerning aspect of this failed improvement is the disastrous conditions in which the education system was left. What’s even more alarming is the combination of inexistent skillsets and low levels of education displayed by the individuals present in the local workforce; this negative overview is amplified by a number of dispositional factors, such as the elevated emigration of youngsters and skilled workers registered in the region (Brajkovic & Ambasz, 2023).

As previously outlined, the area’s fertility is the primary source of income for the region, with the agri-food industry accounting for almost one third of the overall output for Slavonia; however, only 10% of farmers has received any type of formal training, which is three times lower as compared to the European Union average (Brajkovic & Ambasz, 2023). On the other side of the spectrum, more and more people are dropping out of their tertiary education studies, and consequently even less are getting enrolled at all (Brajkovic & Ambasz, 2023). The prime cause of this trend is that the institutions in the tertiary sector are not aligned with the needs of the workforce at the regional level: this is indicative of a mismatch regarding what is needed by potential students and what is offered from the educational context.

COVID-19

The pandemic generated by the Coronavirus has also been another factor that drastically impacted the progress of education in Croatia. A survey conducted within the first part of 2021 showed how more than half of the students that graduated secondary school within the past three years has said that the pandemic negatively influenced their mental health, including a lower interest in sports and hobbies (Europa, 2021). The most affected dimensions for learners were knowledge, skills attainment, comprehension and motivation. Other negative consequences of the pandemic can be found from the institutional side of education. It has become increasingly difficult for educators to keep students engaged during classes, especially with online learning that formally killed the knowledge spillover that stems whenever individuals are sharing the same space, such as a classroom, throughout the learning process (Europa, 2021).

Covid-19 didn’t only affect the psychological dimensions, but also physical ones, becoming tangible. As an instance, the majority of students said that wearing a mask significantly impacted on their learning experience (Europa, 2021). Moreover, those who barely managed to escape the pandemic’s heavy influence by graduating high school in the summer of 2020 (and therefore received remote learning for little over 2 months), still reported issues with transitioning out of secondary school; whether it was to venture in the labour market or to continue with higher studies, an average of 40% out of the graduating individuals claimed they were not properly prepared for the future (Europa, 2021). Ultimately, there is a huge need of platforms or special programs that accompany teenager learners in their psychological and social needs.

Photo by Compare Fibre on Unsplash.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

To conclude, Croatia has been making strides in their efforts regarding improving education, although it is clear that the country is still a long way from achieving a comprehensive network of quality education and overall processes. The National Plan for the Development of Education and Training that was set in motion in recent years is bringing about good adjustments, but collaboration is required from all involved parties in order to smoothen the implementation of said program.

The first step towards obtaining this outcome would be a holistic approach, where the various relevant institutions are coordinated in the implementation of initiatives and programs, with a continuous monitoring in order to identify and correct mistakes. Furthermore, there should be more emphasis placed on the attainment of micro-qualifications, with the support of financing programmes sponsored by state institutions – and a special focus on digital as well as green skills (European Commission, 2023).

Secondly, a bigger interest for the region of Slavonia: the establishment of a regional committee in charge of keeping stakeholders connected and facilitating the coordination of activities at all administrative levels is advised. That area is ripe with possibilities, and with just a little effort from the involved institutions it can aim to become a primary weapon for the economy of Croatia, along with a resurgence of education levels as well as enrolment and graduation targets in the region.

Lastly, the development of platforms that promote social well-being, with a major emphasis on psychological implications that resulted from COVID-19, could be helpful. In addition, remote learning needs some refinement, with increased participation from all the involved stakeholders and support for prolonged use of content, as well as the proposition of new possibilities for blended learning (Europa, 2021).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BalkanInsight. (2017). Croatia Teachers Protest Over Stalled Education Reforms. Retrieved from: https://balkaninsight.com/2017/06/01/pupils-need-to-develop-skills-croatia-professors-claim-05-31-2017/

rajkovic, L., & Ambasz, D. (2023). Analyzing education outcomes and skills mismatch in Croatia’s lagging Slavonia region. Retrieved from: https://blogs.worldbank.org/europeandcentralasia/analyzing-education-outcomes-and-skills-mismatch-croatias-lagging-slavonia

Eurydice. (2023). Ongoing reforms and policy developments. Retrieved from: https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/croatia/ongoing-reforms-and-policy-developments

Matasović, R. (2019). Ime Hrvata. Croatian Philological Society. Retrieved from: https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/332786

ReferNet Croatia; Cedefop (2021). Croatia: survey confrims impact of COVID-19 pandemic on education. National news on VET. Retrieved from: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/news/croatia-survey-confirms-impact-covid-19-pandemic-education

France has recently banned Abayas in French schools

Written by Yehia Murad and Kamye Boblet-Ledoyen

The Problem

On September 7th 2023, the Conseil d’Etat, France’s highest court of administrative law, affirmed the Ministry of National Education and Youth’s decision to prohibit the wearing of abayas and qamis apparel: “Pupils typically wear these garments in compliance with legislative provisions, with the accompanying dialogue often featuring a discourse on religious practice, influenced by arguments shared on social media platforms.” (Conseil d’Etat, 2023). For the highest administrative court of France, the wearing of abayas and qamis is considered to be in contradiction with the 2004 law that forbids ostentatious religious sign: “While students attending public schools are permitted to wear subtle religious symbols, it is prohibited to wear any clothing or signs that explicitly demonstrate a religious affiliation, such as a hijab, kippah, or oversized cross. Additionally, it is also prohibited to wear clothing or symbols that only demonstrate a religious affiliation on the basis of the student’s behaviour.” [1]. The ruling of the Conseil d’Etat is legally valid; the rationale of the Ministry of Education, and the French government in general, behind this ban is more ambiguous.

Background

Photo by Spielvogel on Wikimedia Commons.

The use of prominent religious symbols, especially those of the Muslim faith, has been the topic of intense political discussion since the late 1980s. The denial of class attendance to young veiled pupils by a school principal in 1989 sparked controversy among politicians in the country and beyond. This occurrence, which transpired in Creil, a middle-range town situated in the north-west suburbs of Paris, became known as the affaire de Creil (“Creil affair”). In 2010, the French government implemented a law prohibiting the wearing of burqas in public spaces such as schools, streets, and transportation. France has a lengthy history of anti-clericalism and secularism. The 1905 law establishing the separation of Church and State is viewed as an inventive compromise that assures both the liberty to worship and the non-interference of spiritual matters in temporal affairs. The politicisation of the abaya affair by politicians is lamentable, whereas the very idea of the 1905 law was to avoid any political controversy over religion. The exploitation of the principle of secularism via the prohibition of abayas and qamis is highly concerning. It is apparent that the French government, notably Education Minister Gabriel Attal, does not prioritise the promotion of secularism amongst younger generations.

This decision is merely political and not related to any supposed fight against Islamism. Gabriel Attal, the Education Minister appointed this summer, is primarily known for his political opportunism. Mr. Attal comes from the Parisian bourgeoisie, having been educated in one of the most prestigious private schools in the heart of the French capital, L’Alsacienne. He has been associated with both the Socialist Party and the conservative right in the past, but later became a staunch supporter of Emmanuel Macron. Despite having only completed an internship at Villa Médicis during his master’s degree, which he obtained after repeating a year with the help of a university arrangement, he managed to join the ministerial offices at a young age of 23.[2] During his past positions as Minister Delegate for Youth, Government Spokesman, and Minister for the Budget and Public Accounts, Mr. Attal has proved to be a consistent advocate of Emmanuel Macron’s policies.

What is at Stake

The ban is closely linked to the decline of the national education system in the country. Although the inadequate state of schools in France is not unique, the exploitation of Republican principles, which underpin French citizenship, distinguishes the country as a particular case. Article 1 of the French Constitution stipulates that “France is an indivisible, secular, democratic and social Republic”, setting the status of secularism as a supreme norm. Nevertheless, the far right has exploited this principle to promote their platforms that rely solely on emotional appeals, such as the fear of migration, the fear of Islam, and the fear of replacement. The rhetoric of being replaced, commonly found in European conservative and far-right parties, is fueled by a clear cause: decades of economic marginalisation resulting from neoliberalism. The National Education budget, which totals €59 billion in 2023 and accounts for the largest share of public spending, is inadequate. The salaries of French teachers are considerably lower than those in neighbouring countries, and the lack of support staff for students with disabilities, including carers, school nurses and doctors, presents a daily challenge for teaching staff. School performance is deemed deficient, as stated in the newest report (September 2023) published by the Scientific Council of National Education. It asserts that French proficiency has worsened while in mathematics, only half of the pupils are aware of the length of a quarter past three quarters of an hour. Consequently, discussing the abaya is diverting from the deep-seated issues that impede the national education system.

Yet, the French school required everything, except for another debate on the Islamic veil. As the topic is highly sensitive in France, a country that has suffered from numerous Islamist attacks since 2015. The killings of a history-geography teacher in 2020 and a literature teacher in October 2023 had a profound impact on public consciousness and caused trauma among the population. However, instead of implementing specific political measures, the French government capitalised on the emotions stirred by these attacks.

It is in fact in the preparatory work for the 1905 law on the separation of church and state that the proper measure is to be found: “Imposing the obligation on ministers of worship to modify the cut of their clothes, in light of a law aiming to establish a regime of religious freedom, would result in more than just problematic backlash… it risks exposing them not only to intolerance, but also to ridicule and potentially serious danger.” The state need not concern itself with the attire of its citizens; rather, it should strive to educate them and raise awareness of their rights. The Republican school’s responsibility is to use logical argument rather than emotional persuasion to advocate for the benefits of secularism. The legislators in 1905 were aware of the pitfall of banning a religious garment, which the French government ultimately fell into. They noted that “the combined ingenuity of priests and tailors would soon have created a new garment, which would no longer be the cassock, but would still be quite different from the jacket and the frock coat to allow the passer-by to distinguish at first glance a priest from any other citizen.” [3]

The French government is promoting the expansion of the Service National Universel (Universal National Service), a less intensive version of military service, as a means of toughening up its education policy, rather than facing up to reality. Following his re-election in May 2022, Emmanuel Macron expressed concern over his political legacy. For sure, he will leave this political legacy of the unprecedented extreme right-wing of society. Ultimately, if one imitates the far-right’s behaviour and rhetoric, one becomes aligned with far-right ideologies. It would have been worth it to beat Marine Le Pen twice…

Looking ahead…

The implementation of the banning of hijabs in the French education system is synonymous with right-wing politics, which explicitly rejects various forms of globalisation, particularly migration. Such an implementation of a policy that excludes a certain segment of civil society subverts the inclusive political institutions of the European Union, which need to maintain the virtuous circle of democracies [4; 5].

Such an issue lies in a discourse that leans heavily to the right, marginalising individuals based on their belief systems. As stated, it is important that the French state’s protect its continued vision of secularism and égalité (equality) and design the education system as an equal level playing field for its diverse civil society. The education system, as a key component in shaping the values of future generations, should prioritise fostering an environment of acceptance and understanding. Instead, this policy sends a distressing message, reinforcing polarising narratives and perpetuating stereotypes. It is imperative to recognize that a diverse and inclusive educational experience is not just a right but a cornerstone of a thriving democracy.

It is necessary for the EU to play a proactive role in scrutinising and repudiating member states that threaten such democratic and inclusive principles that they stand for. The EU should vocally condemn any action that leads to a democratic backslide within its borders. Free-speech should not be selective to benefit the popular segment of civil society, as the ban is not merely a dress code issue, but rather a threat to the core values of democracy and inclusive education. As advocates for human rights, it is our responsibility to shed light on these marginalising policies and call for a united stand against any measure that undermines the principles that cements a democratic society. We, Broken Chalk, advocate for equal opportunities in education for all minority ethnicities and commit to addressing the lack of inclusive institutions for all. We castigate the decision taken by the Conseil d’Etat, France’s highest court of administrative law, and call for the necessary interventions by the appropriate bodies, such as the EU. Lastly, we urge the French courts to revise the decision taken by the Ministry of National Education and Youth and to find a common ground; between France’s universal values of secularism and the consideration of minority groups in the pursuit of education.

References

[1] Légifrance. 2004. “LOI n° 2004-228 du 15 mars 2004 encadrant, en application du principe de laïcité, le port de signes ou de tenues manifestant une appartenance religieuse dans les écoles, collèges et lycées publics (1).” Légifrance. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000417977.

[2] Branco, Juan. 2019. Crépuscule. 1st ed. Vauvert: Au diable vauvert.

Conseil d’Etat. 2023. “Base de jurisprudence.” Conseil d’Etat. https://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/arianeweb/CE/decision/2023-09-07/487891.

[3] Aristide Briand. 1905. “Délibérations sur le projet et les propositions de loi concernant la séparation des Eglises et de l’Etat.” Les Classiques des sciences sociales. http://classiques.uqac.ca/collection_documents/assemblee_nationale/separation_Eglises_Etat/seance_43/debat_43_1905.pdf.

[4] Acemoglu, D. Robinson, J. A. (2012) Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty, Crown Business.

[5] Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2019). The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty. Penguin Press.

Challenges in the Finnish Education System

Written by Enes Gisi

Finland has impressed many other nations with its exceptionally high in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) scores. It is a test designed to evaluate the reading, math, and science knowledge and skills of 15-year-old students in the participating countries. It evaluates not only memorization, but also the students’ ability to apply school knowledge to real life situations. This makes PISA scores a reliable metric for education. PISA is conducted every three years, and it started in 2000. That year, Finland scored at the top in all three (reading, math, science) categories. This was undoubtedly very impressive, and it led to representatives and education professionals around the world visiting Finland to learn what their magic trick was. This phenomenon was even given a name: PISA tourism. Some of the unique traits of the Finnish education system were praised, such as its pupil-led, less teacher-centric approach. According to some, however, Finland maintained its traditional education system, which came with more robust testing and more centralized education until the 1990s, which would’ve yielded the high scores of PISA 2000.

Throughout the subsequent four assessments (2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012), however, a sharp decline was observed in Finland’s PISA scores, leading many to wonder what went wrong. It now scores below average among the 38 OECD states. Interestingly, there wasn’t a consensus on how its scores were high in the first place, and the explanations for the decline are also diverse. Some commonly cited reasons have included “over-digitalization” of the classroom, decline in student mental health, increased role families’ social backgrounds play, inadequate accommodation for the gifted students, budget cuts, and too much bureaucracy. The achievement levels for Finnish boys are also significantly lower than their female peers. Finnish education system remains distinctive, and the teachers are highly respected for the role they played in the Finnish state-building project in the 1970s and 1980s. A master’s degree is required to become a teacher, and due to their rigorous training, even private companies seek to hire them. We will delve into some of the challenges in the Finnish education system.

Finnish students in a classroom. Image via Flickr, by @kmoliver.

Difficulty of the Classes, or the Lack Thereof

One of the features of the Finnish education system is its ability to tailor the difficulty of education to individual students’ cognitive abilities. Some argue that this is a strength, others favour standardization. Its ability to support high-achieving students, however, is poor. Pentti, a teacher, says that the Finnish system cannot yet “adequately take care of those students who are gifted in a certain subject.” This issue has partially been addressed by allowing students who do well in maths to focus more on maths. However, this hasn’t been implemented in all Finnish schools.

As with the improvement in Asian countries’ PISA scores while Finland’s were in decline, some have compared both systems. Some have argued that while Finland lowers the difficulty of instruction for students who appears to have hard time catching up; Asian countries who participate in PISA expect all students to catch up to the same standards, leading to improvement in their PISA scores.

Budget Cuts, Social Background, and the Gender Gap in Achievement

Budget cuts followed the illusion of “infallibility” of the Finnish education. Pasi Sahlberg, a Finnish education expert, argues that governments tended to cut education budgets following the 2008 global financial crisis, expecting oil-rich countries from the Middle East to keep paying for the “PISA tourism”. Years of budget cuts eventually led to shortage of teachers in some areas. This will increasingly affect especially children with autism and special needs. Bonuses, including sign-up bonuses, are now being offered to special education teachers.

Cuts to education budget following the 1990s recession have also manifested in delay, according to a research report by the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture. The reports states that ”differences in learning outcomes related to the social background have become more pronounced than earlier.” Immigrant students are also struggling in several other ways. They don’t know how to exert their rights in school and generally, it’s not even encouraged. They face racist bullying and not enough is done for their healthy integration into the society. They’re encouraged to seek professions their teachers “see fit” for their ethnicity. The report by the Finnish ministry states that immigrant kids in Finland “had the lowest reading scores in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or OECD”.

There’s a significant gender gap in school achievement. On average, boys in PISA countries fare worse than their female peers. This issue is especially present in Finland. Finnish boys receive average marks for reading, whereas Finnish girls will receive nearly twice as high. Finland’s gender gap in reading skills is the 4th highest in the 74 PISA-participating countries.

Whereas boys typically fare better in maths and science across OECD countries, boys also lost this advantage in the recent years. Men are also less likely to pursue higher education than women in Finland.

Students in a Finnish Classroom. Photo by Arbeiderpartiet on Flickr.

Over-digitalization in the Classroom and Inadequate Sleep

Finnish educators appear to have assumed that more tablets and laptops with the students, the better. Critics argue that despite numerous studies done on the effects of mobile device use among youth, Finnish educators rarely ever talk about it. Some have argued that this “rush to digitalization” is to be avoided. Finnish first graders are given iPads to help them learn the Finnish language at home. Even though health authorities warn the public that screen time for kids need to be limited to two hours a day, many aspects of education have now been digitalized, exposing students to excessive screen time. William Doyle, an American-Finnish, believes that the Finnish education system is still among the best. He cites the highly trained teachers, free school meals and other supports. He acknowledges, however, that the quality of Finnish education is in decline, and mentions several effects of over-digitalization.

He believes that constant exposure to mobile devices has played a role in the declining reading scores, especially among boys. It has also contributed to the elimination of physical activity. Mobile devices that students use don’t have any filters or limits, leading to use for entertainment beyond healthy limits. Students will use their laptops for entertainment during class, as the teachers don’t see the screens. Widespread dependency on mobile devices, in turn, reinforces the same behaviour as students now fear missing out on things: they can’t quit their dependency alone. Over-digitalization of student life and excessive use of social media have also impacted their sleep schedules. Students sleep 7 and a half hours on average, less than that is appropriate for their age group. Their sleep quality has also been in decline, leading to poorer concentration when reading. Doyle argues that a “tidal wave” of global research associating excessive mobile device use with risk to psychological, physical, and academic wellbeing is largely ignored. PISA-age students would ideally get 8-10 hours of sleep, per the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

Lack of Structure

Onto some structural problems within the system. We’ve mentioned how respected the teaching profession is in Finland. While it comes with its advantages (e.g. highly sought, prestigious), it seems to have placed too much responsibility on teachers. The profession has transformed into a semi-bureaucratic job with less teaching element to it, consuming more of their valued time for non-instruction related duties. Though it’s been cited as Finland’s “magic trick” to high PISA scores in the early 2000s, critics also argue that “pupil-led” education actually has contributed to the decline that’s seen in the following PISA cycles. More structured, teacher-dominated methods of instruction, they argue, could help the Finnish education pick up, as also suggested by other evidence.

Conclusion

Finland’s education system surely remains among the best in the world. For all of its weaknesses, in my opinion, it possesses the ability to adapt and make changes as needed. As the evidence documenting effects of excessive use of mobile devices mount, the Finnish authorities must comply with the recommendations of health authorities. As also seen in other parts of the world, boys are experiencing decline in school achievement in Finland. As mentioned, this gender gap is among the greatest in the world, and it might require a thorough investigation to prevent other problems it may cause in the future.

The disadvantages that may be coming from immigrant or other social background are also more pronounced in Finland, compared to other countries. This type of inequality may contribute to further alienation of minorities in the Finnish society, disproportionate representation in the correctional system, increased risk for extremism, mental health problems, and other harder-to-solve problems in the long run. Teacher may benefit from cultural awareness and other training opportunities to better assist disadvantaged students.

Students with special needs are disproportionately affected by the budget cuts, as one of the first things these cuts have done is to reduce the available number of special education instructors. Increased budget for education may alleviate the shortage. It can also help schools allocate more resources for challenging over-achieving students more. Whether a more centralized and structured system would improve overall education outcomes remains to be a matter of debate.

Sources:
  1. Finnish education system fails to improve performance: https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/finnish-education-system-fails-to-improve-performance/
  2. The Shine’s off Finnish Education. Pay Attention, Canada: https://thetyee.ca/Analysis/2023/01/30/Shine-Off-Of-Finnish-Education/
  3. Finland’s education system is failing. Should we look to Asia?: https://bigthink.com/the-present/finland-education-system-criticisms/
  4. Finland’s schools were once the envy of the world. Now, they’re slipping.: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/finlands-schools-were-once-the-envy-of-the-world-now-theyre-slipping/2016/12/08/dcfd0f56-bd60-11e6-91ee-1adddfe36cbe_story.html
  5. Education GPS – Finland – Student Performance (PISA 2018): https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=FIN&treshold=10&topic=PI
  6. Finns aren’t what they used to be: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-32302374
  7. Slide in Finland’s education level sparks concerns among lawmakers: https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/politics/22366-slide-in-finland-s-education-level-sparks-concerns-among-lawmakers.html
  8. Time out: What happened to Finland’s education miracle?: https://yle.fi/a/3-11160051
  9. ‘Don’t believe the myths about Finnish education’: https://www.afr.com/policy/health-and-education/don-t-believe-the-myths-about-finnish-education-20190326-p517ni
  10. Cultural diversity is still a challenge in the Finnish education system: https://migranttales.net/cultural-diversity-is-still-a-challenge-in-the-finnish-education/
  11. Chung, J. (2019). “Chapter 7 Weaknesses of Finnish Education”. In PISA and Global Education Policy. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004407534_008
  12. Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D’Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., Malow, B. A., Maski, K., Nichols, C., Quan, S. F., Rosen, C. L., Troester, M. M., & Wise, M. S. (2016). Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for Healthy Children: Methodology and Discussion. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 12(11), 1549–1561. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6288

Educational Challenges faced in Bulgaria

Written by Dyuti Khulbe

Nestled amidst a variety of landscapes- from the mountain chains of Stara Planina, a natural dividing line running west to east, with over 40,000 cultural heritage sites, of which seven are listed under the UNESCO list, to the myriad of beaches along the coastline of Black Sea, Bulgaria is a perfect amalgamation of old cultures and modern townships. Founded in the seventh century, Bulgaria is the second oldest country, after San Marino, in the European continent.

Because of its rich historical background, Bulgaria also sees an intersection of Greek, Persian, Slavic, Roma and Ottoman cultures. This cultural intersection has also significantly impacted Bulgaria’s politics and society. Modern Bulgarian socio-political society has evolved due to interwoven inherited beliefs, values and practices combined with new influences. The impact of this ever-changing fusion can be seen in different aspects of Bulgarian society, particularly in education.

Sozopol, Bulgaria. Image via Unsplash by Neven Myst.

Before we look into the changing landscape of education in Bulgaria, let’s first understand where the country stands and how some of these factors affect its education infrastructure.

Background:

Bulgaria joined the European Union on 1st January 2007 after signing the 2005 Treaty of Accession of Romania and Bulgaria to the EU. Since then, there have been significant changes in its education sector, especially in terms of funding, investment in educational infrastructure and technology, advancement of its curriculum to meet EU standards and, most importantly, the introduction of a variety of widely spoken EU languages and mobility and exchange programmes.

Moreover, being an upper-middle income of the European Union, Bulgaria has implemented (especially after joining the EU) policies and introduced reforms in various sectors that also increase its proximity to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) standards and practices. It is on the pathway to becoming a member of the OECD. These reforms and policies have been encouraged and facilitated by a strong commitment to EU integration and have led the country to achieve macroeconomic stabilisation and higher living standards for the people in past decades.

However, although Bulgaria is striving towards progress, various hurdles need to be understood and worked upon.

Educational barriers:

Take education for instance. Bulgaria does believe that education is a vital tool to combat its current problems and will also aid in realising the country’s socio-economic potential. But it has not been so successful. The country has one of the lowest education outcomes in the EU. According to PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) data, 47% of 15-year-old students failed to achieve sufficient levels of reading proficiency in 2018, as compared to the Eastern Europe and Central Asia regional average of 42% and the OECD and EU average of 23%.

One of the underlying reasons for Bulgaria’s diminished educational progress is the low investment rate in the educational sector. According to the latest data of 2018, only 3.5% of the GDP is spent on education, which is lower than the EU average of 4.6%. It is one of the lowest in the EU.

Even though the world is moving towards digitalisation, Bulgarian classrooms could be more progressive. Most of the teachers find the integration of technology in the classrooms as an effective instrument however, they often complain about the lack of technical equipment and skills required to utilise the existing technology in classrooms. Fewer schools in Bulgaria are digitally equipped when compared to the EU. According to a 2019 report by the European Commission, only 32% of primary school children, 31% at the lower secondary level, and 37% at the upper secondary level have access to digitally equipped schools, as compared to the average 35%, 52% and 72% in the EU respectively. Only 57% of students in the age group 16-19 years possess basic digital skills as basic, which is much below the EU average of 82%.

The past few years have seen investments funded by the EU to enhance digital tools and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) infrastructure; however, a Ministry of Education and Science study revealed that less than 40% of educational institutions had adequate equipment in their computer labs. Further, almost only half of the Bulgarian schools had pre-requisite conditions to enable modern ICT infrastructure and learning opportunities for teachers to enhance their ICT skills.

According to the 2020 Digital Economy and Society Index, Bulgaria ranks at the bottom of the European rankings based on the digital skills of adults and young people. For the same reason, attempts are now being made to address this challenge. The SELFIE tool (a tool developed by the European Commission to help schools understand where they stand in digital education) is already used by 30% of the Bulgarian schools that evaluated how they use digital technologies in teaching and learning. The number of upper secondary classes specialising in ICT has been increased. Interestingly, coding is being offered as a subject starting from third grade, while four universities provide programmes in Artificial Intelligence. This is after the Council of the European Union called Bulgaria to ‘promote digital skills and equal access to education’ in its 2020 country specific recommendations. Bulgaria has also set out ‘Digital Bulgaria 2025’, a national programme for modernising and incorporating IT solutions in all economic and social welfare areas. One notable educational challenge confronting Bulgaria is the structural issues in teaching policies. Most teachers in primary to upper secondary schools are ageing rapidly, as most are older than 50. According to a report by World Bank 2019, around 11% are found to be already 60 years old. Despite raising the teachers’ salaries to make it more attractive, only some were found to opt for the teaching profession. The teacher training is considered more theoretical than practical, and there is no clear policy to measure if the teachers’ skills meet students’ needs nor any system to track the teaching and learning experience of the classrooms.

Bulgarian and EU flag against a blue sky. Image via Unsplash by Neven Myst.

Discrimination against Roma children in schools

Although providing equal and unbiased education is a fundamental human right for all citizens of the EU countries, the non-inclusive nature of public education consistently denies Roma children from enjoying this right. There are huge gaps in access, quality and treatment of Roma children. One of the primary concerns is school segregation.

Even though school segregation has never been officially introduced or sanctioned by the Eastern and Central European countries, unfortunately, it has always been present. The system of ‘Gypsy schools’ predominantly existed in Bulgaria, where the children enrolled belonged exclusively to the Roma community as they were not allowed to enrol in mainstream Bulgarian schools.

Over the years, especially in the late 90s and 2000s, the policies of the Bulgarian government supported the downsizing of the Gypsy schools. The organised grassroots effort for school desegregation in Bulgaria began in 2000, with several hundred Romani children enrolling from a gypsy school in Vidin into the town’s mainstream schools. This initiative aligns with the historical development of Romani communities in Bulgaria, where, having lived on Bulgarian lands for centuries, Roma has long aspired to integrate into the broader societal institutions, including the educational system. The desire to achieve this goal has existed for a long time and is not limited to the present. Even in past decades, Romani parents with the necessary knowledge and resources made efforts to enrol their children in mainstream schools.

However, this process has remained ever slow in doing so. Many Roma children either remain unenrolled in schools, often drop out or do not receive quality inclusive education. The 2018 UNICEF Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Bulgaria identifies factors such as poverty, limited proficiency in the official language (Bulgarian), prejudice, and discrimination as the primary contributors to this issue.

In the 2018 PISA test, students from more advantaged backgrounds significantly outperformed their less advantaged counterparts, with a substantial gap of 106 points in reading, equivalent to over two and a half years of schooling. While this gap has decreased since 2009 (when it stood at 130 points), this reduction primarily stems from lower scores among the advantaged students rather than an improvement in the performance of disadvantaged students. To summarise, 70% of students facing socio-economic disadvantages encountered difficulties in reading, in contrast to just 25% among their more socio-economically advantaged peers. This gap of 45 percentage points is the widest in the EU. Consequently, the transmission of educational qualification and poverty between generations is a crucial factor influencing overall educational opportunities, early school dropout rates, and subsequent success in the labour market. This concludes that the benefits from schooling are higher for students whose mother tongue is Bulgarian than others.

Students’ socio-economic status strongly influences their aspirations regarding attaining a university degree. In Bulgaria, 64.3% of teenagers generally aim to achieve higher education, slightly surpassing the EU average of 62.4%. Nevertheless, when examining the least privileged students, only 42.8% realise this aspiration, in contrast to the significantly higher rate of 83.3% among their more affluent counterparts.

Moreover, the Committee of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights states its concern over Bulgaria’s National Roma Integration Strategy (2012-2020) as it remains constrained. The Committee observes hindrances preventing Roma individuals from thoroughly enjoying their economic, social, and cultural rights. Specifically, there are ongoing concerns about discrimination against Roma in areas such as employment, housing, healthcare, and education, which are further exacerbated by increased anti-Roma sentiment. It is particularly concerned about reports that Roma children increasingly attended de facto segregated schools.

It has been over 20 years since the Bulgarian government initiated its desegregation policy. However, most reports, as we saw, suggest that the progress is slow. The desegregation is a long-term process that requires continuous efforts and, most importantly, an understanding of a multi-layered phenomenon. To ultimately achieve integration, the government must work alongside the communities- both the majority and minority, civil society and international organisations to ensure equitable education for all.

References:

OECD Education and Skills Today https://doi.org/10.1787/57f2fb43-en 

European Commission Education and Training Monitor 2020 https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2020/countries/bulgaria.html

OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Bulgaria https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/57f2fb43-en.pdf?expires=1693415611&id=id&accname=ocid54016941&checksum=77270BEF14631DA8FF9DD3CC0D360C16

Toward an Equal Start: Closing the Early Learning Gap for Roma Children in Eastern Europe: Evidence from a Randomised Evaluation in Bulgaria https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/sief-trust-fund/brief/closing-the-early-learning-gap-for-roma-children-in-eastern-europe

Discrimination against Roma in Croatia and Bulgaria: A comparative report https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MRG_ERELA_Rep_EN_E.pdf

Country Assessment and the Roma Education Fund’s Strategic Directions https://www.romaeducationfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/bulgaria_report.pdf

Bulgarian Political Culture and Civic Participation; Antony Todorov https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/sofia/08095.pdf

Europe’s Forgotten Children https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-forgotten-children-roma-community-bulgaria-school/

Taking School Desegregation To Scale – The Way Ahead; Rumyan Russinov https://www.rcc.int/romaintegration2020/romadecadefold//documents/2.%20isc%20meetings/12%2012th%20Meeting%20of%20the%20ISC_February%202008%20(Hungary)/Presentations/Taking%20School%20Desegregation%20To%20Scale%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Way%20Ahead.pdf

UNHRC Universal Human Rights Index Document E/C.12/BGR/CO/6 BULGARIA: CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS View Document E/C.12/BGR/CO/6 BULGARIA: CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS (ohchr.org)

Upon the request, the article can be translated to any other requested language. Please indicate your wish in the comment section.

Educational Challenges in the British Virgin Islands

Flag of the British Virgin Islands

Education in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) has been marred by various challenges that have significantly impacted both students and teachers. These challenges encompass issues related to school infrastructure, teacher shortages, limited resources, inadequate funding, and the need for educational reform. This article delves into the educational challenges faced by the BVI, provides a historical context of education in the territory, and offers in-depth analysis of the impact and potential solutions to these issues.

Background: Development of Education in the British Virgin Islands

The development of education in the BVI can be traced back to the mid-19th century when the first government-supported schools were established. These schools aimed to provide basic education to the local population. Over the years, the BVI has made significant strides in expanding educational opportunities and ensuring access to quality education for all residents. However, the educational system has faced persistent challenges that have hindered its progress.

While the BVI has made efforts to provide accessible and quality education to its residents, the education system still faces significant challenges. The territory’s small size and limited resources pose inherent constraints. Additionally, the geographical dispersion of the islands further complicates the delivery of education services. These factors, coupled with historical underinvestment in education, have resulted in a system struggling to meet the needs of its students and teachers.

Infrastructure Challenges: Deteriorating School Facilities

One of the major challenges faced by schools in the BVI is the deteriorating condition of their facilities. Many schools suffer from inadequate electrical and internet infrastructure, poor ventilation systems leading to mouldy air conditioning units, and insufficient waste disposal accommodations. These infrastructure deficiencies have persisted for a long time and have had a detrimental impact on the learning environment for both teachers and students.

The poor state of school facilities has wide-ranging implications for education in the BVI. Inadequate infrastructure hampers the delivery of quality education and creates an unfavourable learning environment. Uncomfortable classrooms, lack of proper ventilation, and unreliable internet connectivity hinder effective teaching and learning. Moreover, the lack of proper waste disposal facilities not only poses health and environmental hazards but also affects the overall cleanliness and hygiene of the schools, thus impacting the well-being of students and teachers.

group of children pose for photo
Virgin Islands School Children, Roadtown, Tortola. Image via Flickr by @cowboysolo.

Wider Impact: Challenges Beyond a Single School

The challenges faced by the BVI’s education system extend beyond a single school. The Joyce Samuel Primary School, for example, experienced delays in its opening due to incomplete repairs. Teachers from various schools have reported issues such as excessive heat, mould, overflowing trash cans, overgrown grass, equipment shortages, internet problems, and electrical failures. These challenges are particularly concerning considering the hardships that students have already endured due to the aftermath of Hurricane Irma and the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic.

The cumulative impact of these challenges has been detrimental to the quality of education in the BVI. Students and teachers are forced to navigate substandard learning environments, hindering academic progress and overall well-being. The constant disruptions caused by infrastructure deficiencies and other related challenges further exacerbate the difficulties faced by students, impeding their ability to thrive and reach their full potential.

Government Response: Mixed Reactions and Funding Constraints

The government’s response to the educational challenges has been met with mixed reactions. Premier Dr. Natalio Wheatley attributed the problems to communication gaps, stating that he was not fully aware of the extent of the issues. However, the Teachers Union President, Sean Henry, contradicted this claim, asserting that the government has been neglecting these problems for an extended period. The situation is further exacerbated by a lack of sufficient funding, which has been a persistent issue even before Hurricane Irma struck in 2017. The hurricane worsened the existing problems, and the subsequent recovery efforts did not provide adequate funding to address the extensive damages suffered by the educational infrastructure.

The government’s limited financial resources have constrained its ability to adequately address the educational challenges. Prioritizing and allocating sufficient funding for education is crucial for implementing meaningful reforms and addressing infrastructure deficiencies. However, competing priorities and budgetary constraints have made it difficult for the government to allocate the necessary resources to meet the needs of the educational system.

Consequences: Impact on Behaviour and Teacher Shortages

The challenges faced by the BVI’s education system have far-reaching consequences. Inadequate facilities and learning environments contribute to behavioural problems among students, making it difficult for teachers to maintain discipline and create an effective learning environment. Minister Sharie de Castro has publicly acknowledged instances of extreme misconduct in schools, including fights, weapon possession, and drug and alcohol use. Uncomfortable classrooms and subpar facilities not only hamper effective teaching and learning but also contribute to a shortage of teachers in the territory.

The shortage of qualified teachers is a critical issue that further compounds the challenges faced by the BVI’s education system. Low salaries, limited career advancement opportunities, and challenging working conditions have contributed to teachers leaving the profession or seeking employment opportunities elsewhere. The departure of experienced teachers and the difficulty in attracting new teachers have created a significant gap in the education workforce, impacting the quality of education provided to students.

School Girls, Roadtown, Tortola. Image via Flickr by @cowboysolo.

Addressing the Challenges: Prioritizing Education and Funding

To overcome the educational challenges in the BVI, it is crucial for the government to prioritize education and allocate sufficient funding. Investment in school infrastructure is paramount to providing safe and conducive learning environments for students. Adequate funding should be allocated to address the infrastructure deficiencies, such as electrical and internet infrastructure, ventilation systems, waste disposal accommodations, and the provision of necessary resources for teachers.

In addition to infrastructure improvements, the government must focus on addressing teacher shortages. Competitive remuneration packages, professional development opportunities, and improved working conditions can help attract and retain qualified teachers. Furthermore, targeted recruitment strategies, including partnerships with educational institutions, can help bridge the gap in teacher supply.

Collaboration and Long-Term Solutions

The challenges faced by the BVI’s education system require collaboration among government entities, schools, teachers, and other stakeholders. Effective communication channels should be established to ensure that concerns are promptly addressed, and resources are allocated efficiently. Stakeholder engagement and input should be sought to develop and implement comprehensive plans for improving the educational system. Collective action is essential to finding long-term solutions that will provide a better education for the students of the British Virgin Islands.

Long-term solutions should focus on holistic educational reform, including curriculum enhancements, teacher professional development, and the integration of technology in the learning process. The government should actively engage with teachers, parents, and students to identify areas for improvement and develop evidence-based policies and strategies. Regular assessment and monitoring mechanisms should be implemented to track progress and make necessary adjustments.

Conclusion: Prioritizing Education for a Brighter Future

The British Virgin Islands has a unique opportunity to transform its educational landscape and provide quality education to all its students. By prioritizing education, investing in infrastructure, supporting teachers, and fostering a culture of excellence, the BVI can overcome its current challenges and create a brighter future for its students. Education is the key to unlocking the potential of individuals and driving the progress of a nation, and it is crucial that the BVI prioritizes the well-being and development of its future generations.

In conclusion, the educational challenges faced by the BVI are multifaceted and require comprehensive solutions. By addressing infrastructure deficiencies, tackling teacher shortages, and allocating sufficient funding, the BVI can pave the way for a brighter future for its students. It is imperative for all stakeholders, including the government, schools, teachers, and the community, to work together to overcome these challenges and provide a quality education that empowers the territory’s students to thrive and contribute to the growth and development of the British Virgin Islands.

References:

Beacon, B. (2023, September 26). Editorial: As school resumes, students deserve better – the BVI beacon. The BVI Beacon – “The light that comes from wisdom never goes out.” https://www.bvibeacon.com/editorial-as-school-resumes-students-deserve-better/

Beacon, T. B. (2023, May 12). Virgin islands delegation attends Education Forum – the BVI beacon. The BVI Beacon – “The light that comes from wisdom never goes out.” https://www.bvibeacon.com/virgin-islands-delegation-attends-education-forum/

ESHS sit-in: Officials unhappy over lack of communication. Virgin Islands Platinum News … BVI Daily News You Can Count On. (n.d.). https://www.bviplatinum.com/news.php?articleid=34915

ESHS teachers protest longstanding issues at school. BVI News. (2023, September 18). https://bvinews.com/eshs-teachers-protest-longstanding-issues-at-school/

Haynes, K. (2023, June 8). Teacher vacancies are alarmingly high – will this impact new school year?. 284 Media – News from the BVI. https://www.284media.com/local/2023/06/08/teacher-vacancies-are-alarmingly-high-will-this-impact-new-school-year/

Kampa, D. (2023, September 20). Students head back to class – the BVI beacon. The BVI Beacon – “The light that comes from wisdom never goes out.” https://www.bvibeacon.com/students-head-back-to-class-2/

Non-state actors in education. British Virgin Islands | NON-STATE ACTORS IN EDUCATION | Education Profiles. (n.d.). https://education-profiles.org/latin-america-and-the-caribbean/british-virgin-islands/~non-state-actors-in-education

Remarks by acting chief education officer at educators professional day: Government of the Virgin Islands. Remarks by Acting Chief Education Officer at Educators Professional Day | Government of the Virgin Islands. (n.d.). https://bvi.gov.vg/media-centre/remarks-acting-chief-education-officer-educators-professional-day

Statement from the Ministry of Education in response to industrial action at the elmore stoutt high school: Government of the Virgin Islands. Statement From the Ministry of Education in Response to Industrial Action at The Elmore Stoutt High School | Government of the Virgin Islands. (n.d.). https://bvi.gov.vg/media-centre/statement-ministry-education-response-industrial-action-elmore-stoutt-high-school

Universal Periodic Review of North Macedonia

This report drafted by Broken Chalk contributes to the fourth cycle of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) for the Republic of North Macedonia. This report focuses exclusively on human rights issues in North Macedonia’s education field.

  • The Balkan country of North Macedonia has made remarkable educational progress since gaining independence in 1991. Despite a decade of complicated development in the years following independence, due firstly to the conflicts in former Yugoslavia and Kosovo and then to tensions with Bulgaria and Greece over its own identity, North Macedonia has developed a more proactive policy over the past decade. The country is one of the founders of the Open Balkan Initiative, which aims to bring the countries of the southern Balkans closer together economically and culturally. The improvement in bilateral relations with Greece in 2018, with the Prespa agreements, has raised hopes of reducing regional tensions. This new climate is favourable for creating new initiatives to strengthen cooperation in culture and education. A few Erasmus programs are offered between North Macedonian and other European universities. University exchanges with neighbouring countries, including members of the Open Balkans initiative and the European Union, are the best way to reduce tensions in the Western Balkans by bringing young people together in dialogue.
  • The country’s literacy rate, although below the European Union average (98.7%), is ahead of other developed countries such as Greece (97.7%) and Singapore (96.8%). 2002, the literacy rate was 96%, compared with 98.1% in 2015. The female literacy rate rose from 90.93% in 1994 to 96.70% twenty years later in 2014. In addition to these results, public spending on education fell from 3. 30% in 2002 to 3.7% in 2016. Moreover, in general, the education budget in North Macedonia has systematically lost since it gained independence in 1991 (4.7% of GDP in 1992). Education is compulsory from the age of 6 up to 15, which is lower than in Western European countries, where schooling lasts, on average, until the age of 16 [i]. School dropout rates vary from one category of the population to another. North Macedonia is ethnically diverse: 26% Albanian, 3.41% Turkish-speaking and 2.53% Roma. The Roma are the primary school dropout victims despite forming only a small ethnic minority.
  • The North Macedonian curriculum is similar to that of OECD countries. Higher education and research and development have received little attention from the North Macedonian public authorities: the budget for higher education has fallen from 1.1% in 2010 to 0.8% in 2021. Higher education is neither free nor fully covered by the state. Students are eligible for grants based not on income but on academic performance. Students are categorised into “state-funded” or “self-funded” groups based on their prior academic performance. State-funded students, representing high-achieving individuals, contribute partially to their education costs and pay administrative fees. Special exemptions exist for disadvantaged groups like disabled individuals, unemployed youths, and security force families, and their number is capped. Self-funded students follow a fixed tuition fee model. Similar fees are applied to students in short-cycle higher education programs. So, even if this system is meritocratic in principle, it excludes students whose families do not have the means to pay for private tuition or don’t attach much importance to reading or culture. [ii]

By Camille Boblet-Ledoyen

Download the PDF

46th_Session_UN-UPR_Country_Review_North_Macedonia_S

References

[i] European Commission, “Republic of North Macedonia: Organisation of the education system and structure”, Eurydice Network, 9 June 2022.

[ii] OECD, “The education system in the Republic of North Macedonia”, OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: North Macedonia, June 2019.

[iii] UPR Database, “Recommendations received by North Macedonia”, Cycle 2 (2012 – 2016). 

[iv] Minority Rights, “Minorities and indigenous peoples in Macedonia: Roma”, October 2020.

[v] World Bank, “North Macedonia Needs to Continue Investing in Education and Health to Improve Its Human Capital”, Press release, September 16th, 2020.

[vi] Staletović, Branimir; Pollozhani, Lura, “To resist or not to resist: “Skopje 2014” and the politics of contention in North Macedonia”, East European Politics, November 2022.

[vii] Eurostat, “Enlargement countries – statistics on research and development”, May 2023.

[viii] European Parliament, “Artificial Intelligence: threats and opportunities”, June 2023.

[ix] Elena Kjosevska and Sanja Proseva, “Mental health in schools in Republic of North Macedonia”, SHE Assembly, June 3rd, 2021.

[x] UNICEF, “Exploring the interplay between wellbeing and academic attainment of children”, conference in Skopje, 9 March 2022.

[xi] Aldrup, Karen; Carstensen, Bastian; Klusmann, Uta, “Is Empathy the Key to Effective Teaching? A Systematic Review of Its Association with Teacher-Student Interactions and Student Outcomes”, Educational Psychology Review, March 2022.

Cover image by Nato North Atlantic Treaty Organization via flickr

Universal Periodic Review of Slovakia

The following report has been drafted by Broken Chalk as a stakeholder contribution to the Slovak Republic.

  • Public schools provide primary and secondary education free of charge. Higher education is also accessible for full-time students, ensuring they do not exceed the standard length of study. Private and church schools may charge for education provided.[i]
  • The state budget allocates funds to schools according to the number of pupils, personnel and economic demands.[ii]
  • Compulsory school attendance lasts ten years between the ages of 6 and 16.[iii]
  • The Slovak language is the language of instruction at most schools.[iv]
  • Decentralisation in the Slovak Republic is based on a dual system of i) self-government by local authorities (regions and municipalities) and ii) “deconcentrated” state administration that refers to the transfer of responsibilities to local units of the central government.[v]
  • As of 2016, Slovakia’s education funding stood at 3.9% of the national GDP, ranking 109th worldwide. In 2019, London think-tank The Legatum Institute ranked Slovakia’s education system 48th out of 167 countries evaluated, and 2019 data from The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) noted an upward trend in education spending ($15.87 per student). However, the OECD also identified a decline in Slovakian students’ math, reading, and science scores.[vi]
  • Higher education institutions are independent institutions that manage the course and focus of education, research, development, economy, and their internal organisation. Law defines the extent of the self-governing scope of higher education institutions.[vii]
  • In the Slovak Republic, 39% of 25-34-year-olds had a tertiary qualification in 2021 compared to 47% on average across OECD countries. In the Slovak Republic, the share of women among general upper secondary graduates is 59% (OECD average 55%). Men make up 55% of all vocational upper secondary graduates, the same as the OECD average.[viii]
  • Although education in Slovakia is relatively well-organised and of high quality, the system has some issues. These issues are demonstrated by a survey, for instance, conducted by researchers at Bratislava’s Comenius University, which revealed that around 50% of the respondents would rather receive their higher education abroad than at home.[ix]
  • Broken Chalk (BC) appreciates all achievements and advancements of the Slovakian educational system and urges the Slovakian government to address issues in its education to guarantee its citizens their human right to education.

By Müge Çınar

Download the PDF.

46th_Session_UN-UPR_Country_Review_Slovakia_S

References

[i] OECD. 2016. “School Education in the Slovak Republic.” OECD ILibrary. Paris. February 19, 2016. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264247567-5-en.pdf?expires=1692179646&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=B37450E5DE054F38AE5C043EDEC52DDB.

[ii] ibid.

[iii] ibid.

[iv] Ibid.

[v] OECD. 2016. “School Education in the Slovak Republic.” OECD ILibrary. Paris. February 19, 2016. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264247567-5-en.pdf?expires=1692179646&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=B37450E5DE054F38AE5C043EDEC52DDB.

[vi] “8 Facts about Education in Slovakia.” 2020. The Borgen Project. February 21, 2020. https://borgenproject.org/8-facts-about-education-in-slovakia/.

[vii] “Education GPS – Slovak Republic – Overview of the Education System (EAG 2019).” n.d. Gpseducation.oecd.org. https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=SVK&treshold=10&topic=EO.

[viii] ibid.

[ix] “8 Facts about Education in Slovakia.” 2020. The Borgen Project. February 21, 2020. https://borgenproject.org/8-facts-about-education-in-slovakia/.

Cover image by Kiwiev on Wikimedia Commons.

Dutch Student Loan Interest Rates Increase Sharply in 2024

https://www.iamexpat.nl/sites/default/files/styles/article_full_custom_user_full_hd_1x/public/student-loan-interest-rate-netherlands.jpg

by Inja van Soest

At the beginning of October, the Dutch government announced their decision to raise student loan interest rates to their highest level in 14 years. This announcement ignited controversy and many debates. From January 1, 2024, student loan interest rates are set to surge from 0.46 per cent to 2.56 per cent, as reported by the Dienst University Onderwijs (DUO), the government body responsible for student financial aid.

The sudden and significant increase in interest rates has left many current and former students stumbling, with widespread disagreement over the reasons behind this unexpected move. While some argue that the growth is a necessary adjustment, others contend it is a breach of trust, further compounding the financial burdens faced by students.

The Impact on Students

In response to this increase, students have voiced their frustration and disillusionment with protests, online discussions, and their professors. Many believe they are being unfairly targeted, especially considering that the government has recently eliminated student debt for new students. More and more students struggle to find affordable housing and pay immense amounts for rooms they are often not allowed to register at. Therefore, they miss out on possible governmental funding such as the reintroduced Basisbeurs, a government grant providing financial assistance to students to cover their educational expenses.

Different Perspectives

“It’s hard to comprehend why the government would choose to burden those of us who still have debt with this interest rate hike,” says Paul, a former student. The sentiment among these students is that the government has not been transparent about the implications of this increase. Usually, when wanting to loan money, there is a clear indicator to remind people that loaning money costs money. The typical logo is nowhere to be seen when looking for information about Dutch student loans.

https://weblog.independer.nl/pictures/geld-lenen-kost-geld-1.jpg

Conversely, some argue that the rate hike is reasonable, emphasising that everyone should know that borrowing inherently comes with interest costs. “They knew they were borrowing money, which comes with a price. Some say that students borrowed the money to finance parties and a luxurious lifestyle, while others used it to buy a house. Some say no one should be complaining as loaning money comes with the personal responsibility to be able to pay it back. They further argue that a student who pursues a meaningful and lucrative career can quickly repay their debt within the 15-year timeframe.

Whilst it is true that the student loan agreements depend on and are tied to the government’s borrowing costs, the interest rise has been coming. However, students feel like they have been cheated and are being cornered.

Government Response

Whilst Education Minister Robbert Dijkgraaf does acknowledge the concerns of students and the public, he assures that the rate adjustment is tailored to each student’s financial circumstances. He highlights that those with low incomes will have lower monthly repayments, aiming to ease the financial burden. Furthermore, Dijkgraaf believes that reintroducing the basic grant (Basisbeurs) and temporary assistance to counteract rising inflation and energy costs will financially relieve many students. However, as mentioned before, many cannot access help due to their living situation not officially registered.

The decision to raise interest rates comes after six years, during which student loan interest rates remained at 0 per cent. This was primarily due to the Dutch government’s ability to borrow funds at favourable rates in the capital market; however, the loan interest had to rise at some point due to rising interest rates.

The Feeling of Broken Promises

Van der Ham, a student herself, expresses profound disillusionment with the government’s actions amid this debate. She recalls that she believed in three critical conditions when she started borrowing. “The first was that your student debt would not affect your ability to secure a mortgage in the future,” van der Ham says in correspondence with NOS. Additionally, it was conveyed that the loan was favourable, with little to no interest.

Lastly, there was the impression that the income generated from the loan system would be reinvested in improving the quality of education. Van der Ham feels that none of these promises have materialised.

A law student, Jim Hiddink, shares similar sentiments, feeling that the situation is unjust. “When you begin borrowing, you agree with the government, but now the entire nature of that agreement is changing. The interest rate remained low, at most 0.5 per cent.”

In a letter sent by the outgoing Minister of Education, Dijkgraaf, to the Dutch Parliament in 2022, it was stated that there was never a promise to maintain a 0 per cent interest rate or that the size of a student’s debt would have no influence on their mortgage application. Previous ministers, including Jet Bussemaker, had, however, stressed that the consequences should remain limited and students should not develop a “fear of borrowing.” Which has now, unfortunately, become a reality for many.